Augmenting Aerodynamic Lift with Jet Lift

Downward deflection of a propulsive jet may be employed to augment aerodynamic lift in an advantageous manner. In each situation there occurs a simple optimisation when the losses due to reduced propulsive efficiency are contrasted with the gains which accrue from jet lifting. Typical cases will be considered here for wing dominant configurations, i.e. cases where the lifting surfaces contribute most of the drag, with the body contributing but a minor effect. Variable geometry of both airframe and engine is implicitly assumed so that results may be applied to preliminary design studies which will determine the relative propulsion system size and wing area.

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Wear Prediction of Strip Seals Through Conductance

Volume 4: Turbo Expo 2004 ◽

10.1115/gt2004-53297 ◽

2004 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Farshad Ghasripoor ◽

Norman A. Turnquist ◽

Mark Kowalczyk ◽

Bernard Couture

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

High Speed ◽

Wear Behavior ◽

Close Correlation ◽

Labyrinth Seal ◽

The Body ◽

Minor Effect ◽

Labyrinth Seals ◽

Steam Leakage ◽

A Minor

Labyrinth seal assemblies are often used to reduce gas and/or steam leakage in turbines. Caulked-in continuous strip seals are one of the common forms of seals employed on both the rotating and stationary components of turbines. Labyrinth seals perform best when minimum clearances are achieved during the steady state operation of the turbine. However, the design of the turbine and its operation during transient periods of start-up, shut-down and hot re-start often result in interference between the seal components. In the case of the strip seals, this leads primarily to wear of the strip, which in effect adds to leakage. The aim of this paper is to show that strip tip heating and melting during the rub is the main mechanism of wear in the strip. Hence thermal conductivity through the strip and into the body mass in which it is caulked is the primary controlling factor in seal wear. This paper will discuss the use of thermal conductivity and geometry of the strip in predicting wear during high speed rubs against a proprietary material. A close correlation between calculated and experimental strip seal wear data with a number of seal alloys will be demonstrated. Test data will indicate that material properties such as tensile strength and hardness have a minor effect on the wear behavior of continuous seal elements during high-speed rubs.

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A Three-Dimensional Parametric Biomechanical Rider Model for Multibody Applications

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10134509 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (13) ◽

pp. 4509

Author(s):

Matteo Bova ◽

Matteo Massaro ◽

Nicola Petrone

Keyword(s):

Center Of Mass ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

The Body ◽

Experimental Comparison ◽

Minor Effect ◽

Data Sets ◽

Data Set ◽

Multibody Model ◽

Inertial Parameters ◽

A Minor

Bicycles and motorcycles are characterized by large rider-to-vehicle mass ratios, thus making estimation of the rider’s inertia especially relevant. The total inertia can be derived from the body segment inertial properties (BSIP) which, in turn, can be obtained from the prediction/regression formulas available in the literature. Therefore, a parametric multibody three-dimensional rider model is devised, where the four most-used BSIP formulas (herein named Dempster, Reynolds-NASA, Zatsiorsky–DeLeva, and McConville–Young–Dumas, after their authors) are implemented. After an experimental comparison, the effects of the main posture parameters (i.e., torso inclination, knee distance, elbow distance, and rider height) are analyzed in three riding conditions (sport, touring, and scooter). It is found that the elbow distance has a minor effect on the location of the center of mass and moments of inertia, while the effect of the knee distance is on the same order magnitude as changing the BSIP data set. Torso inclination and rider height are the most relevant parameters. Tables with the coefficients necessary to populate the three-dimensional rider model with the four data sets considered are given. Typical inertial parameters of the whole rider are also given, as a reference for those not willing to implement the full multibody model.

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CARCASS TISSUE YIELD AND DISTRIBUTION IN THREE BIOLOGICAL TYPES OF CATTLE FED GRAIN OR FORAGE-BASED DIETS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas85-042 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 363-374 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. D. M. JONES

Keyword(s):

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Cavity ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

The Body ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Minor Effect ◽

High Moisture ◽

Lean Tissue ◽

A Minor

One hundred and eighty-nine steers comprising 63 small (S) rotational crossbreds, 66 large (L) rotational crossbreeds and 60 Holsteins (H) were fed either a concentrate diet based on corn silage and high-moisture corn, or a forage diet based on a mixture of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. All steers were fed ad libitum and slaughtered to cover a range in external fatness (0–15 mm subcutaneous fat). Steers were removed from feed 36 h and water 16 h prior to slaughter. The left side of each carcass was separated into depot fat, lean and bone. At the same proportion of subcutaneous fat (63 g/kg carcass), S and L carcasses had greater proportions of carcass lean (P < 0.001), but less fat (P < 0.01) and bone (P < 0.001) than carcasses from H Steers. Small and large carcasses had greater muscle to bone ratios (P < 0.001) than carcasses from H steers. Diet had no effect on lean tissue proportions, but forage feeding increased carcass bone (P < 0.001) and decreased carcass fat (P < 0.01). Forage feeding also resulted in carcasses with lower muscle to bone ratios (P < 0.01) than carcasses produced from grain feeding. Holstein-carcasses had more carcass fat partitioned into the body cavity depot and less into the subcutaneous depot than S and L carcasses, but diet had no effect on fat partitioning. Biological type (S, L or H) and diet were found to have a minor effect on fat distribution. The results are discussed with reference to carcass evaluation of beef and dairy cattle fed diets based on forage or grain. Key words: Biological type, diet, carcass composition, carcass grading

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Growth rate and body size differences in Rangifer, a study of causes and effects

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.3.1.463 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Eigil Reimers

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Size ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Maximum Growth ◽

The Body ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Minor Effect ◽

Reduced Body ◽

Body Weights ◽

A Minor

The paper discusses growth rate- and body size differences in Rangifer; their causes and effects. Growth rates and autumn body weights vary considerably both within and between Rangifer subspecies. The variation measured is within limits found in animals of same genetical stock subjected to different environments. Reproductive age, pregnancy rate, calving time and mortality either are or may be functionally related to autumn body weights. The differences in growth rates and body size among Rangifer in different areas are caused primarily by differences in environmental factors during the summer, including stress. The quality of the winter pastures has a minor effect on the body size in areas where the summer conditions allow the animals to grow at their maximum rate. In areas where maximum growth rates for various reasons are counteracted, severely overgrazed winter pastures will contribute to reduced body size. Stress in the terms of human disturbance, insects and predators and the effect on Rangifer activity pattern and hence on growth rates and body size need to be more thoroughly dealt with.Forskjeller i vekst og størrelse hos Rangifer, en studie over årsaker og virkninger.Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Arbeidet diskuterer årsaker til og virkninger av vekst- og størrelsesforskjeller hos Rangifer. Vekst og høstvekter varierer betydelig både innen og mellom de enkelte Æangj/er-underartene. Variasjonene er imidlertid ikke større enn de som er beskrevet i bestander med samme genetiske utgangspunkt og utsatt for ulike miljøforhold. Alder ved kjønnsmodning, drektighetsfrekvens, kalvingstid og dødelighet er eller synes å være relatert til høstvektene. Vekst-og størrelsesforskjeller hos rein og caribou i ulike områder skyldes i første rekke forskjeller i miljøfaktorene om sommeren, stress inkludert. Kvaliteten av vinterbeitene har liten effekt på kroppsstørrelse i områder hvor forholdene sommerstid tillater maksimal veksthastighet. I områder hvor dette av forskjellige grunner ikke skjer, vil sterkt overbeitede vinterbeiter bidra til reduserte kroppsvekter. Stress i form av menneskelige forstyrrelser, insekter og rovdyr og effekten på reinens/caribouens aktivitetsbudsjett og derigjennom på vekst og kroppsvekt har krav på større forskningsinteresse.Rangiferin kasvun ja suuruuden eroavaisuuksia. Tutkielma syistå ja vaikutuksista.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Tyo kåsittelee syitå ja vaikutuksia Rangiferin kasvu - ja suuruuseroavaisuuksista. Kasvu ja syyspainot vaihtelevat huomattavasti sekå yksittåisisså Rangifer - alalajeissa ettå lajien kesken. Vaihtelu ei ole kuitenkaan suurempi kuin se mitå on kerrottu laumoista, joilla on sama perinnollinen låhtokohta ja jotka ovat joutuneet erilaisten ymparistotekijoiden vaikuttamiksi. Sukukypsyysikå, tiinehtyvyystaajuus, vasonta-aika ja kuolleisuus on tai nåyttåå olevan suhteessa syyspainoihin. Syy kasvu - ja suuruuseroavaisuuksiin poroilla ja karibulla eri seuduilla nåyttåå ensi sijassa olevan ympåristotekijoiden eroavaisuudet kesållå, stressi mukaanluettuna. Talvilaitumien laadulla on pieni vaikutus ruumiin suuruuteen seuduilla, joissa olosuhteet kesåaikaan sallivat enimmåiskasvunopeuden. Seuduilla, joissa tåta ei tapahdu - eri syistå johtuen, voimakkaasti ylirasitetut talvilaitumet vaikuttavat alentuneisiin ruumiinpainoihin. Stressi, inhimillisten håirioden muodossa, hyonteiset ja petoelåimet ja poron/karibun vaikutus toimintaan sekå siten kasvuun ja ruumiinpainoon ovat seikkoja, jotka vaativat suurempaa tutkimuskiinnostusta.

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Експрес-оцінка репродуктивної здатності псів в умовах розплідника

Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.15421/nvlvet8205 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (82) ◽

pp. 21-24

Author(s):

T. Voronov ◽

P. Skliarov

Keyword(s):

Objective Assessment ◽

Reproductive Potential ◽

Small Animal ◽

The Body ◽

Reproductive Capacity ◽

Minor Effect ◽

Pathological State ◽

Careful Control ◽

Important Direction ◽

A Minor

In recent decades doctors of veterinary medicine have devoted particular attention to dogs and, in particular, to the questions of physiology and pathology of their reproduction. The result is the publication of a significant number of manuals and monographs devoted to the actual issues of diagnosis and treatment of small animal diseases. Little remains the problems of andrological pathology of dogs, while the requirements for quality and number of offspring in high-value breeds of dogs and, consequently, reproductive health dogs. An important direction in solving these issues is the holding of andrological dispensary, which allows to diagnose the form of impotence, to identify the causes, to develop medical and preventive measures. However, in the conditions of large nurseries to study a significant number of dogs in limited time, there is a need for an accelerated, but at the same time, objective assessment of reproductive capacity of males. Proceeding from this, the aim of the work was to validate the method developed by us for express evaluation of the reproductive capacity of dogs in the conditions of a particular nursery.We have developed an express assessment of the reproductive capacity of dogs, which involves conducting a general clinical trial of males, a survey of the genitourinary system, determining the manifestation of sexual reflexes and the withdrawal of spermograms. The obtained results of research were distributed on a scale: «G» (good) – pathological changes were not found, all indicators of homeostasis and spermograms within the norm. The pedigree can be used without restrictions; «S» (satisfactory) – slight deviations from the norm, which have a minor effect on the body and partly reduce the reproductive potential of the dog. The herb is allowed to reproduce with a restriction on the careful control of its reproductive use; «U» (unsatisfactory) – a pathological state of the body, hypotension or impotence. Breeding is not allowed.According to the results of the research, it was determined that express assessment of the reproductive capacity of the dogs makes it possible to carry out a quick and fairly objective assessment of the reproductive potential of a large number of dogs for a limited period, to identify diseased animals, to develop and implement the necessary preventive or curative measures.It was established that from the total number of evaluated dogs of the «Zvezdnoye schastye» nursery, 12 dogs (or 76%) were rated «good» and recommended for breeding, 4 ‒ were «satisfactorily» (18%) and could be allowed to be restrained with careful control their reproductive use, 1 ‒ «unsatisfactory» (6%) with the recommendation to carry out the treatment of concomitant pathologies and pass a repeat test in a month.

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Improvement of monitoring of tertiary filtration with particle counting

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2006.001 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

V. Miska ◽

J.H.J.M. van der Graaf ◽

J. de Koning

Keyword(s):

Particle Surface ◽

Minor Effect ◽

Particle Size Distributions ◽

Particle Volume ◽

Mass Distributions ◽

Particle Counting ◽

Total Particle ◽

Particle Counts ◽

A Minor ◽

Sample Dilution

Nowadays filtration processes are still monitored with conventional analyses like turbidity measurements and, in case of flocculation–filtration, with phosphorus analyses. Turbidity measurements have the disadvantage that breakthrough of small flocs cannot be displayed, because of the blindness regarding changes in the mass distributions. Additional particle volume distributions calculated from particle size distributions (PSDs) would provide a better assessment of filtration performance. Lab-scale experiments have been executed on a flocculation–filtration column fed with effluent from WWTP Beverwijk in The Netherlands. Besides particle counting at various sampling points, the effect of sample dilution on the accuracy of PSD measurements has been reflected. It was found that the dilution has a minor effect on PSD of low turbidity samples such as process filtrate. The correlation between total particle counts, total particle volume (TPV) and total particle surface is not high but is at least better for diluted measurements of particles in the range 2–10 μm. Furthermore, possible relations between floc-bound phosphorus and TPV removal had been investigated. A good correlation coefficient is found for TPV removal versus floc-bound phosphorus removal for the experiments with polyaluminiumchloride and the experiments with single denitrifying and blank filtration.

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Linkage mapping identifies a non-synonymous mutation in FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT-B1) increasing spikelet number per spike

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80473-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan Brassac ◽

Quddoos H. Muqaddasi ◽

Jörg Plieske ◽

Martin W. Ganal ◽

Marion S. Röder

Keyword(s):

Flowering Time ◽

Aspartic Acid ◽

Synonymous Substitution ◽

Minor Effect ◽

Phenotypic Variance ◽

Spikelet Number ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Trait Locus ◽

A Minor ◽

Spikelet Number Per Spike

AbstractTotal spikelet number per spike (TSN) is a major component of spike architecture in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). A major and consistent quantitative trait locus (QTL) was discovered for TSN in a doubled haploid spring wheat population grown in the field over 4 years. The QTL on chromosome 7B explained up to 20.5% of phenotypic variance. In its physical interval (7B: 6.37–21.67 Mb), the gene FLOWERINGLOCUST (FT-B1) emerged as candidate for the observed effect. In one of the parental lines, FT-B1 carried a non-synonymous substitution on position 19 of the coding sequence. This mutation modifying an aspartic acid (D) into a histidine (H) occurred in a highly conserved position. The mutation was observed with a frequency of ca. 68% in a set of 135 hexaploid wheat varieties and landraces, while it was not found in other plant species. FT-B1 only showed a minor effect on heading and flowering time (FT) which were dominated by a major QTL on chromosome 5A caused by segregation of the vernalization gene VRN-A1. Individuals carrying the FT-B1 allele with amino acid histidine had, on average, a higher number of spikelets (15.1) than individuals with the aspartic acid allele (14.3) independent of their VRN-A1 allele. We show that the effect of TSN is not mainly related to flowering time; however, the duration of pre-anthesis phases may play a major role.

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IL-6 Is Not Absolutely Essential for the Development of a TH17 Immune Response after an Aerosol Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37rv

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10010009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Kristina Ritter ◽

Jan Christian Sodenkamp ◽

Alexandra Hölscher ◽

Jochen Behrends ◽

Christoph Hölscher

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Mycobacterial Infection ◽

Minor Effect ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis H37rv ◽

Th 17 ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

A Minor ◽

Aerosol Infection ◽

Deficient Mice

Anti-inflammatory treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases often increases susceptibility to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB). Since numerous chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are mediated by interleukin (IL)-6-induced T helper (TH) 17 cells, a TH17-directed anti-inflammatory therapy may be preferable to an IL-12-dependent TH1 inhibition in order to avoid reactivation of latent infections. To assess, however, the risk of inhibition of IL-6-dependent TH17-mediated inflammation, we examined the TH17 immune response and the course of experimental TB in IL-6- and T-cell-specific gp130-deficient mice. Our study revealed that the absence of IL-6 or gp130 on T cells has only a minor effect on the development of antigen-specific TH1 and TH17 cells. Importantly, these gene-deficient mice were as capable as wild type mice to control mycobacterial infection. Together, in contrast to its key function for TH17 development in other inflammatory diseases, IL-6 plays an inferior role for the generation of TH17 immune responses during experimental TB.

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Sweet taste of heavy water

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-021-01964-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Natalie Ben Abu ◽

Philip E. Mason ◽

Hadar Klein ◽

Nitzan Dubovski ◽

Yaron Ben Shoshan-Galeczki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Water ◽

Calcium Release ◽

Homology Modelling ◽

Taste Receptor ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Sweet Taste ◽

Minor Effect ◽

Dynamics Simulations ◽

A Minor ◽

Physical And Chemical

AbstractHydrogen to deuterium isotopic substitution has only a minor effect on physical and chemical properties of water and, as such, is not supposed to influence its neutral taste. Here we conclusively demonstrate that humans are, nevertheless, able to distinguish D2O from H2O by taste. Indeed, highly purified heavy water has a distinctly sweeter taste than same-purity normal water and can add to perceived sweetness of sweeteners. In contrast, mice do not prefer D2O over H2O, indicating that they are not likely to perceive heavy water as sweet. HEK 293T cells transfected with the TAS1R2/TAS1R3 heterodimer and chimeric G-proteins are activated by D2O but not by H2O. Lactisole, which is a known sweetness inhibitor acting via the TAS1R3 monomer of the TAS1R2/TAS1R3, suppresses the sweetness of D2O in human sensory tests, as well as the calcium release elicited by D2O in sweet taste receptor-expressing cells. The present multifaceted experimental study, complemented by homology modelling and molecular dynamics simulations, resolves a long-standing controversy about the taste of heavy water, shows that its sweet taste is mediated by the human TAS1R2/TAS1R3 taste receptor, and opens way to future studies of the detailed mechanism of action.

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Effect of Different SiO2 Polymorphs on the Reaction Between SiO2 and SiC in Si Production

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B ◽

10.1007/s11663-020-02053-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 792-803

Author(s):

Marit Buhaug Folstad ◽

Eli Ringdalen ◽

Halvard Tveit ◽

Merete Tangstad

Keyword(s):

Amorphous Silica ◽

Reaction Rate ◽

Reduction Reaction ◽

Minor Effect ◽

Target Temperature ◽

Heating Rates ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sio2 Polymorphs ◽

A Minor ◽

Final Composition

AbstractThis work investigates the phase transformations in silica (SiO2) during heating to a target temperature between 1700 °C and 1900 °C and the effect of SiO2 polymorphs on the reduction reaction 2SiO2 + SiC = 3SiO + CO in silicon production. Different heating rates up to target temperature have been used to achieve the different compositions of quartz, amorphous silica and cristobalite. The different heating rates had a minor effect on the final composition, and longer time at temperatures > 1400 °C were necessary to achieve greater variations in the final composition. Heating above the melting temperature gave more amorphous silica and less cristobalite, as amorphous silica also may form from β-cristobalite. Isothermal furnace experiments were conducted to study the extent of the reduction reaction. This study did not find any significant difference in the effects of quartz, amorphous silica or cristobalite. Increased temperature from 1700 °C to 1900 °C increased the reaction rate.

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