Sporadic salmonellosis in Lower Saxony, Germany, 2011–2013: raw ground pork consumption is associated withSalmonellaTyphimurium infections and foreign travel withSalmonellaEnteritidis infections

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (13) ◽  
pp. 2777-2785 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. RETTENBACHER-RIEFLER ◽  
D. ZIEHM ◽  
L. KREIENBROCK ◽  
A. CAMPE ◽  
M. PULZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Egg Consumption ◽  
Eating Meat ◽  
Ground Pork ◽  
Animal Contact ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Pork Consumption

SUMMARYTo investigate risk factors for sporadic salmonellosis, for each notified case four randomly selected population controls matched for age, sex and geographical region were interviewed via self-administered questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression analysis of 285 matched pairs revealed significant associations for raw ground pork consumption [odds ratio (OR) 6·0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·8–20·1], taking antacids (OR 5·8, 95% CI 1·4–24·5), eating meat outside the home (OR 5·7, 95% CI 2·2–14·6) and daily changing or cleaning of dishcloth (OR 2·1, 95% CI 1·2–3·9). Animal contact and ice cream consumption were negatively associated with salmonellosis (OR 0·5, 95% CI 0·2–1 and OR 0·3, 95% CI 0·1–0·6, respectively).S.Typhimurium infections were significantly associated with raw ground pork consumption (OR 16·7, 95% CI 1·4–194·4) andS.Enteritidis infections with having travelled abroad (OR 9·7, 95% CI 2·0–47·3). Raw egg consumption was not a risk factor, substantiating the success of recently implemented national control programmes in the poultry industry. Unexpectedly, hygienic behaviour was more frequently reported by cases, probably because they overestimated their hygiene precautions retrospectively. Although animal contact might enhance human immunocompetence, underreporting of salmonellosis by pet owners could have occurred. Eating raw pork products is the major risk factor for sporadic humanS.Typhimurium infections in Lower Saxony.

scholarly journals Genotypic Comparison between Streptococcus suis Isolated from Pigs and Humans in Thailand

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anusak Kerdsin ◽  
Dan Takeuchi ◽  
Aniroot Nuangmek ◽  
Yukihiro Akeda ◽  
Marcelo Gottschalk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Streptococcus Suis ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Sequence Types

Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen of economic significance to the swine industry. The number of infected cases is increasing in humans worldwide. In this study, we determined the prevalence and diversity of S. suis carriage in slaughterhouse pigs in Phayao province, Thailand, where an outbreak occurred in 2007. The overall S. suis carriage rate was 35.2% among slaughterhouse pigs. The prevalence rates of serotypes 2 and 14 (the major serotypes infected in humans) were 6.7% and 2.6%, respectively. In both serotypes, 70.4% of isolates of serotypes 2 and 14 revealed sequence types and pulsotypes identical to human isolates in Thailand. It is suggested that pathogenic strains of S. suis are a risk factor for occupational exposure to pigs or the consumption of raw pork products. Food safety, hygiene, and health education should be encouraged to reduce the risk group.

Extent of Microbial Contamination in United States Pork Retail Products

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. DUFFY ◽  
K. E. BELK ◽  
J. N. SOFOS ◽  
G. R. BELLINGER ◽  
A. PAPE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Pork Sausage ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Plant Samples ◽  
Ground Pork ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Whole Muscle

To determine the extent of microbiological contamination of U.S. pork, 384 samples of retail pork were collected from 24 stores in six cities, including (i) whole-muscle, store-packaged pork; (ii) fresh, store-packaged ground pork and/or pork sausage; (iii) prepackaged ground pork and/or pork sausage; and (iv) whole-muscle, enhanced (injected or marinated; 60% store-packaged, 40% prepackaged) pork. Additional samples (n = 120) of freshly ground pork and/or pork sausage were collected from two hot-boning sow/boar sausage plants, two slaughter and fabrication plants, and two further-processing plants. Samples were analyzed for aerobic plate counts (APC), total coliform counts (TCC), Escherichia coli counts (ECC), and incidences of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Mean log APC and TCC were highest (P < 0.05) for store-ground pork, while whole-muscle, enhanced products and pre-packaged ground products had the lowest (P < 0.05) APC. Mean log APC and TCC were higher (P < 0.05) in samples from the slaughter and fabrication plants than in samples from hot-boning and further processing plants. Mean log ECC were lower (P < 0.05) in samples from further-processing plants compared to slaughter and fabrication plants and hot-boning, sow and boar sausage plants. L. monocytogenes was detected in 26.7% of plant samples and 19.8% of retail samples and was present more frequently in ground products. Y. enterocolitica was detected most often in whole-muscle, store-packaged cuts (19.8%) and in store-ground product (11.5%). Salmonella spp. were found in 9.6% of retail samples and 5.8% of plant samples, while C. jejuni and C. coli were found in 1.3% of retail samples and 6.7% of plant samples. Pork products exposed to the most handling and processing appeared to be of the poorest microbiological quality. These results should be useful in risk assessments that are directed at the identification of actions that could enhance food safety.

Calcium Use Increases Risk of Calciphylaxis: A Case-Control Study

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Zacharias ◽  
Bunny Fontaine ◽  
Adrian Fine
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Calcium Deposition ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Control Study

Objective To investigate the risk factors for the development of calciphylaxis in renal failure, a poorly understood and often fatal condition characterized by calcium deposition in tissues. Design Retrospective case-control study. Setting University hospital peritoneal dialysis center. Patients Eight continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients with calciphylaxis were identified in a 3-year period. We matched up to five controls for dialysis modality and length of time on dialysis with each case. Statistics Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis for matched case-controls. Main Outcome Measures Laboratory data and demographics were collected as well as cumulative calcium and vitamin D ingestion over the year prior to disease onset. Results All the patients were female, versus only 38% (14/37) of controls ( p < 0.0001). While not statistically significant, a majority of the patients were diabetic [62.5% (5/8) vs 32% (12/37)]. Peak and average levels of serum calcium, phosphate, calcium x phosphate product, parathyroid hormone (PTH), albumin, iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin were not significantly different in cases compared with controls. The use of calcitriol alone or with calcium carbonate was not found to be a significant risk factor for the development of calciphylaxis. In a multivariate analysis, iron intake seemed to be protective, contrary to previous reports, while the use of calcium carbonate was associated with a strong trend to increased risk of calciphylaxis development (odds ratio = 1.029/g and 1.011/g calcium ingested per month, at 1 and 2 – 3 months prior to calciphylaxis development; p = 0.0556 and 0.0565, respectively). Conclusion These data, although limited by the small numbers of index cases, suggest that calcium ingestion is a risk factor for calciphylaxis. The increased use of calcium salts as a phosphate binder in recent years might explain the apparent increased incidence of calciphylaxis in our and other centers. The preponderance of female diabetics among cases reported elsewhere was confirmed in our study.

Association of Abnormal Metatarsal Parabola With Second Metatarsophalangeal Joint Plantar Plate Pathology

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam E. Fleischer ◽  
Erin E. Klein ◽  
Maheen Ahmad ◽  
Shivang Shah ◽  
Fernanda Catena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽  
Control Group ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Plantar Plate ◽  
Second Metatarsal

Background: Plantar plate pathology is common, yet it is unclear whether, and to what extent, the length of the second metatarsal contributes to this problem. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control (1:2) study to examine radiographic risk factors for plantar plate tears. One hundred patients (age 55.7 ± 12.3 years) with plantar plate injuries and 200 healthy controls (age 56.3 ± 11.3 years) were included. Cases were defined as patients with nonacute, isolated, plantar plate pathology of the second metatarsophalangeal joint confirmed by intraoperative inspection at a single foot and ankle specialty practice from June 1, 2007, to January 31, 2014. Patients presenting for pain outside of the forefoot served as the control group. Controls were matched on age (±2 years), gender, and year of presentation. Weight-bearing foot x-rays were assessed for several predetermined angular relationships by a single rater. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for plantar plate injury. Results: A long second metatarsal, defined as a metatarsal protrusion index less than −4 mm, was the only significant risk factor for plantar plate pathology in both the univariate and multivariable analyses (multivariate odds ratio 2.5 [95% confidence interval 1.8 to 3.3], P = .002). Conclusion: We found that a long second metatarsal was a risk factor for developing second metatarsophalangeal joint plantar plate tears. This knowledge may aid foot and ankle surgeons when contemplating the need for second metatarsal shortening osteotomies (eg, Weil osteotomy) during plantar plate surgery and when deciding on the amount of shortening for second metatarsal osteotomies. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

scholarly journals Risk factors for recent toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Naples

1996 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Buffolano ◽  
R. E. Gilbert ◽  
F. J. Holland ◽  
D. Fratta ◽  
F. Palumbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Congenital Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Toxoplasma Infection ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Raw Meat ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Cyst Viability

SUMMARYEffective primary prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis requires up to date information on locally relevant risk factors for infection in pregnant women. In Naples, risk factors for toxoplasma infection were compared in recently infected women (as assessed by detection of specific IgM in serum) and susceptible, IgG negative women. Recent infection was strongly associated with frequency of consumption of cured pork and raw meat. Eating cured pork or raw meat at least once a month increased the risk of toxoplasma infection threefold.This simple study design for determining locally relevant sources of toxoplasma infection is the first report of cured pork as a risk factor for infection. Further research is required to determine cyst viability in cured pork products. Our findings suggest that in southern Italy, cured pork and raw meat should be avoided by susceptible pregnant women.

Risk factors for sporadic infection withSalmonellaInfantis: a matched case-control study

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
pp. 820-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. BASSAL ◽  
A. REISFELD ◽  
I. NISSAN ◽  
V. AGMON ◽  
D. TARAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYThis matched case-control study investigated the risk factors for sporadicSalmonellaInfantis infection in 263 affected children and 263 age-, gender- and neighbourhood-matched controls. Information about exposure to potential risk factors was obtained via telephone interview and evaluated by conditional logistic regression analysis. Age groups ⩽1 year (n = 77) and >1 year (n = 186) were analysed separately. Of those aged ⩽1 year, breastfeeding was a significant protective factor against infection [matched odds ratio (mOR) 0·24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·10–0·59,P < 0·01]. In the older group, consumption of eggs (mOR 1·87, 95% CI 1·00–3·49,P = 0·05) was a significant risk factor and thawing chicken in water (mOR 2·55, 95% CI 0·94–6·91,P = 0·07) was borderline risk factor, while consumption of carrots (mOR 0·46, 95% CI 0·26–0·83,P < 0·01), drinking tap water (mOR 0·44, 95% CI 0·22–0·85,P = 0·02), religious lifestyle (mOR 0·40, 95% CI 0·21–0·74,P < 0·01) and having a high number of children in the household (mOR 0·72, 95% CI 0·58–0·88,P < 0·01) were significant protective factors. Consumers should avoid eating undercooked eggs and food handlers should be educated regarding proper handling and cooking of eggs. Breastfeeding should be strongly encouraged by public health authorities. The public must be educated on stringent hygiene practices, especially proper cooking of eggs to reduce infection rates.

scholarly journals Effect of Gamma or Beta Radiation on Salmonella DT 104 in Ground Pork†

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1430-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHLEEN T. RAJKOWSKI ◽  
STEVEN E. NIEBUHR ◽  
JAMES DICKSON
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Beta Radiation ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ground Pork ◽  
Pork Fat

Mixtures of six Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 strains were inoculated into three ground pork products to determine the effect of fat content on the radiation resistance of Salmonella DT 104. The ground pork products were 90% lean, 50:50 fat:lean, and 100% fat. Inoculated products were irradiated using a gamma radiation source in a self-contained 137Cesium irradiator or a 10 MeV accelerator producing electrons (e-beam). The radiation D10-values (dose required for a 90% inactivation of viable CFU) for Salmonella DT 104 inoculated into 90% lean ground pork, 50:50 fat/lean ground pork, and 100% pork fat and subjected to beta radiation were 0.42 kGy, 0.43 kGy, and 0.43 kGy, respectively. The corresponding radiation D10-values for Salmonella DT 104 subject to gamma radiation were 0.56, 0.62, and 0.62 kGy, respectively. There was no statistical significant difference (P = 0.3) in radiation D10-values for Salmonella in the three products subject to either radiation treatment. Therefore, fat content had no effect. There was a significant difference (P = 0.001) between the radiation D10-values obtained with the two radiation sources. The radiation D10-values were within the reported range for irradiation destruction of Salmonella contaminated raw meat products.

scholarly journals Faktor risiko obesitas pada ibu rumah tangga miskin

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Digna Niken Purwaningrum ◽  
Hamam Hadi ◽  
I Made Alit Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Fat Intake

Background: Food insecurity is associated with allocation of income for high energy density food consumption that may cause obesity in poor family. In addition, low physical activity may lead to obesity, particularly in individual living in disadvantaged situation.Objective: To identify risk factors of obesity among poor housewives in Yogyakarta.Method: This was a case control study, case group was obese housewives and the control group was non obese housewives. The locations of the study were Bumijo and Pringgokusuman which have high population density. The samples were taken purposively. Each group consisted of 70 housewives (1:1) and were matched according to age. Mc.Nemar test and conditional logistic regression were used to identify the risk factors of obesity.Results: There was no difference in characteristics between the two groups. Food insecurity reached 91,43% in the control group, proportion of excessive energy intake reached 37.86% in the case group, higher than in control group (24.29%). Excessive fat intake in the case group reached 30% whereas in the control group was 28.57%. Low physical activity reached 40% in the case group, and 10% in the control group. The result of Mc.Nemar test showed that food insecurity, energy and fat intake had no significant association with obesity (p>0.05). While physical activity was associated with obesity (p=0.0001). The result of conditional logistic regression showed physical activity was dominant risk factor for obesity among poor housewives (R2=0.1916).Conclusion: Food security status was not a risk factor for obesity in poor families; energy intake and fat intake contributed to the prevalence of obesity though the influence was smaller than physical activity.

scholarly journals Abdominal Obesity is a Risk Factor for Ischemic Stroke

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Touhidur Rahman ◽  
Md. Hassanuzzaman ◽  
Muhitul Islam ◽  
Sam Masihuzzaman ◽  
Mahbubulalam Khondoker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Waist To Hip Ratio ◽  
Increase Waist Circumference ◽  
Strength Of Association ◽  
Age And Sex

We carried out case control study aimed to evaluate abdominal obesity as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Though it became established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, still its association with stroke is less clear. We have taken ninety cases with ischemic stroke and compare waist to hip ratio & waist circumference with same numbers of age and sex matched stroke free people as controls. There are standard markers of abdominal obesity & their cut-off values and ways of measurement were taken from International Diabetic Federation. Both increase waist to hip ratio (63.3% in cases & 26.7% in controls) and increase waist circumference (66.7% in cases & 25.6% in controls) were significant (P<.05) and showed marked strength of association (odds ratio >1) in ischemic stroke patients. After adjusting the significant risk factors in all age and sex matched cases and controls by conditional logistic regression analysis, WHR and WC still showed significant strength of association with ischemic stroke in all groups. The increase abdominal obesity markers were found to have greater association in both female and male cases in relation to their control counterparts. So, in the light of current study we may suggest that abdominal obesity defined as increase waist circumference and waist to hip ratio attribute considerably to the estimate of ischemic stroke events. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2011; Vol. 27 (2) : 69-73 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjn.v27i2.17545

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