Protein, lysine and feed intake level effects on pig growth

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blair ◽  
J. B. Dent ◽  
P. R. English ◽  
J. R. Raeburn
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Standard Manner ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments

SummaryA total of 512 pigs were given from 50 lb live weight one of 16 diets (four lysine levels at each of 12, 14, 16 and 18% protein), at one of four levels of intake. They were killed at 100, 150, 200 or 250 lb live weight and the carcasses jointed in a standard manner and right sides dissected into lean meat, fat, skin and bone.Mean percentage proportion of shoulder, middle and ham joints in the dressed sides at the four weights was 36·3, 36·4 and 27·3; 35·4, 37·9 and 26·7; 34·5, 39·6 and 25·9; and 33·8, 40·7 and 25·5, respectively. Mean percentage lean meat at the four live weights was 61·5, 59·9, 56·7 and 54·2 and the mean percentage fat was 20·7, 24·4, 29·4 and 32·8.Carcass quality was influenced significantly by dietary treatment and sex. Increasing the level of protein in the diet up to 16, 16, 14–16 and 14%, respectively, for the four live weight groups gave a significant increase in carcass leanness. Increasing the level of lysine in the diet did not have a very marked effect on carcass composition, while increasing feed intake to the highest level produced fatter carcasses at all weights. Carcasses of males were fatter and with a lower proportion of ham than those of females. Interactions involving dietary treatments and sex were described.Chemical composition of the m. longissimus dorsi was not altered markedly by dietary treatment or sex but dry matter and intramuscular fat content rose with increasing weight. Protein content of the dry matter remained fairly constant at all weights, while colour and shear value rose with increasing weight but were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment or sex.The pH values of the m. multifidus dorsi just after slaughter or on the day following were not markedly affected by dietary treatment, sex or weight.

scholarly journals Effects of primary growth compared to regrowth grass silage on feed intake, growth performance and carcass traits of growing bulls

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arto Kalevi Huuskonen ◽  
Sari Rämö ◽  
Maiju Pesonen
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Vitamin Mixture

The objective was to study the effects of primary growth vs. regrowth grass silage on intake, growth and carcass traits of growing bulls. In a feeding experiment, 30 bulls were offered a total mixed ration ad libitum. Two dietary treatments included either first or second cut grass silage (550 g kg-1 dry matter) supplemented with rolled barley (435 g kg-1 dry matter) and a mineral-vitamin mixture (15 g kg-1 dry matter). Feed and energy intake as well as the live weight gain of the bulls decreased when the second cut silage was used instead of the first cut silage. No differences in carcass conformation or carcass fat score between the treatments were observed. Analysed chemical, digestibility or fermentation parameters of the silage samples did not explain the differences in feed intake. However, some second cut silage samples were found to contain mycotoxins (zearalenone, roquefortine C, mycophenolic acid and HT-2), but it is difficult to estimate whether this was the factor that affected feed intake in the present study.

EFFECT OF YEAST (CANDIDA UTILIS) ON THE COMMERCIAL LAYER HEN’S LIVE WEIGHT AND EGG PRODUCTION

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-116
Author(s):  
J Rentsenkhand ◽  
N Togtokhbayar
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Candida Utilis ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Agricultural Sciences ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
To Receive

In order to investigate the effect of a yeast on laying hens performance and live weight, one hundred Rodonit-3 breed laying hens (75 week of age), were selected and randomly allocated to 25 pens containing 4 laying hens each with 6 replicates and assigned to receive one of 4 dietary treatments (1. Control, 2. Yeast 2%, 3.Yeast 4%, 4.Yeast 6%). The results showed that egg production and egg weight not significantly different, live weight and feed intake significant differences.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 114-116

Effect of winter nutrition of young farmed red deer on their subsequent growth at pasture

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare L. Adam ◽  
Carol E. Moir
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Preceding Winter

ABSTRACTHoused male (stags) and female (hinds) red deer, initial live weight 43·2 and 38·3 kg respectively, were given ad libitum (1) ammonia-treated straw, (2) a barley and fish meal concentrate, and hay, or (3) potatoes and hay, from 7 to 11 months of age. Dry matter (DM) intakes were low for all deer and some live-weight loss was experienced for the first 6 weeks in January/February. Thereafter DM intakes increased, and deer given the concentrate diet showed higher live-weight gain (P < 0·001) than those given potatoes and hay (273 and 162 g/day, respectively) whereas deer receiving the treated straw continued to lose weight (-18 g/day) (P < 0·001).From 11 to 16 months of age at grass, deer previously given treated straw grew significantly faster (P < 0·001) than those previously overwintered on concentrate or potato diets (215, 156 and 170 g/day, respectively). Final live weights for animals given straw, concentrates and potatoes in the preceding winter were, respectively, 71·6, 92·6 and 80·8 kg (stags) and 63·0, 71·9 and 68·5 kg (hinds).The dietary treatments imposed in the previous winter had no lasting effects on the carcass composition of stags slaughtered at 16 months, and the practical implications of the different growth patterns are discussed.

Comparative study of the carcass characteristics and nutrient composition of three species of giant African land snail

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-161
Author(s):  
O. A. Ekine ◽  
D. N. Onunkwo
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Nutrient Compositions

A comparative study was carried out on three breeds of snails in southeastern Nigeria to assess their carcass characteristic and carcass nutrient compositions. The three breeds used were Achatina fulica, Achatina achatina and Archachatina marginata. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain concentrate + pawpaw (Diet I), concentrate + Moringa oleifera (Diet II), concentrate + Moringa oleifera+ African spinach + Amaranthus hybridus (Diet III) and concentrate + Moringa oleifera+Amaranthus spinosus (Diet IV). Fifteen 6-month old growing snails of each breed was assigned per dietary treatment and each dietary treatment was replicated three times to contain five snails per replicate, given a total of one hundred and eighty snails. The experiment involved a 3 x 4 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD). Feed and water were given ad libitum throughout the duration of the experiment which lasted (56 days). At the end of the experiment, a total of seventy-two (72) snails were starved and slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Carcass nutrient compositions were measured including dry matter, moisture content, ash, crude fibre, crude protein, fat and nitrogen free extract. The results showed that the highest foot weight (57.50%) was observed in snails fed diet I, associated with relatively high live weight and highly reduced offal weight, which makes it comparatively better in improving carcass. The A. fulica, A achatina and A. marginata obtained best carcass composition respectively on diets I, III and II due to interaction effect of breed x diet. The A. achatina and A. marginata had higher dry matter (91.64 and 92.07 respectively) than the A fulica (90.09). The A. marginata carcass had the higher (p<0.05) crude protein (32.78%), highest ash (9.17%) and a moderate fat content (1.59%). Based on overall interaction effects, diet I is recommended for A. fulica, while diet III for A. marginata and diet II for A. marginata. The A. marginata performed better than the A. achatina and A. fulica in highest crude protein, highest ash and a moderate fat content and is thus recommended.

Protein, lysine and feed intake level effects on pig growth: I. Main effects

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blair ◽  
J.B. Dent ◽  
P.R. English ◽  
J.R. Raeburn
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Main Effects

SUMMARYA total of 512 pigs were given from 50 lb live weight one of 16 diets, i.e. with 4 lysine levels at each of 12, 14, 16 and 18% protein, at one of 4 levels of intake. They were killed at 100, 150, 200 or 250 lb live weight.Live-weight gain was not improved significantly by increasing the protein level above 16, 14, 12and 12%, respectively, for the 50–100, 100–150, 150–200and200–2501bstages. However, conversion of feed to live-weight gain was improved significantly during the 50–100 lb stage by increasing the protein to 18%. Gain in lean meat and in the efficiency of conversion of feed to lean meat were improved by increasing the above protein levels slightly.Live-weight gain was not improved significantly by increasing the lysine level above 1·04, 0·74, 0·70 and 0·59%, respectively, for the 50–100, 100–150, 150–200 and 200–250 lb stages. However, conversion of feed to live-weight gain was improved significantly during the 50–100 lb stage by increasing the lysine level to 1·22%. Raising the lysine level at each level of protein had no significant effect on the rate and efficiency of lean meat gain.Live-weight gain was significantly improved by increasing the level of feed intake almost to ad libitum levels for the 50–100, 100–150 and 150–200 lb stages. There was a suggestion of a similar effect in the 200–250 lb pigs although it was not statistically significant. Conversion of feed to live-weight gain was improved in the 50–100 lb pigs only by increasing the level of feed intake: in the older pigs increasing the level of feed intake caused a worsening in feed conversion ratio. Increasing the level of feed intake gave a significant improvement in rate of lean meat gain but a significant worsening in the efficiency of conversion of feed to lean meat during all stages up to 200 lb.Interaction effects of these factors and sex, on growth performance, are described.

The effect of silage fermentation characteristics on dry-matter intake of steers

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. R. Dawson ◽  
C. S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractJuke was expressed from two silages of contrasting fermentation type with either high (H) or low (L) levels of lactic acid and reconstituted either with the silage from which it had been expressed or the other silage. This procedure produced four dietary treatments (HH, HL, LL, LH) each differing in fermentation characteristics. The dietary treatments HH, HL, LL, and LH contained 81, 71, 59, and 49 g lactic acid per kg dry matter (DM) and 101, 133, 193 and 159 g ammonia-N per kg total nitrogen (TN) respectively. The four diets were offered to four steers (mean live weight 679 (s.e. 49) kg) in a four-period change-over design experiment. Each period was of 17 days duration. DM intakes were recorded daily, with intakes on days 8 to 17 used in the statistical analysis of data. On day 12 of each experimental period, rumen fluid samples were taken throughout a 24-h period. The rates of disappearance of DM, nitrogen (N), modified acid-detergent fibre (MADF) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) in the rumen were determined on days 14 to 17 using the polyester bag technique. DM intakes were 7·2, 6·9, 6·0 and 6·0 (s.e. 0·50) kg/day (P = 0·08) for HH, HL, LL and LH dietary treatments respectively. Diet had no significant effect on eating behaviour, rumen fermentation parameters or degradability of DM, N, MADF and NDF fractions (P > 0·05). Silage L increased rumen fluid pH (P < 0·05), reduced buffering capacity (P < 0·05) and increased the molar proportion of propionic acid and n-butyric acid (P < 0·05 and P < 0·01) compared with silage H. Silage L also had a lower DM apparent digestibility, D-value and DM, (P < 0·001), N and MADF (P < 0·05) degradabilities than silage H. The higher DM intake of dietary treatment HH compared with dietary treatments LL and LH could not be explained by any single constituent of the silages although it was apparent that physical characteristics of the silage were more important in determining intake than the chemical characteristics.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary Black pepper (Piper nigrum) on the performance of broiler

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
EK Ndelekwute ◽  
KD Afolabi ◽  
HO Uzegbu ◽  
UL Unah ◽  
KU Amaefule
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Dietary Treatments

An experiment was conducted to determine the dietary effect of different levels of ground black pepper (Piper nigrum) on growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. There were five dietary treatments each containing 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 % black pepper (BP) fed at both starter and finisher phases. One hundred and fifty (150) day old chicks of Arbor-acre strain were divided into five dietary groups having three replication with 10 in each. The five dietary treatments were randomly assigned into five groups. The birds were fed and watered ad libitum. At the starter phase 0.25 and 0.5 % BP improved live weight significantly (p<0.05). Feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) reduced at 1.00% BP. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in daily gain, feed: gain ratio and protein efficiency ratio. At the finisher phase, final live weight was improved by 0.25% (p<0.05). Final live weight, feed intake, weight gain, feed: gain ratio and protein efficiency ratio were negatively affected by 0.75 and 1.0%BP. Fecal moisture was significantly (P<0.05) reduced by 0.25% while dry matter, protein and ether extract digestibility were improved by all the levels of BP. None of the BP levels improved crude fibre digestibility (p>0.05) over the control. NFE and energy utilization were improved by 0.25 and 0.5%, but significantly (p<0.05) reduced by 1.00% BP.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. 44(2): 120-127

scholarly journals Straw or hay as environmental improvement and its effect on behaviour and production traits of fattening pigs

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jordan ◽  
S. Žgur ◽  
G. Gorjanc ◽  
I. Štuhec
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Fattening Pigs

Abstract. Fattening pigs are commonly kept in intensive housing systems with slatted floor which represent a very barren environment, causing poor animal welfare. To improve such conditions a small amount of straw or hay (100 g per animal per day laid daily in a rack) was used in our study as an environmental enrichment (EE). Two replications, each including 96 fattening pigs of both sexes (3 pens of 16 females and 3 pens of 16 male castrates) from 60 kg to slaughter at average 96 kg live weight, were used to test the effect of EE and sex on behaviour, growth rate, and carcass composition. EE significantly increased the proportion of total activity during the illumination period (between 6 a. m. and 2 p. m.) on account of increased occupation with substrate (P<0.01). EE also significantly reduced time spent biting pen bars and frequency of aggressive encounters (P<0.01). The EE increased total activity in female animals during the observation period, but not in male castrates. None of the EE significantly influenced pigs‘ growth rate and lean meat percentage; however females in enriched environment grew slower and had greater lean meat percentage than the castrated males. Provision of a small amount of straw or hay to pigs in intensive housing systems can enrich barren environment in inexpensive and efficient way. Therefore such enrichment can be widely used also in large commercial pig production systems.

Effects of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Suphrap ◽  
C. Wachirapakorn ◽  
C. Thamrongyoswittayakul and C. Wongnen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Cassava Pulp ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows (Thai native x Holstein Friesian). Eight Thai Friesian dairy cows (447±44 kg.BW) were assigned to 4×4 double latin square design (DLSD) with two sources of oil i.e. palm oil (PO) or soybean oil (SBO) and four levels of YFCP (0, 5, 10 and 20%DM) in the dietary treatments. All cows received total mixed ration (TMR) comprised of rice straw to concentrate at a ratio of 40:60. The results showed that supplementation of SBO had lowered feed intake, nutrients digestibility, metabolize energy intake (MEI), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and methane emission than PO treatment. However, cows received SBO had greater total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4) than cows received on PO (P less than 0.05). In addition, supplementation of YFCP at 10%DM in the diet as an optimum level in dairy cow diets (P greater than 0.05). Finally, the interaction between the addition of SBO and YFCP at 10%DM (SBO+YFCP) had a positive effect on enhancing ether extract intake (EEI) in dairy cows.

The use of alkanes as markers for estimating diet composition in sheep and goats

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
L.M.M. Ferreira ◽  
M. Oliván ◽  
M.A.M. Rodrigues ◽  
A. Dias-da-Silva ◽  
K. Osoro
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Plant Components

SummaryAn experiment was carried out to evaluate the use of alkanes for estimating diet composition of goats and sheep offered three different dietary treatments. Twelve animals as two groups of 4 crossbred goats (G1, 24 kg live weight; G2, 22 kg) and 4 crossbred sheep (S, 26 kg live weight), were housed in metabolism pens. Animals were offered daily a total of 1 kg DM/100 kg live weight. G1 received 70% ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and 30% gorse (Ulex gallii), G2 received 70% ryegrass and 30% heather (Erica sp.) and S group ate 100% ryegrass. Diet composition was estimated from the alkane concentrations (using all alkanes from C23 to C36 or only odd-chain alkanes C27, C29, C31 and C33) in diet and faeces (with or without correction for incomplete faecal recoveries) using least-squares procedures.Dietary treatment and animal species significantly affected alkane faecal recoveries, except for C24 and C36. When applying the faecal recovery corrections, there were no significant differences between measured proportions of dietary components and those estimated using all alkanes or odd-chain alkanes. In contrast, the proportions calculated without faecal recovery correction differed significantly (P<0.05) from the actual proportions and over-estimated the amount in the diet of those plant components with higher concentrations of long-chain alkanes (Erica sp. and Lolium perenne). The results indicate that alkanes are useful markers to estimate diet composition, however, it was observed that animal species and diet composition influenced the faecal recovery of alkanes. This suggests that the use of the alkane methodology for estimating the diet selection of grazing animals should be preceded by a calculation of the actual alkane faecal recoveries for each experimental condition.

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