In the margins of Byzantium? Some icons in Michael Psellos

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Cutler ◽  
Robert Browning
Keyword(s):  
Byzantine Art ◽  
Official Position ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Church Councils ◽  
Legal Opinion

In the face of a supposed dearth of recorded responses to icons, historians of Byzantine art commonly infer these either from characteristics that they suppose to inhere in works of art themselves, or transfer to the personal and practical realm such theoretical attitudes as are proclaimed in the proceedings of church councils and similar documents. These methods of argumentation give rise to assumptions that (i) aesthetic reactions to images were unimportant or at least subordinate to attitudes born of piety, and (ii) artists used older works as models and the value of their artefacts was understood to be directly proportional to the fidelity of their copies to the ‘prototype’. Views of this sort can indeed be supported by texts that set out a variety of orthodox positions ranging from bodies of legal opinion to anecdotal accounts of devotion to icons. But to suppose that such readings represent immutable standards is to take part of the picture for the whole. The study of what seem at first sight to be aberrant attitudes can lend a new perspective on behaviour that is often treated as normative. Artists’ ‘deviations’, and highly emotive and even criminal reactions to their work, are still marginal to our perceptions of Byzantium formed by texts that present one or another official position, even while we are aware that styles of painting (as of writing) varied from one individual to another and that private passions and crimes flourished in this society as in any other.

РЕЛИГИЯ И НАУКА: КОНФЛИКТ ИЛИ ДИАЛОГ? (ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ МИРОВОЗЗРЕНЧЕСКИХ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ПРОТИВОРЕЧИЙ В РОССИЙСКОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
G. E. Bokov
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Official Position ◽  
The Face

The article is devoted to the study of the worldviews and social contradictions in Russian society on the example of two different positions on the relationship between religion and science. According to one of these positions these relationships are defined as conflict. The second, opposing point of view says there never was and there cannot be any conflict between religion and science. In the publication such points are called “the paradigm of conflict” and “the paradigm of dialogue”. It shows, the first “paradigm” in the Soviet period of Russian history was determined by ideologization of science and was an important part of anti-religious propaganda. On the contrary, “the paradigm of dialogue” has always been represented primarily by religious thinkers. Today it is the official position of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate. The official Church document “The Basis of the Social Concept” says religion and science are designed to complement each other, especially in solving ethical problems that inevitably arise in the face of modern science. However, secular scientists often see in such statements the Church’s claims to active participation in the public life, including the educational process. Representatives of the academic community often speak out against the introduction of the theological educational programs and the theological departments in secular Universities of the Russian Federation. Thus, in contemporary Russian society some continue to believe that there is a conflict between religion and science, while others insist on the need for dialogue.

Mechanisms for Unity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Church

This chapter investigates changes in mentalities after the Black Death, comparing practices never before analysed in this context—funerary and labour laws and processions to calm God’s anger. While processions were rare or conflictual as in Catania and Messina in 1348, these rituals during later plagues bound communities together in the face of disaster. The chapter then turns to another trend yet to be noticed by historians. Among the multitude of saints and blessed ones canonized from 1348 to the eighteenth century, the Church was deeply reluctant to honour, even name, any of the thousands who sacrificed their lives to succour plague victims, physically or spiritually, especially in 1348: the Church recognized no Black Death martyrs. By the sixteenth century, however, city-wide processions and other communal rituals bound communities together with charity for the poor, works of art, and charitable displays of thanksgiving to long-dead holy men and women.

scholarly journals Overseas Chinese Returnees’ Swindler Syndrome and Their Entrepreneurial Education Under Psychological Resilience

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Xiao ◽  
Xiaoya Wang
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Studying Abroad ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Perspective

The study aims to explore the entrepreneurship education of overseas Chinese returnees with the swindler syndrome through psychological resilience. First, a questionnaire survey is conducted to analyze the current situations of entrepreneurship education of overseas Chinses returnees and college students, and it is found that the entrepreneurship education received by overseas Chinese returnees is more advanced and perfect than that by domestic students, which makes overseas Chinese returnees have the ability to solve the problems in the process of entrepreneurship, realizing their entrepreneurial dream. However, the emergence of swindler syndrome changes the self-awareness and psychology of these returnees, which is improved through appropriate entrepreneurship education under resilience analysis. The results show that entrepreneurial resilience and entrepreneurial optimism covered by psychological resilience have a significant positive impact on entrepreneurial intention, indicating that entrepreneurial resilience and entrepreneurial optimism can enhance individual’s entrepreneurial intention. The scores of the subjects with the experience of studying abroad are higher than those without such experience, indicating that overseas Chinese returnees have stronger resilience and more optimistic attitudes in the face of difficulties and setbacks, which provides a new perspective for in-depth analysis of Chinese returnees’ entrepreneurship education and promotes the development of entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities in China.

The Paradox Perspective and the Dialectics of Contradictions Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 160-185
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Hargrave
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Effectiveness ◽  
Dialectical Approach ◽  
Dialectical Perspective ◽  
The Face ◽  
Dialectical Process ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Conceptual Core

This chapter compares paradox and dialectical perspectives on managing contradictions and engages the debate on the further development of the paradox perspective. This perspective provides guidance to managers on how they can increase organizational effectiveness in the face of seemingly irreconcilable tensions. It presents contradictions as persistent, stable, separable, and controllable. The dialectical perspective, in contrast, depicts contradictions as difficult to disentangle from their contexts, continuously changing, and transformed through oppositional processes. While paradox scholars have called for incorporation of dialectics into the paradox perspective, they have done so in a way that preserves rather than challenges or expands the conceptual core of the paradox perspective. This chapter advocates that scholars take a dialectical approach and experiment in establishing a new perspective that sublates the paradox and dialectical perspectives. This contradictions perspective would situate the experience of paradox as one moment in time within a never-ending dialectical process. I briefly discuss the possible outline of this perspective and highlight articles that have moved in its direction.

scholarly journals To Be Happy: A Case Study of Entrepreneurial Motivation and Entrepreneurial Process from the Perspective of Positive Psychology

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Su ◽  
Shengmei Liu ◽  
Shujun Zhang ◽  
Lingling Liu
Keyword(s):  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Cognitive Structure ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Process ◽  
Entrepreneurial Motivation ◽  
Wealth Maximization ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Perspective

The pursuit of wealth maximization is considered to be the greatest driving force of entrepreneurship. However, this economic rational perspective cannot sufficiently answer why potential or continuous entrepreneurs still choose entrepreneurship or even continuous entrepreneurship in the face of high failure rate and tremendous uncertainty. On the basis of the dynamic process of entrepreneurship and the perspective of positive psychology, this study attempts to interpret the sustained motivation mechanism of entrepreneurs. This study uses multiple cases to investigate the emotion, cognition, and behavior of entrepreneurial process. Through NVivo software and emotion dictionary, more than 27,000 micro blogs (Weibo) of six entrepreneurs were analyzed, and the model of positive emotion in entrepreneurial process was constructed. The findings are as follows. (1) In the process of establishing a business, entrepreneurs can persist in a highly uncertain environment by acquiring positive emotions. That is, the motivation of sustainable entrepreneurship originates from the emotion of happiness and satisfaction that entrepreneurs obtain. (2) Positive emotions affect the formation and expansion of key activities of entrepreneurship through cognition and then persist with entrepreneurship. Specifically, positive emotion promotes the formation of entrepreneurial intention by expanding cognitive structure, intuitive processing, and analytical processing to promote the acquisition of entrepreneurial resources and the expansion of entrepreneurial ability. (3) In the process of entrepreneurship, emotional return is a performance dimension parallel to economic return. This conclusion provides a new perspective towards revealing the entrepreneurial motivation of entrepreneurs in highly ambiguous environments.

scholarly journals Influence of Ambiguity on Success of Public Infrastructural Megaprojects in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Baraza Omonyo ◽  
Prof. Roselyn Gakure ◽  
Prof. Romanus Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Negative Influence ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Order And Disorder ◽  
Multiple Method ◽  
The Face ◽  
Schedule Risk ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of ambiguity on success of public infrastructural megaprojects in Kenya. The need for this study arose from the thesis that ambiguity is a key cause of complexity that results in infrastructural megaprojects being delivered over budget, behind schedule, with benefit shortfalls, over and over again. The study was designed as multiple-method research based on virtual constructionist ontology recognizing that complexity is the mid-point between order and disorder. A cross-sectional census survey of completed public infrastructural megaprojects was conducted using two interlinked questionnaires. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics while qualitative data was analyzed using expert judgment, scenario mapping and retrospective sense-making. The projects surveyed majorly utilized fixed price contracts with the outcome of increased delivery within budget than within schedule. The results showed that ambiguity had significant negative influence on process and overall success of public infrastructural megaprojects but had no significant relationship with product and organizational success. Projects in which the client assumed responsibility for cost and schedule risk had higher chances of meeting both cost and schedule objectives. In order to manage the negative effects of ambiguity, we recommend a new perspective to contract design of public infrastructural megaprojects based on complexity science, blending both outcome and behavior-based contracts. Such contracts should ensure that, in the face of ambiguity, the contractors are able to act in the best interest of their clients and that the clients have access to quality Project Management Information Systems.

UMA NOVA PERSPECTIVA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL NO SETOR FLORESTAL POR MEIO DO PAGAMENTO DE SERVIÇOS AMBIENTAIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Couto Matheus
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Legal Compliance ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Forest Law ◽  
New Perspective

<p class="resumo">Diante das diversas mudanças econômicas, políticas, sociais e culturais surgidas no decorrer do século XX e no início do século XXI, principalmente com o incremento das relações comerciais globalizadas, verifica-se uma maior preocupação mundial com a questão da proteção e conservação do meio ambiente especialmente o patrimônio florestal.  Insiste-se na urgência de uma mudança de mentalidade da real importância da preservação e conservação das florestas. Verifica-se na legislação pátria, vários dispositivos legais visando à manutenção e preservação das florestas brasileiras a exemplo do Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei 12.651/2012) e a Carta Magna de 1988. Procura-se demonstrar que infelizmente não está havendo um cumprimento legal da legislação pátria, já que os índices de queimadas e derrubadas ilegais das florestas brasileiras avança em índices alarmantes. Busca-se analisar as áreas de preservação permanente ou mata ciliar e as áreas de reserva legal sob o ponto de vista de uma mudança de mentalidade em prol da conservação e preservação ambiental e também possíveis alternativas como o uso do manejo sustentável ou a implementação do pagamento de serviços ambientais.</p><p class="resumo"><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>Reserva legal. Mata ciliar. Pagamento por serviços ambientais.</p><h3>A NEW PERSPECTIVE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE FORESTRY SECTOR THROUGH THE PAYMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES</h3><div><p class="abstractCxSpFirst"><strong>Abstract: </strong>In the face of the various economic, political, social and cultural changes that have arisen in the course of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, especially with the increase of globalized trade relations, there is a growing worldwide concern with the protection and conservation of the environment Especially the forest patrimony. There is a pressing need for a change in mentality of the real importance of the preservation and conservation of forests. There are several legal provisions in the country's legislation aimed at the maintenance and preservation of Brazilian forests, for example of the Brazilian Forest Law (Law 12.651/2012) and the Constitution of 1988. It is sought to demonstrate that unfortunately there is no legal compliance of the country's legislation, since the rates of burning and illegal clearing of Brazilian forests are advancing at alarming rates. The aim is to analyze the areas of permanent preservation or ciliary forest and legal reserve areas from the point of view of a change of mentality in favor of conservation and environmental preservation and also possible alternatives such as the use of sustainable management or the implementation of the payment environmental services.</p><p class="abstractCxSpLast"><strong>Keywords: </strong>Legal reserve. Ciliary forest. Payment for environmental services.</p></div>

Zechariah 9–14

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol L. Meyers ◽  
Eric M. Meyers
Keyword(s):  
Persian Period ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Persian Wars ◽  
Biblical Archaeology ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Biblical Religion ◽  
Shed Light

This commentary and new translation of Zechariah 9-14 continues the appraoch adopted in the authors' 1987 Anchor Bible volume (25B) on Haggai and Zechariah 1-8. Authors Carol and Eric Meyers are perhaps uniquely qualified for this work because of their backgrounds in biblical archaeology and the social sciences. Employing the highest standards of pilological, literary, and historical research, they shed light on many enigmatic passages and offer an entirely new perspective on the history of Israel and its religion in the Persian period. Whereas many scholars have viewed this point in the history of Israel as a time of deterioration of the beliefs and practices of biblical religion, the Meyerses paint a picture of an innovative and vibrant community struggling to maintain its identity within a rapidly changing world dominated by the mighty Greeks and Persians. In the face of this the author of Zechariah 9-14 makes extensive and transformative use of earlier biblical writings and of the sayings of previous prophets, and articulates a radically new view of Israel's future. The Meyerses are the first modern commentators to see in these ancient texts the central role played by the Greco-Persian Wars in shaping the postexilic Restoration Community of Israel and its views of an expansive and glorious future. And althought Zechariah 9-14 is often regarded as the swan song of biblical prophecy, the Meyerses clearly demonstrate that the new modes of prophetic discourse found within this text helped biblical religion to meet one of the greatest challenges in its long history.

General Arbitration Treaties

1912 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-600
Author(s):  
Richard Olney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Joint Commission ◽  
Present Position ◽  
The Past ◽  
Official Position ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face

It is undoubtedly desirable, in the interest of the arbitration of international controversies, that at the next Hague Conference a form of treaty should be presented which, while covering all differences between states, shall steer clear of the difficulties which in the past have wrecked important treaties of that character. It is a matter in which the United States may be expected to lead, having by precept and example so often distinguished itself as a pioneer in movements tending to do away with war between nations. Facts must be looked in the face, however, and it is apparent that the present position of the United States with reference to this subject is not so advantageous as could be wished. No two countries of the world are so favorably situated for the purposes of an arbitration treaty between them inclusive of all differences as are Great Britain and the United States. Through racial, social, and commercial ties ever knitting them closely together, war between them has become almost unthinkable. Yet two trials for such a comprehensive treaty have failed and the official position of the United States to-day seems to be that there is a class of questions which is necessarily to be excluded from any general arbitration treaty. The class covers controversies described as affecting “the vital interests, the independence, or the honor” of the parties. In the English-American treaty of 1897 such controversies were disposed of by sending them to arbitration but so constituting the arbitral court that an award must have the assent of the representatives of the losing party or of a majority of them. In the treaty of 1911 it was sought to meet the difficulty by a joint commission of inquiry empowered to investigate and decide whether a question was or was not arbitrable and should or should not be arbitrated. But neither plan proved to be acceptable to the United States acting under the treaty-making power vested jointly in the President and Senate.

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