The Emergence of Bone Technologies at the End of the Pleistocene in Southeast Asia: Regional and Evolutionary Implications

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Rabett ◽  
Philip J. Piper
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Small Element ◽  
Adaptive Process ◽  
Long Time ◽  
One Step ◽  
A Minor

For many decades Palaeolithic research viewed the development of early modern human behaviour as largely one of progress down a path towards the ‘modernity’ of the present. The European Palaeolithic sequence — the most extensively studied — was for a long time the yard-stick against which records from other regions were judged. Recent work undertaken in Africa and increasingly Asia, however, now suggests that the European evidence may tell a story that is more parochial and less universal than previously thought. While tracking developments at the large scale (the grand narrative) remains important, there is growing appreciation that to achieve a comprehensive understanding of human behavioural evolution requires an archaeologically regional perspective to balance this.One of the apparent markers of human modernity that has been sought in the global Palaeolithic record, prompted by finds in the European sequence, is innovation in bonebased technologies. As one step in the process of re-evaluating and contextualizing such innovations, in this article we explore the role of prehistoric bone technologies within the Southeast Asian sequence, where they have at least comparable antiquity to Europe and other parts of Asia. We observe a shift in the technological usage of bone — from a minor component to a medium of choice — during the second half of the Last Termination and into the Holocene. We suggest that this is consistent with it becoming a focus of the kinds of inventive behaviour demanded of foraging communities as they adapted to the far-reaching environmental and demographic changes that were reshaping this region at that time. This record represents one small element of a much wider, much longerterm adaptive process, which we would argue is not confined to the earliest instances of a particular technology or behaviour, but which forms part of an on-going story of our behavioural evolution.

Computer Simulation of Grain Growth in Three Dimensions by the Phase Field Model with Anisotropic Grain-Boundary Mobilities

2007 ◽  
Vol 539-543 ◽  
pp. 2437-2442
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Suwa ◽  
Yoshiyuki Saito ◽  
Hidehiro Onodera
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Phase Field ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Model ◽  
Phase Field Model ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
A Minor

The kinetics and topology of grain growth in three dimensions were simulated using a phase-field model with anisotropic grain-boundary mobilities. In order to perform large scale calculations we applied both modifications of algorithms and parallel coding techniques to the Fan and Chen's phase-field algorithm. Kinetics of abnormal grain growth is presented. It is observed that the grains of a minor component which are at the beginning surrounded preferentially by boundaries of high mobility grow faster than the grains of a major component until the texture reverses completely. Additionally, topological results of grain structures, such as grain size distributions and grain face distributions, are discussed

scholarly journals Central-pair microtubular complex of Chlamydomonas flagella: polypeptide composition as revealed by analysis of mutants.

1981 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
G M Adams ◽  
B Huang ◽  
G Piperno ◽  
D J Luck
Keyword(s):  
Minor Component ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Beta Tubulin ◽  
Central Pair ◽  
Electrophoresis System ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Dimensional Electrophoresis

Four mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii representing independent gene loci have been shown to lack totally (pf-18, pf-19, and pf-15) or nearly totally (pf-20) the central microtubular pair complex in isolated axonemal preparations. Analysis of 35S-labeled axonemal proteins, using two methods of electrophoresis, reveals that all four mutants lack or are markedly deficient in 18 polypeptides, ranging in molecular weight from 360,000 to 20,000, that are regularly present in wild-type axonemes. Analyses of axonemal proteins labeled by cellular growth on 32P-labeled medium indicates that a subset of 8 of the 18 polypeptides are phosphorylated. Mutant and wild-type axonemes and flagella have been analyzed for their content of tubulin subunits using a high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis system combined with agarose gel overlays containing either anti-alpha or anti-beta tubulin sera prepared from Chlamydomonas tubulins. The immunoprecipitates identify two major alpha tubulins, a major beta tubulin, and a minor component which is also precipitated by the anti-beta serum. None of these tubulins shows a specific defect in mutant axonemes, nor do the tubulin polypeptides show altered two-dimensional map positions in the mutant flagella. The 18 polypeptides provide a useful signature for identifying other mutants affecting the central-pair microtubular complex. Such mutants could be useful in defining the structural or functional role of these polypeptides in the central microtubules. Efforts to obtain additional central-pair mutants based on the motility phenotype of the four mutants analyzed here have yielded mutants which are allelic to three of the four mutants.

scholarly journals Perform or wither: role of water users' associations in municipalities of Nepal

Water Policy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
pp. 90-106
Author(s):  
Sreoshi Singh ◽  
Krity Shrestha ◽  
Menaka Hamal ◽  
Anjal Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Long Time ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Supply Systems

Abstract In Nepal, water institutions have played a very significant role, and in Tansen and Damauli, the presence of user groups has indicated that proper management of water can help people avert critical water shortages. However, although in both Tansen and Damauli the user groups have been operating for a long time, their performances vary. In Tansen, infrastructural constraints tend to throw up challenges, although operational hazards associated with the supply systems are no less threatening. Moreover, there is large-scale corruption in the systems' upkeep and maintenance, allowing low grade vendors to operate in place of readily available efficient institutions. In Damauli, the systems have been rather perfectly managed, except for minor glitches from time to time. Funding has been good and community bonding has paid off. This paper delves into the community-managed water systems in the two cities and how the performance varies across them and the factors that play a role.

Role of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in CGRP-induced dilatation of basilar artery in vivo

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (2) ◽  
pp. H581-H585 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kitazono ◽  
D. D. Heistad ◽  
F. M. Faraci
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
K Channels ◽  
Cranial Window ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Camp Levels

Stimulation of adenylate cyclase appears to activate ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the basilar artery. We tested the hypothesis that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which increases intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels, activates ATP-sensitive K+ channels and thereby causes vasodilatation. Using a cranial window in anesthetized rats, we examined responses of the basilar artery to CGRP in vivo. We also examined responses of the artery to another vasoactive peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Topical application of CGRP (10(-11) to 10(-8) M) increased diameter of the basilar artery. Responses of the basilar artery to CGRP were almost abolished by a CGRP1 receptor antagonist, CGRP-(8-37). Vasodilatation in response to VIP was much smaller than that produced by CGRP. Dilator responses of the basilar artery to 10(-9) and 10(-8) M CGRP were inhibited by glibenclamide (10(-6) M), a selective inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K+ channels, by 69 +/- 19 and 41 +/- 9%, respectively. NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10(-5) M), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, did not attenuate dilator response to 10(-8) M CGRP but inhibited responses to 10(-9) M CGRP by 34 +/- 12%. Indomethacin did not alter dilator responses to CGRP. These findings suggest that a minor component of CGRP-induced dilatation of the basilar artery is mediated by endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Vasodilatation in response to CGRP appears to be mediated primarily by direct activation of CGRP1 receptors on vascular muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biochemical studies on haemoglobin variants of the irus macaque

1966 ◽  
Vol 165 (999) ◽  
pp. 224-244 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Minor Component ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Peptide Analysis ◽  
Simian Malaria ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Recombination Experiments

Haemolysates from 202 M . irus , imported mainly from Thailand and Vietnam, were examined by starch-gel electrophoresis. In addition to the normal haemoglobin, Hb-A mi , two major haemoglobin variants designated as Hb-P mi and Hb-Q mi and two minor components were found. Hb-P mi , which occurred in 12% of the sample, forms molecular aggregates, especially when released from the red cell. Peptide analysis showed that it differs from Hb-A mi in the absence of peptides α .TP III and α -Tp IV. Sera from animals with this haemoglobin in their red cells show two haeme-positive bands in addition to the usual single haptoglobin band; this pattern can be produced in the sera of some animals which do not possess it, by addition of Hb-P mi . Hb-Q mi , which occurred in 24% of the animals, migrates anodally to Hb-A mi at alkaline pH and does not form aggregates. It is found in two ranges of concentration when present with Hb-A mi . It was shown by recombination experiments to have normal β Ami -chains. The sample was polymorphic for a minor component which was shown to have normal β Ami chains. Some animals have two major haemoglobins and also this minor component and therefore possesses three different non- β -chains. It is suggested that the minor component is the product of a mutated duplicate of the α -locus. The population genetics of these variant haemoglobins and the possible selective role of simian malaria are discussed.

scholarly journals Practical behavioural solutions to COVID-19: Changing the role of behavioural science in crises

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Coosje Tanis ◽  
Floor Nauta ◽  
Meier Boersma ◽  
Maya van der Steenhoven ◽  
Denny Borsboom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Contact Network ◽  
Behavioural Science ◽  
Total N ◽  
Shopping Cart ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Long Time

For a very long time in the COVID-19 crisis, behavioural change leading to physical distancing behaviour was the only tool at our disposal to mitigate virus spread. In this large-scale naturalistic experimental study we show how we can use behavioural science to find ways to promote the desired physical distancing behaviour. During seven days in a supermarket we implemented different behavioural interventions: (i) rewarding customers for keeping distance; (i) providing signage to guide customers; and (iii) altering shopping cart regulations. We asked customers to wear a tag that measured distances to other tags using ultra-wide band at 1Hz. In total N = 4,232 customers participated in the study. We compared the number of contacts (< 1.5 m, corresponding to Dutch regulations) between customers using state-of-the-art contact network analyses. We found that rewarding customers and providing signage increased physical distancing, whereas shopping cart regulations did not impact physical distancing. Rewarding customers moreover reduced the duration of remaining contacts between customers. These results demonstrate the feasibility to conduct large-scale behavioural experiments that can provide guidelines for policy. While the COVID-19 crisis unequivocally demonstrates the importance of behaviour and behavioural change, behaviour is integral to many crises, like the trading of mortgages in the financial crisis or the consuming of goods in the climate crisis. We argue that by acknowledging the role of behaviour in crises, and redefining this role in terms of the desired behaviour and necessary behavioural change, behavioural science can open up new solutions to crises and inform policy. We believe that we should start taking advantage of these opportunities.

scholarly journals Non-hormonal options for the relief of menopausal disorders

2022 ◽  
pp. 190-196
Author(s):  
O. V. Yakushevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Estrogen Deficiency ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time

Woman’s nature is unique. Taking into account some historical milestones, it can be noted that the role of women in society has undergone large-scale changes. The woman took a confident position in society. Its main function remains unchanged and it consists in procreation and procreation. A woman’s activity is consistent with the work of her reproductive system (RS). The gradual decrease, and then the cessation of the work of the ovaries, contributes to the life order and health of the fair sex. Menopause is a natural stage in a woman’s life, which corresponds to the peak of social self-realization. However, in some cases, hormonal changes characteristic of this period can serve as a favorable background for the formation of a number of pathological changes. The growing estrogen deficiency is becoming a pathogenetic impetus for the development of a wide range of climacteric disorders. Vasomotor symptoms and hyperhidrosis are the most frequent companions of women during the perimenopausal transition and early postmenopause. Maintaining optimal activity and the full quality of life of patients should be the goal of correcting the negative manifestations of estrogen deficiency and the complications associated with it. Compensating for estrogen deficiency with menopausal hormone therapy (HRT) is the benchmark for menopausal problems. However, there are a number of patients who have contraindications to prescribing HRT or who refuse to receive it for some reason. For this category of patients, alternative methods of diet correction. Combinations of plant extracts with vitamins and minerals have been successfully used in clinical practice for a long time. The article will provide information on the most studied phytoestrogens contained in soy.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli as a platform for the study of phosphoinositide biology

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. eaat4872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Botero ◽  
Rachel Chiaroni-Clarke ◽  
Sanford M. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Membrane Biology ◽  
E Coli ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 4

Despite being a minor component of cells, phosphoinositides are essential for eukaryotic membrane biology, serving as markers of organelle identity and involved in several signaling cascades. Their many functions, combined with alternative synthesis pathways, make in vivo study very difficult. In vitro studies are limited by their inability to fully recapitulate the complexities of membranes in living cells. We engineered the biosynthetic pathway for the most abundant phosphoinositides into the bacterium Escherichia coli, which is naturally devoid of this class of phospholipids. These modified E. coli, when grown in the presence of myo-inositol, incorporate phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) into their plasma membrane. We tested models of biophysical mechanisms with these phosphoinositides in a living membrane, using our system to evaluate the role of PIP2 in nonconventional protein export of human basic fibroblast growth factor 2. We found that PI alone is sufficient for the process.

scholarly journals Activation of Adenoviral Gene Expression by Protein IX Is Not Required for Efficient Virus Replication

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 5032-5037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy L. Sargent ◽  
Robert A. Meulenbroek ◽  
Robin J. Parks
Keyword(s):  
Minor Component ◽  
Transient Transfection ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
Late Genes ◽  
Viral Promoters ◽  
Protein Ix ◽  
A Minor

ABSTRACT The adenovirus (Ad) protein IX (pIX) is a minor component of the Ad capsid and is in part responsible for virion stability; virions lacking pIX are heat labile and lose their infectivity if the DNA content is greater than ∼35 kb. More recently, pIX has been identified as a transcriptional activator and, in transient-transfection assays, was shown to enhance expression from the E1A, E4, and major late Ad promoters by as much as 70-fold. In this study, we examined the role of pIX's ability to activate transcription during Ad replication. In transient-transfection assays, pIX had a minimal effect on expression from the E1A promoter, increasing expression by only 1.4-fold. We used helper-dependent Ad vectors, which had all Ad protein coding sequences deleted with the exception of E1A and which had capsids that either contained or lacked pIX, to show that pIX derived from decapsidation of the infecting virion does not influence expression of E1A. Similarly, expression of pIX from the Ad genome did not alter the expression levels of E1A. Viruses that had pIX deleted showed a threefold reduction in virus yield and expression of late genes compared to those of a similar virus which encoded pIX. This phenotype could not be rescued by growing the virus in cells which constitutively express pIX. Our results indicate that, although pIX can affect transcription from a variety of viral promoters, it does not appear to play a significant role in activation of Ad promoters during normal Ad replication.

scholarly journals Philosophical aspects of the modern geopolitical realities of the world in context of the Soviet Union's victory over nazi Germany

KANT ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-159
Author(s):  
Irina Lukinova ◽  
Svetlana Paletskaya
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time

This article proposes the author's concept of a key indicator for assessing the adequacy of geopolitics in the modern world; as such an indicator, the most key, largely unconditional and absolute, historical event of the last century was chosen - the USSR's Victory over fascist Germany and its allies, the result of which was the geopolitical system of the world, fixed by the documents of the Yalta Conference, which allowed for a relatively long time to ensure the relatively peaceful existence of countries and peoples. At present, Western countries led by the United States are making large-scale efforts aimed at dismantling this global geopolitical structure in order to establish completely different orders and realities in the world. For the complete destruction of the former world, established after the end of World War II, the West seeks to completely falsify its main results, especially the decisive role of the USSR in defeating fascist Germany, its allies and satellites. For this, an unprecedented attack was launched precisely on the Victory of the USSR; under these conditions, this key historical event becomes the main measure, a key indicator of the assessment of modern geopolitical realities of the world as a whole, as well as individual phenomena and processes of the modern historical era. Two main and interconnected features of the modern historical era (called by the author as the "1984 era") are revealed and justified: 1) its geopolitical-destructive nature; 2) its intentional design essence.

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