The effect of silage fermentation characteristics on dry-matter intake of steers

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. R. Dawson ◽  
C. S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractJuke was expressed from two silages of contrasting fermentation type with either high (H) or low (L) levels of lactic acid and reconstituted either with the silage from which it had been expressed or the other silage. This procedure produced four dietary treatments (HH, HL, LL, LH) each differing in fermentation characteristics. The dietary treatments HH, HL, LL, and LH contained 81, 71, 59, and 49 g lactic acid per kg dry matter (DM) and 101, 133, 193 and 159 g ammonia-N per kg total nitrogen (TN) respectively. The four diets were offered to four steers (mean live weight 679 (s.e. 49) kg) in a four-period change-over design experiment. Each period was of 17 days duration. DM intakes were recorded daily, with intakes on days 8 to 17 used in the statistical analysis of data. On day 12 of each experimental period, rumen fluid samples were taken throughout a 24-h period. The rates of disappearance of DM, nitrogen (N), modified acid-detergent fibre (MADF) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) in the rumen were determined on days 14 to 17 using the polyester bag technique. DM intakes were 7·2, 6·9, 6·0 and 6·0 (s.e. 0·50) kg/day (P = 0·08) for HH, HL, LL and LH dietary treatments respectively. Diet had no significant effect on eating behaviour, rumen fermentation parameters or degradability of DM, N, MADF and NDF fractions (P > 0·05). Silage L increased rumen fluid pH (P < 0·05), reduced buffering capacity (P < 0·05) and increased the molar proportion of propionic acid and n-butyric acid (P < 0·05 and P < 0·01) compared with silage H. Silage L also had a lower DM apparent digestibility, D-value and DM, (P < 0·001), N and MADF (P < 0·05) degradabilities than silage H. The higher DM intake of dietary treatment HH compared with dietary treatments LL and LH could not be explained by any single constituent of the silages although it was apparent that physical characteristics of the silage were more important in determining intake than the chemical characteristics.

Protein, lysine and feed intake level effects on pig growth

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blair ◽  
J. B. Dent ◽  
P. R. English ◽  
J. R. Raeburn
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Standard Manner ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments

SummaryA total of 512 pigs were given from 50 lb live weight one of 16 diets (four lysine levels at each of 12, 14, 16 and 18% protein), at one of four levels of intake. They were killed at 100, 150, 200 or 250 lb live weight and the carcasses jointed in a standard manner and right sides dissected into lean meat, fat, skin and bone.Mean percentage proportion of shoulder, middle and ham joints in the dressed sides at the four weights was 36·3, 36·4 and 27·3; 35·4, 37·9 and 26·7; 34·5, 39·6 and 25·9; and 33·8, 40·7 and 25·5, respectively. Mean percentage lean meat at the four live weights was 61·5, 59·9, 56·7 and 54·2 and the mean percentage fat was 20·7, 24·4, 29·4 and 32·8.Carcass quality was influenced significantly by dietary treatment and sex. Increasing the level of protein in the diet up to 16, 16, 14–16 and 14%, respectively, for the four live weight groups gave a significant increase in carcass leanness. Increasing the level of lysine in the diet did not have a very marked effect on carcass composition, while increasing feed intake to the highest level produced fatter carcasses at all weights. Carcasses of males were fatter and with a lower proportion of ham than those of females. Interactions involving dietary treatments and sex were described.Chemical composition of the m. longissimus dorsi was not altered markedly by dietary treatment or sex but dry matter and intramuscular fat content rose with increasing weight. Protein content of the dry matter remained fairly constant at all weights, while colour and shear value rose with increasing weight but were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment or sex.The pH values of the m. multifidus dorsi just after slaughter or on the day following were not markedly affected by dietary treatment, sex or weight.

scholarly journals The role of rumen protozoa in the utilization of paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) hay by cattle

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Punia ◽  
Jane Leibholz ◽  
G. J. Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Paspalum Dilatatum ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Dietary Treatments

1.Six Friesian heifers (250 kg live weight) with permanent cannulas in the rumen and abomasum were allocated at random into two groups of three. One group was treated with Teric GN9 (ICI (Aust.) Ltd) to defaunate the animals during the first two of the four periods of the experiment, after which they were refaunated. The second group was treated with Teric at the end of the first two periods. The dietary treatments were: paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) hay (4.1 kg/d) given alone and the hay supplemented with urea (20 g/kg dry matter).2. Defaunation was not complete but the approximate volume of protozoa in the rumen of treated animals was less than 6% of that in the untreated animals.3. The amount of organic matter (OM) digested in the stomach was lower (P< 0.01) in animals with reduced fauna than in those with normal fauna. There were reductions in both the apparent OM digestibility in the total tract (from 0.56 to 0.52,P< 0.01) and the proportion of the digestible OM digested in the rumen (from 0.82 to 0.79, not significant) of animals with reduced fauna. Apparent digestibilities of acid-detergent fibre and neutral-detergent fibre were significantly lower (P< 0.01) in animals with reduced fauna.4. The amount of nitrogen disappearing from the stomach was significantly higher (P< 0.01) with the urea supplement; effects due to concentrations of protozoa were not significant. The flow of non-ammonia-N from the abomasum was higher (P< 0.05) in animals with reduced fauna than in animals with normal fauna. The flows of bacterial N from the abomasum and the efficiencies of bacterial N synthesis were not significantly affected by the treatments. N retention was higher (P< 0.01) in animals receiving the urea supplement but differences due to protozoa were not significant.5. Protozoal contribution to the microbial N flowing from the rumen of animals with normal fauna was estimated to be 24 and 27% with and without the urea supplement respectively.6. Concentrations of rumen-fluid ammonia-N were reduced (P< 0.05) and those of volatile fatty acids were increased (P< 0.01) with reduction in protozoal numbers. Molar proportions of propionic acid increased (P< 0.05) and of butyric acid decreased (P< 0.01) with reduced rumen fauna.7. Rumen water volume was lower (P< 0.05) and the mean retention time of indigestible acid-detergent lignin tended to be higher in animals with reduced fauna. Rumen dry-matter pool and mean retention time of CrEDTA were not significantly different between treatments.

Investigation of direct gas production from silage fermentation acids

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 64-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Deaville ◽  
D. I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Anaerobic Medium

During ensilage readily fermentable organic matter (OM) is fermented to lactic acid and short chain volatile fatty acids (VFA). These acids provide little energy as ATP for rumen microbial growth and are essentially absorbed intact. The UK metabolisable protein system defined the energy available for microbial growth, termed fermentable metabolisable energy (FME), as the proportion of metabolisable energy (ME) in a diet/feed less the ME in oil and fermentation acids. The aim was to establish if fermentation acids yield direct gas production resulting from microbial fermentation. Grass silage was simulated using grass hay (GH; containing no fermentation acids) with additions of individual fermentation acids in solution.GH (~2 kg) was oven-dried overnight at 100°C, nulled (1 mm screen) and then sieved (25 μm screen). 0.5 g GH was weighed into 250 ml Duran bottles according to the treatments; 1) GH + anaerobic incubation mixture (AIM, 85/15 v/v anaerobic medium and strained rumen fluid) + ~5 ml distilled water; 2) GH + AIM + ~5 ml fermentation acid solution (100 mg DL-lactic acid (LA)/10 ml, 30 mg acetic acid (AA)/10 ml or 20 mg n-butyric acid (BA)/10 ml) (equivalent to 100, 30 and 20 mg/g GH dry matter (DM) for LA, AA and BA respectively); 3) anaerobic medium (85 ml) + 15 ml clarified rumen fluid + ~5 ml fermentation acid (as treatment (2)).

Investigation of direct gas production from silage fermentation acids

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
E. R. Deaville ◽  
D. I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Anaerobic Medium

During ensilage readily fermentable organic matter (OM) is fermented to lactic acid and short chain volatile fatty acids (VFA). These acids provide little energy as ATP for rumen microbial growth and are essentially absorbed intact. The UK metabolisable protein system defined the energy available for microbial growth, termed fermentable metabolisable energy (FME), as the proportion of metabolisable energy (ME) in a diet/feed less the ME in oil and fermentation acids. The aim was to establish if fermentation acids yield direct gas production resulting from microbial fermentation. Grass silage was simulated using grass hay (GH; containing no fermentation acids) with additions of individual fermentation acids in solution.GH (~2 kg) was oven-dried overnight at 100°C, nulled (1 mm screen) and then sieved (25 μm screen). 0.5 g GH was weighed into 250 ml Duran bottles according to the treatments; 1) GH + anaerobic incubation mixture (AIM, 85/15 v/v anaerobic medium and strained rumen fluid) + ~5 ml distilled water; 2) GH + AIM + ~5 ml fermentation acid solution (100 mg DL-lactic acid (LA)/10 ml, 30 mg acetic acid (AA)/10 ml or 20 mg n-butyric acid (BA)/10 ml) (equivalent to 100, 30 and 20 mg/g GH dry matter (DM) for LA, AA and BA respectively); 3) anaerobic medium (85 ml) + 15 ml clarified rumen fluid + ~5 ml fermentation acid (as treatment (2)).

scholarly journals Protein requirement of Japanese quail (coturnix corturnix japonica) chicks in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
G. S Bawa ◽  
L. H. Lombin ◽  
D. Shamaki ◽  
P. Karsin ◽  
U. Musa
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of varying dietary levels of protein on performance of Japanese quail chicks. Six iso-caloric (2953-3078 kcal/kg, ME) diets were formulated to contain crude protein (CP) at 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 28% levels, respectively. Each of the dietary treatment was replicated three times with sixty (60) quail chicks per replicate. A total of 1080 day-old unsexed quail chicks were used for the study and distributed using completely randomized design. The experiment lasted 42 days during which data were collected. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein intake differ significantly (P<0.05) due to dietary treatments. Final live weight and cost per gain were not significantly (P>0.05) different across dietary treatments. Age at first egg and average weight of eggs at point of lay differed significantly (P<0.05) across dietary treatments. The haematological parameters (Total protein, haemoglobin, albumen and red blood cell) were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary protein levels. Carcass weight, dressing percentage, prime cuts and the weight of major organs expressed as percentage of the live weight were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. It was concluded that Japanese quail chicks required up to 26% level of dietary protein for optimum performance. 

scholarly journals PSVI-1 Dietary protease supplementation on growth performance and post-weaning diarrhea of nursery pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 191-192
Author(s):  
Jorge Y Perez-Palencia ◽  
David A Clizer ◽  
Christian Ramirez-Camba ◽  
Ryan S Samuel ◽  
Crystal L Levesque
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Fecal Score

Abstract This experiment evaluated the effect of dietary protease supplementation on pig’s growth performance and post-weaning diarrhea in a 43-d trial. A total of 936 weaned pigs [21 d of age, initial BW 5.87 ± 0.31 kg] were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design (2 nutritional levels × 2 protease levels). The nutritional levels corresponded to a standard feeding program and a reduced feeding program (15% lower SID Lys) and without or with protease supplementation (0.0125% inclusion). Piglets were distributed in 36 pens with 26 pigs per pen and 9 replicates per dietary treatment. Pigs received a common Phase 1 diet and experimental diets in Phase 2, 3, and 4, (0.91, 3.4, 4.5, and 24.0 kg/pig, respectively). Phytase was included at 2,500 U in Phase 2 – 4, all diets met energy and AA:Lys requirements for nursery pigs. Feed intake and body weight were determined every 2 weeks. A pen fecal score assessment was performed at d7, 10, and 14. Performance data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure and fecal score data using the PROC FREQ procedure (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). No significant interactions (P &gt; 0.05) were observed between dietary treatments. From d15 to 43 and during overall experimental period, pigs fed standard diets had greater BW, ADG, and G:F (P &lt; 0.05) than pigs fed deficient diets (Table 1). On d7, pigs fed deficient diet had more (X2 &lt; 0.05) soft and watery feces, and consequently less normal feces compared to pigs fed standard diets (Figure 1). On d7, 10, and 14, pigs fed diets with protease supplementation had more (X2 &lt; 0.05) normal feces compared to control pigs. Overall, effects of dietary protease supplementation on growth performance were not expressive under the conditions of this study but protease addition benefited intestinal health of nursery pigs.

The effects of different amounts of liquid skim-milk on pork pigs with particular reference to carcass quality

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barber ◽  
R. Braude ◽  
Zena D. Hosking ◽  
K. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Caloric Value ◽  
Calculated Energy ◽  
Matter Basis

SUMMARY1. Seventy-two individually fed pigs on six treatments were used to determine the effects on performance and in particular on carcass quality of (a) giving quantities of liquid skim-milk (preserved with formalin) in excess of those normally recommended; (b) replacing meal by skim-milk in the ration on a calculated dry-matter basis (1 gal. skim-milk equivalent to 1 · 1 lb. meal) as compared with a calculated energy basis (1 gal. skim-milk equivalent to 1 · 3 lb. meal) and (c) giving skim-milk for only a part of the growing period instead of throughout. The experimental period continued from 9–10 weeks of age until slaughter at an average live-weight of 135 lb.2. Extensive carcass measurements were taken and in addition assessment of the carcasses was made by a representative of the County Quality Pork Association and by an expert pork butcher.3. Carcasses from pigs given an all-meal diet were comparable in all respects with those from pigs given skim-milk throughout up to a maximum of either 5¼ or 10½ pints per pig per day.4. Carcasses from pigs given the highest level of skim-milk (maximum of 15¾ pints per pig per day) were superior in many respects to those on any of the other treatments, but the possibility that this was due to their slower rate of growth rather than to the high level of milk per se, is discussed.5. Pigs given skim-milk as replacement of part of their meal allowance on a calculated dry matter basis grew significantly faster than those in which the replacement was made on a calculated energy basis or than those given an all-meal diet. The importance is stressed of ensuring that in assessing the value of skim-milk for pigs the caloric value of the rations being compared is similar. The need for experiments based on actual determinations of the caloric value of the rations used is also emphasised.6. While the performance of pigs given skim-milk up to 75 lb. live-weight only was similar to that of pigs given skim-milk throughout, evidence was obtained that the quality of their carcasses was slightly inferior.7. There was some suggestion that as the level of skim-milk in the diet increased an eye muscle of a rather paler colour was produced.

The use of alkanes as markers for estimating diet composition in sheep and goats

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
L.M.M. Ferreira ◽  
M. Oliván ◽  
M.A.M. Rodrigues ◽  
A. Dias-da-Silva ◽  
K. Osoro
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Plant Components

SummaryAn experiment was carried out to evaluate the use of alkanes for estimating diet composition of goats and sheep offered three different dietary treatments. Twelve animals as two groups of 4 crossbred goats (G1, 24 kg live weight; G2, 22 kg) and 4 crossbred sheep (S, 26 kg live weight), were housed in metabolism pens. Animals were offered daily a total of 1 kg DM/100 kg live weight. G1 received 70% ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and 30% gorse (Ulex gallii), G2 received 70% ryegrass and 30% heather (Erica sp.) and S group ate 100% ryegrass. Diet composition was estimated from the alkane concentrations (using all alkanes from C23 to C36 or only odd-chain alkanes C27, C29, C31 and C33) in diet and faeces (with or without correction for incomplete faecal recoveries) using least-squares procedures.Dietary treatment and animal species significantly affected alkane faecal recoveries, except for C24 and C36. When applying the faecal recovery corrections, there were no significant differences between measured proportions of dietary components and those estimated using all alkanes or odd-chain alkanes. In contrast, the proportions calculated without faecal recovery correction differed significantly (P<0.05) from the actual proportions and over-estimated the amount in the diet of those plant components with higher concentrations of long-chain alkanes (Erica sp. and Lolium perenne). The results indicate that alkanes are useful markers to estimate diet composition, however, it was observed that animal species and diet composition influenced the faecal recovery of alkanes. This suggests that the use of the alkane methodology for estimating the diet selection of grazing animals should be preceded by a calculation of the actual alkane faecal recoveries for each experimental condition.

The voluntary intake and digestibility by sheep of grass silages treated with different silage inoculants

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 82-82
Author(s):  
J A Rooke ◽  
F Kafilzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Silage Inoculants ◽  
Silage Additives ◽  
Forage Harvester ◽  
Silage Inoculant

The selection of lactic acid bacteria for use as silage additives is normally based upon their ability to dominate the silage fermentation and not upon benefits in animal performance. The object of this study was to investigate whether two lactic acid bacteria selected for fermentation characteristics would support the same animal performance as an established silage inoculant.On 5 June 1989, first cut, predominantly perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was ensiled direct with no wilting in plastolene silos of 2 tonne capacity. The herbage was harvested with a precision chop forage harvester and the following additive treatments were applied: None, control (C); Formic acid (Add-F, BP Nutrition, 850g/kg; 3 litres/tonne), (F); inoculant E. (Ecosyl, ICI Pic, 106Lactobacillus plantarum /g): inoculant A, (Pediococcus sp, 10 /g); inoculant B (L. plantarum 106 /g). The silages were fed to 6 wether sheep (Suffolk x Halfbred), initial live-weight, 40.1 kg (s.d. 2.22kg). Because the silages were unstable aerobically and restricted quantities of each silage were available, all sheep were fed the silages in the same (random) order.

scholarly journals Low-Carbohydrate Tolerant LAB Strains Identified from Rumen Fluid: Investigation of Probiotic Activity and Legume Silage Fermentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1044
Author(s):  
Palaniselvam Kuppusamy ◽  
Dahye Kim ◽  
Ilavenil Soundharrajan ◽  
Hyung Soo Park ◽  
Jeong Sung Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Probiotic Properties ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with low carbohydrate tolerance from rumen fluid and to elucidate their probiotic properties and the quality of fermentation of Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium incarnatum L. silage in vitro. We isolated 39 LAB strains and screened for growth in MRS broth and a low-carbohydrate supplemented medium; among them, two strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lactobacillus plantarum) RJ1 and Pediococcus pentosaceus S22, were able to grow faster in the low-carbohydrate medium. Both strains have promising probiotic characteristics including antagonistic activity against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, and E. faecalis; the ability to survive in simulated gastric-intestinal fluid; tolerance to bile salts; and proteolytic activity. Furthermore, an in vitro silage fermentation study revealed that alfalfa and crimson clover silage inoculated with RJ1 and S22 showed significantly decreased pH and an increased LAB population at the end of fermentation. Also, the highest lactic acid production was noted (p < 0.05) in LAB-inoculated silage vs. non-inoculated legume silage at high moisture. Overall, the data suggest that RJ1 and S22 could be effective strains for fermentation of legume silage.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document