A Regional and Social Dialectology of the BATH Vowel in South African English

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajend Mesthrie ◽  
Alida Chevalier ◽  
Timothy Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
South African ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Regional Difference ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vowel Quality ◽  
Bivariate Data

AbstractThis paper provides the beginnings of a pan–South African English dialectology, characterizing five cities (Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Kimberley, Johannesburg, and Durban) and four ethnicities (Black, Colored, Indian, and White), via a single vowel, BATH (or /ɑ:/). From interviews with 200 selected speakers, 5553 tokens were subjected to acoustic analysis via PRAAT (Boersma & Weenink, 2010), yielding bivariate data on vowel quality. Statistical analysis via analysis of variance focused on sets of five persons in each of 40 city-ethnicity-gender combinations. Overall, no city shows cohesion across all ethnic groups, though Kimberley, the smallest of the cities, and Johannesburg, the largest, come close. Conversely, no ethnicity shows cohesion across all cities, although Black speakers of traditional L2 English background come close. There is a robust regional difference for Colored speakers between Johannesburg and the other cities. Gender effects are notable: women's means are closer to the historically prestige [ɑ:] variant than the historically broader variant [ɔ:] in 6 of 20 possible groupings by city and ethnicity; in none of the cases is the opposite true.

Determining the Levels of Urbanization in Iran Using Hierar-chical Clustering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa ENAYATRAD ◽  
Parvin YAVARI ◽  
Koorosh ETEMAD ◽  
Sohila KHODAKARIM ◽  
Sepideh MAHDAVI
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Process Of Urbanization ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
To Come ◽  
South Khorasan ◽  
Different Levels

Background: In this study, we used a variety of factors that affect urbanization in Iran to evaluate different provinces in Iran in terms of the level of urbanization. Methods: Using information from census 2011, we collected data on 33 indicators related to urbanization in 31 provinces in Iran. To rank the provinces we used density-based hierarchical clustering scheme. To determine similarities or differences between the provinces, the square of the Euclidean distance dissimilarity coefficient; Ward’s algorithm was used to merge the provinces to minimize intra-cluster variance. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the variance between the variables used to rank the provinces in terms of different levels of urbanization. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: The provinces in Iran were combined with each other in 30 stages and classified into four levels. Taking into account the variables used to rank the level of urbanization, Tehran, and Alborz provinces were at the highest level of urbanization. On the other hand, the provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Hormozgan, and Bushehr were at the lowest level of urbanization. Conclusion: Identification of provinces at the same level of urbanization can help us to discover the strengths and weaknesses in the infrastructures of each of them. Given the differences between various levels of urbanization, the identification of factors that are effective in the process of urbanization can help to access more information required for designing plans for the years to come.

scholarly journals Vowel quality in four Alemannic dialects and its influence on the respective varieties of Swiss Standard German

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Urban B. Zihlmann
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vowel Quality ◽  
General Lack ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
The One

Despite being one of the official languages in Switzerland, the phonetic properties of Swiss Standard German (SSG) have been studied insufficiently. Regarding Alemannic (ALM) dialects, most of the available phonetic studies have dealt with consonants rather than vowels. To counteract this general lack of research, this study investigates the long-vowel inventories of four ALM dialects as well as their respective SSG varieties regarding vowel quality. The aim of the study is twofold: on the one hand, it provides the first comparative acoustic analysis of ALM and SSG vowels; on the other hand, it investigates to which extent interference from ALM dialects determines the vowel qualities of SSG varieties. To this end, four male and four female speakers from Bern, Chur, Brig, and Zurich were recorded producing each vowel three times, which resulted in a corpus of 1632 tokens. The results show that ALM vowel quality is basically transferred to the SSG varieties in two dialect regions: Chur and Brig. Instead, in the SSG varieties spoken in Bern and Zurich certain vowel qualities did not match the ALM ones, mostly for <a> that was fronted in the SSG variety of either dialect. Additionally, the Bern SSG <ä> was produced as both [┋ː] and [ӕː], while <o> was realised more in the back.

scholarly journals Brown Seaweeds (Sargassum macrocarpum) as Nitrate (NO3) Reducer

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 07-11
Author(s):  
Rhoda E. Panganiban
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Brown Seaweeds ◽  
Sargassum Macrocarpum ◽  
National Power

This study entitled, BROWN SEAWEEDS (Sargassum macrocarpum) AS NITRATE (NO3) REDUCER  was conducted to find out if brown seaweeds can help lessen the nitrate content of contaminated water particularly water used in rice field irrigation. After the brown seaweeds were gathered, and the contaminated water from the river used in rice field irrigation was collected, treatments for experimentation were prepared. There were four treatments used: Treatments A, B, C, and D (control). One thousand (1000) mL of contaminated water was placed in each of the containers of all the treatments. After then 50 grams of brown seaweeds were placed in A, 100 g in B, 150 g in C and no seaweed for D. The treatments were observed for nine (9) days and its nitrate (NO3) content tested every three days. The tests were done in the Water Laboratory of the National Power Corporation, Calaca, Batangas using the Spectrophotometer. Results showed that Treatment C with the greatest amount of seaweeds eliminated more nitrate than the other treatments based on the statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is therefore concluded that brown seaweeds (Sargassum macrocarpum) have the ability and the efficacy of reducing the nitrate content of contaminated water.

scholarly journals Anatomo-morphological features of free-living and farmed pheasants

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 370-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Beeger ◽  
Mariusz Wójcik ◽  
Marian Flis ◽  
Marek Marecki ◽  
Robert Pyrkosz Roman Dziedzic
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Biometric Measurements

This study compared pheasant roosters living in a natural habitat (n = 10), where farm-bred birds had not been released for 7 years (hence the wild-living birds were assumed to have been determined exclusively by environmental conditions),. The other group (n = 10) comprised farmed pheasant roosters. In December 2010, the pheasants were hunted, and biometric measurements of some traits were performed. After dissection, the muscles, bones, organs, and gastrointestinal tract were weighed, and the length of the intestines was measured. It was shown that the farmed pheasants had a significantly higher body weight (1583 g and 1407 g), which was mainly related to the higher fat content (144 g and 30 g). The farmed roosters had shorter rectrices. The heart-to-body weight and liver-to-body weight ratios, i.e. 0.6 % and 1.9 % respectively, were the same in both groups. No differences were found between the groups in terms of the weight of the pectoral, limb, and wing muscles, but the farmed roosters had heavier leg and wing bones. The length of the intestines per 100 g body weight was 10.5 cm in the farmed roosters and 13.3 cm in the free-living birds. Statistical analysis of variance was performed, and the differences between the groups were verified with the Mann-Whitney test. The farmed pheasants were shown to differ only slightly from the free-living birds from the natural habitat; hence, they are suitable for reintroduction.

scholarly journals Identifying risks facing the South African tourism industry

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Shaw ◽  
Melville Saayman ◽  
Andrea Saayman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
South African ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The South ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Assessment Matrix

Even though risks certainly influence  travel and tourism patterns, very little research has been conducted  into how the industry generally perceives and manages risks.  This article aims to (i) identify the risks the South African tourism industry deems important; (ii) construct a matrix for assessing the various risks identified and (iii) determine whether sectors of the industry rate the importance of risks differently. In total, there were 212  responses to the questionnaire in the survey on South African tourism businesses.  The statistical analysis included a factor analysis and an ANOVA (analysis of variance). Nine factors were identified and the ANOVA confirmed that sectors do perceive differing levels of importance in the various risks. The risk assessment matrix showed that internal risks are rated among the most important, even though little attention is paid to these in the literature.

scholarly journals Comparison of a Vegetable-Based Dental Chew to 2 Other Chews for Oral Health Prevention

2021 ◽  
pp. 089875642110542
Author(s):  
Jerzy Gawor ◽  
Katarzyna Jodkowska ◽  
Emilia Klim ◽  
Michał Jank ◽  
Celine S. Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Administration ◽  
Health Prevention ◽  
Gingival Bleeding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Calculus Formation

Giving dental chews to dogs is part of the passive homecare that helps prevent the formation of plaque and tartar. The objectives of these studies were to assess the effectiveness of a vegetable-based dental chew (VF) to maintain oral health, and to compare it to 2 different reference chews (RC) with a proven effectiveness. The first study was conducted on 45 small dogs (<10 kg) and the second on 60 larger dogs (15-30 kg) who were randomly assigned to 3 different groups. During 30 days, one group received no chew (control) while the second and third group received either one RC (RC1 or RC2) or one VF per day. All dogs had their teeth scaled on Day 0. On Day 30, scores were given for plaque and calculus. Gingival parameters were also assessed. Statistical analysis (analysis of variance and Tukey tests ± Bonferroni's adjustment) were performed to compare groups with α set at .05 for significance. The 3 types of chews were found to be efficacious to reduce plaque and calculus formation and the gingival bleeding compared to control ( P < .05). There was no significant difference between RCs and VF in both trials except for the gingival bleeding parameters which showed a greater improvement with VF. Therefore, daily administration of the VF is effective to reduce plaque and calculus formation and gingival bleeding and has a better efficacy on gingival bleeding than the other reference products tested. It can therefore be used with confidence at home for preventative dental care.

scholarly journals Color Change of Different Dual-Cure Resin Cements After Thermocycling

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Ayşe Atay DDS, PhD ◽  
Zülal Palazli DDS ◽  
Işıl Gürdal DDS ◽  
Aslıhan Üşümez DDS, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Data Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multiple Comparison ◽  
Resin Cements ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Smirnov Test

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of thermocycling on the color change of the amine-free dual-cure resin cements. IPS e.max CAD blocs were cut into specimens of 1 mm thickness (N=28) and cemented with one of the 4 different amine-free dual-cure resin cements (NX3 Nexus [NX], Kerr Dental; Variolink Esthetic DC [VE], Ivoclar Vivadent; Panavia V5 [PV], Kuraray Dental; G-CEM Linkforce [GC], GC Corporation) (n=7). A spectrophotometer was used for color measurements. Specimens were subjected to thermocycling (5°C and 55°C; 5000 and 10000 cycles). Normality of data distribution was tested by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests at a significance level of p<0.05. ∆E values were significantly influenced by the resin cements and the cycle periods (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between NX and VE groups after 5000 thermocycling, however after 10000 thermocycling VE group showed higher ∆E1 values than NX group (p>0.05).  There were no statistically significant differences between the ∆E0 and ∆E1 values of the GC group, however the other groups were affected after 10000 thermocycling (p>0.05). Amine-free resin cements used for cementation showed color change after thermocycling except GC group. All resin cements were showed clinically acceptable color change after thermocycling (∆E < 3.5).

The Final ‘Thank You’

Derrida Today ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Grant Farred
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Jacques Derrida ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Cup ◽  
The Core ◽  
Nelson Mandela ◽  
Black President ◽  
The Moment

‘The Final “Thank You”’ uses the work of Jacques Derrida and Friedrich Nietzsche to think the occasion of the 1995 rugby World Cup, hosted by the newly democratic South Africa. This paper deploys Nietzsche's Zarathustra to critique how a figure such as Nelson Mandela is understood as a ‘Superman’ or an ‘Overhuman’ in the moment of political transition. The philosophical focus of the paper, however, turns on the ‘thank yous’ exchanged by the white South African rugby captain, François Pienaar, and the black president at the event of the Springbok victory. It is the value, and the proximity and negation, of the ‘thank yous’ – the relation of one to the other – that constitutes the core of the article. 1

Psychophysically Based Physical Capability Limits For Right Angle Power Tool Operation

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 910-914
Author(s):  
Jonathan Valencia ◽  
Joel Cort
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Joint Orientation ◽  
Physical Capability ◽  
Subject Variables ◽  
Group A ◽  
Repeated Analysis ◽  
Post Hoc

A psychophysical methodology was utilized to examine 40 non-skilled female participants performing right-angle power tool (RAPT) fastening tasks. A combination of two between subject variables were examined for a total of four between-subject groups: joint orientation (horizontal and vertical planes) and joint hardness (hard and soft joints). Participants were evenly distributed into one of four joint orientation- hardness groups. Within each group, a combination of three fastening strategies and three fastening frequencies were performed by each participant. The chosen target torque determined the physical capability limits (PCL). A mixed-design repeated analysis of variance with Tukey’ significance post hoc test were used to determine any significance with the measured variables ( p<0.05). Fastening strategy and frequency influenced the chosen torque magnitude. Participants chose significantly higher target torques with the Turbo Tight strategy in comparison to the other two strategies. Furthermore, participants chose to accept lower target torques and forces as fastening frequency increased.

Stability and Governability the Benign Effects of Party Dominance in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-75
Author(s):  
Ainara Mancebo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
African National Congress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
African Countries ◽  
National Congress ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
Party Dominance

A tripartite alliance formed by the African National Congress, the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions has been ruling the country with wide parliamentarian majorities. The country remains more consensual and politically inclusive than any of the other African countries in the post-independence era. This article examines three performance’s aspects of the party dominance systems: legitimacy, stability and violence. As we are living in a period in which an unprecedented number of countries have completed democratic transitions, it is politically and conceptually important that we understand the specific tasks of crafting democratic consolidation.

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