Fossil Birds

The Geologist ◽  
1863 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 415-424
Keyword(s):  
Future Study ◽  
British Museum ◽  
The State ◽  
Fossil Birds ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fossil Bird ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Do So

The wonderful remains of the Archæopteryx, recently acquired for the British Museum, have naturally drawn attention to a muchneglected department of palæontology; and it will therefore not only be interesting, but useful also to the advance of science, to pass under review, at the present time, the state of our knowledge of the former existence of birds during past geological ages. The early authors, for the most part, speak not of fossil bird-remains properly so called, but in reality of mere incrustations by “petrifying springs,” of the fanciful tracery of dendritic markings, or the imagined resemblances of oddly-formed stones. Thus Albertus Magnus, in his book ‘De Mineralibus,’ printed in 1495, describes a fossil nest, with eggs, on the branch of a tree. This might or might not be a true fossil, but our recent discoveries of fossil birds and reptiles' eggs, and the knowledge we have now of delicate objects truly fossilized, such as insects, fruits, flowers, and feathers, renders it possible that some of the old records of such may have had a foundation of truth, and gives a probability that some at least may be brought within the capacity of belief as actual facts.With this view, we shall quote from the old authors all the passages known to us, commenting on them as occasion may require; and in thus working up the bibliography of fossil ornithology and arranging the whole of our knowledge of the subject, as far as we have the power to do so, we shall be able to separate facts from fictions, and give a solid basis for further investigations in the future study of ornithological palæontology.

scholarly journals XVIII. On rubian and its products of decomposition

1851 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 433-459 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Change ◽  
The State ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Indigo Blue ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Do So ◽  
Madder Root

Among the many discussions to which the subject of madder has given rise among chemists, there is none which is calculated to excite so much interest as that concern­ing the state in which the colouring matter originally exists in this root, and there is no part of this extensive subject which is at the same time involved in such obscurity. It is a well-known fact that the madder root is not well adapted for the purposes of dyeing until it has attained a growth of from eighteen months to three years, and that after being gathered and dried it gradually improves for several years, after which it again deteriorates. During the time when left to itself, especially if in a state of powder, it increases in weight and bulk, in consequence probably of absorp­tion of moisture from the air, and some chemical change is effected, which, though not attended by any striking phenomena, is sufficiently well indicated by its results. There are few chemical investigations that have thrown any light on the nature of the process which takes place during this lapse of time, and in fact most of the at­tempts to do so have merely consisted of arguments based on analogy. It has been surmised that the process is one of oxidation, and that the access of atmospheric air is consequently necessary. We are indeed acquainted with cases, in which substances of well-defined character and perfectly colourless, as for instance orcine and hematoxyline, are converted by the action of oxygen, or oxygen and alkalies combined, into true colouring matters. A more general supposition is, that the process is one of fermentation, attended perhaps by oxidation, and in confirmation of this view the formation of indigo-blue from a colourless plant, by a process which has all the cha­racters of one of fermentation, may be adduced. What the substance is however on which this process of oxidation or fermentation takes effect, what the products are which are formed by it, whether indeed the change is completed as soon as the madder has reached the point when it is best adapted for dyeing, or whether further changes take place when it is mixed with water and the temperature raised during the process of dyeing, are questions which have never been satisfactorily answered, if answered at all. It has indeed been suspected by several chemists, that there exists originally some substance in madder, which by the action of fermentation or oxida­tion is decomposed and gives rise by its decomposition to the various substances endowed either with a red or yellow colour, which have been discovered during the chemical investigations of this root. That several of these substances are merely mixtures, and some of them in the main identical, has been satisfactorily proved by late investigators. But there still remain a number, which, though extremely similar, have properties sufficiently marked to entitle them to be considered as distinct. In my papers on the colouring matters of madder, I have described four substances derived from madder, only one of which is a true colouring matter, but all of them capable, under certain circumstances, as for instance in combination with alkalies, of developing red or purple colours of various intensity. To seek for a common origin for these various bodies so similar to one another and yet distinct, is very natural, and the discovery of it no improbable achievement.

One Hundred and Fifty Years of Teubner Texts

1961 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
Bruno Doer
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Publishing Firm ◽  
The Past ◽  
Classical Studies ◽  
Look Back ◽  
The Future ◽  
Do So ◽  
A Share

It is always agreeable to offer congratulations to someone who is celebrating a jubilee. It is a particular pleasure to do so when the ‘child’ whose birthday it is can look back over 150 years of existence, and all those who have a share in the jubilee may reflect that the thanks for the achievements of the past and wishes for the future serve the cause of publicity. For no one who sets out to discuss the state of classical studies in Germany can, or should, fail to mention the Leipzig publishing firm of B. G. Teubner. Here publishing and scholarship have in the past century and a half formed an indissoluble partnership which has made it its duty to provide the best texts for use in the study of classical antiquity.

Putting Continuous Auditing Theory into Practice: Lessons from Two Pilot Implementations

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Alles ◽  
Alexander Kogan ◽  
Miklos A. Vasarhelyi
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Continuous Auditing ◽  
The Future ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACT: In the almost twenty years since Vasarhelyi and Halper (1991) reported on their pioneering implementation of what has come to be known as Continuous Auditing (CA), the concept has increasingly moved from theory into practice. A 2006 survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers shows that half of all responding firms use some sort of CA techniques, and the majority of the rest plan to do so in the near future. CA not only has an increasing impact on auditing practice, but is also one of the rare instances in which such a significant change was led by the researchers. In this paper we survey the state of CA after two decades of research into continuous auditing theory and practice, and draw out the lessons learned by us in recent pilot CA projects at two major firms, to examine where this unique partnership between academics and auditors will take CA in the future.

scholarly journals Creation of female image in Soviet cinematography of the early XX century

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
Tatiana Eduardovna Gribakina
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Female Image ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation

This article explores the creation of the image of a Soviet woman within the Soviet cinematography. The subject of this research is the female image formed by the Russian cinematography at certain stages and its dynamics. The author suggest understanding of the image of woman as a combination of sensible images, which include representations on the place, role, functions, traits that are potentially common to her, but are yet to be formed and realized. Detailed analysis of the films of the early XX century allows examining creation of the female image, the expectations, moods, perceptions of the future presented in the films, as well as tracing the correlation between semantic content and its visualization. Due to the fact that the image was designed gradually, the author considered the key social and political factors that affected its creation and found reflection within it. Special contribution of the author into the research of this topic consists in demonstration of a relatively holistic image of a Soviet woman in cinematography, which was comprise bit by bit and transformed, meeting the challenges, demands and needs of society and the state.  

scholarly journals Pedagogical conditions for the formation of the future border guard officer professional culture: the use of dialogical teaching methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-273
Author(s):  
Svіtlana Shumovetska
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Professional Culture ◽  
The State ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future ◽  
Business Game ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Levels

The article highlights the importance of the communicative component of the professional culture of the border guard officer, which is based on the fact that the profession of the border guard envisages a wide range of interpersonal contacts at different levels, primarily collective concerted actions of the border guards to prevent or terminate illegal actions at border guard areas. The significance of dialogical methods, first of all heuristic conversations, presentations, method of «brainstorming», «round table» method, «business game» method, practical group and individual exercises, discussion of video recordings, for forming of professional culture of future border guards, are revealed in details. The peculiarities of the use of dialogical methods in the system of forming the professional culture of the future border guards, especially during the teaching the educational discipline «Ukrainian for Professional Purposes» at the National Academy of the State Border Guard Service named after Bohdan Khmelnitsky. The subject of special attention in the article is the disclosure of the peculiarities of cadets studying the rules of conversation with citizens who cross the state border at the checkpoints, the specifics of the official communication of the border guard inspector as an element of his professional culture. It has been determined that dialogical methods are important for shaping the professional culture of the future border guards and for optimizing their interpersonal relationships. They allow you to teach the cadets the rules, values and norms of the professional cultural interaction between classmates, the features of professional interaction at the checkpoints. The use of dialogue methods helps to form the skills of the cadets freely, communicatively justified to use linguistic means in different forms, spheres and genres of speech, that is, to provide an appropriate level of communicative component of their professional culture.

scholarly journals The Severan Commemorative Relief at Cyrene. The portraiture

1977 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bonanno
Keyword(s):  
Annual Report ◽  
British Museum ◽  
The State ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
South Side ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

On my first visit to Cyrene in summer 1972 I was so intrigued by the figurative relief standing on the south side of the so-called Valley Street, immediately to the east of the modern village of Shahat, that I decided to include it in my doctoral thesis. I visited the site in the distinguished company of the late Prof. D. E. Strong, who was then my research supervisor, and Mr. Philip Kenrick. We spent together some hours in front of this fascinating monument discussing a number of points concerning the architecture of the building to which it belonged, the identification of the figures, the iconography of the then hypothetical portraits, and the reading of the inscription. A full description and discussion of the monument were given by Professor Strong in a lecture delivered at the British Museum on the occasion of the opening of the Exhibition of Libyan Antiquities on 14th June, 1973, and later published in the Society for Libyan Studies Report. I returned to Cyrene in summer 1973 in order to make a more thorough examination of the relief and to produce a number of detailed photographs of the heads. The contents of this article are the result of these observations and the stimulating discussions I had with Professor Strong on the subject.For a comprehensive description of the relief I refer the reader to Strong's contribution in the Fourth Annual Report, but it is appropriate to recapitulate briefly. The relief in question constituted the figured frieze of the entablature of a monumental gateway resting on Corinthian columns. Beneath the frieze, which must have been more than 11m long, ran an inscription in two lines of standard monumental Greek letters. All the architectural elements, including the frieze, are carved on a very gritty and shelly limestone. The state of preservation is very poor: the figures on the right hand block are almost completely lost and elsewhere heads and limbs have fallen off, in some cases being cemented back. The best preserved are the central figures, but even here the sugary limestone has eroded to some extent (Fig.Ia).

Grand Days, Dark Palaces

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Rae ◽  
Christian Reus-Smit
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Justice ◽  
Liberal Internationalism ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

Exploring contradictions inherent in liberal orders, this chapter questions the treatment of liberalism in the International Relations academy as a relatively straightforward set of beliefs about the individual, the state, the market, and political justice. It asserts that the contradictions and tensions within liberal internationalism are in fact deep and troubling. Highlighting some of liberalism's obscured and sometimes denied contradictions — between liberal ‘statism’ and liberal ‘cosmopolitanism’; between liberal ‘proceduralism’ and liberal ‘consequentialism’; and between liberal ‘absolutism’ and liberal ‘toleration’ — the chapter explores their implications for liberal ordering practices internationally. It concludes that liberal political engagement necessitates a more reflective standpoint and more historical sensibility if we are to be aware of how contradictions have shaped liberal orders in the past and are likely to continue to do so in the future.

scholarly journals Obituary notices of fellows deceased

1926 ◽  
Vol 100 (705) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Fossil Birds ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Vertebrate Palaeontology ◽  
General Catalogue ◽  
Fossil Bird ◽  
London Clay ◽  
The University ◽  
Geological Research

Charles William Andrews was born at Hampstead in 1866, and died in London on May 25, 1924, having spent his active official life in the service of the British Museum. He was a graduate in both arts and science of the University of London, and began his career as a schoolmaster. His main interest, however, was in biological and geological research, and in 1892 he was fortunate in being the successful candidate in a competitive examination for an assistantship in the Department of Geology in the British Museum (Natural History). Here he soon began to add original investigation to his curatorial duties, and he eventually became one of the foremost exponents of vertebrate palæontology. Dr. Andrews at first paid much attention to the fossil birds, of which a useful general catalogue had just been published by Lydekker. He made himself well acquainted with the osteology of birds, and so was adequately equipped for dealing with the large collections of bones of extinct birds which were then being discovered in the surface deposits of lands in the southern hemisphere. In his earliest paper, published in the Geological Magazine in 1894, he described some limb-bones of the largest known running bird from Madagascar, which he named Aepyornis titan . In subsequent years he made several important contributions to our knowledge of both the Aepyornithes and the fossil carinate birds of Madagascar. At the same time he studied the extinct birds of New Zealand, and a large collection of fossil bird-bones from the Chatham Islands which Lord Rothschild had obtained for the Tring Museum. He pointed out especially that the occurrence of closely related flightless rails in Mauritius, the Chatham Islands, and New Zealand, did not necessitate a former con­nection between those widely separated lands. The rails might have become flightless independently in the different restricted habitats, and an almost flightless rail, Nesolimnas , among the fossils from the Chatham Islands seemed to show that in this form the wings were actually being reduced on the spot. Dr. Andrews also published important new observations on the remains of the Stereornithes and other remarkable extinct birds, discovered by Ameghino in Patagonia, which were received by the British Museum in 1896. To the end he retained an interest in all fossil remains of birds, and his descriptions of an ancestral tropic-bird, Prophaethon , from the Eocene London Clay of Sheppey, and a sternum of the largest known flying bird from an Eocene formation in Nigeria, are especially noteworthy.

State Speech vs. Hate Speech

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Michael Weinman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Do So ◽  
New View

This is, indeed, another work on the subject of hate speech regulation in the United States. And yet, it is not just another such work. For my goal here is not to settle the jurisprudential arguments regarding the possibility of any specific hate speech regulation, either extant or yet to be conceived, withstanding a Constitutional test. Nor is it my intention to demonstrate, on the basis of a comparative study of existing legislation, that such regulation either is or is not effective in addressing or redressing the social ills of hatred, discrimination, and inequality. Rather, I will achieve greater analytical clarity about just what the harms of hate speech are. I do so in order to reinvigorate the question about regulation with a new view of what exactly the object needing attention is, by demonstrating that though there are real harms here, the state cannot provide a regulatory remedy (at least qua criminal justice). Thus, in my conclusion I will assert that the question of what we might do differently in response to hate speech can only be answered —however provisionally—insofar as we first confront how we need to think differently about it. Specifically, I will argue that we need to replace the emphasis on redressing harms once they have occurred with a new emphasis on addressing, and ultimately eliminating, the conditions which make those harms possible in the first place.

The Royal Barrows at Jelling Excavations made in 1941, 1942 and 1947, and finds and findings resulting therefrom

Antiquity ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 22 (88) ◽  
pp. 190-197
Author(s):  
Ejnar Dyggve
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The State ◽  
National Museum ◽  
World War ◽  
The Future ◽  
State Employment ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
Made In

In line with other endeavours expressive of the spirit of self-assertion aroused in the Danish people at the occupation of Denmark by foreign troops during World War II, the Danish National Museum, subsidized by the State Employment Department and the Carlsberg Foundation, undertook a series of thorough and methodical excavations of the two famous Royal Barrows at Jelling in East Jutland (FIG. I), dating from the middle of the 10th century A.D.Earlier excavations here, in 1821 and 1861 (1), had been inconclusive. Ample room still remained for hypotheses and suggestions, and divergent views gradually produced quite a literature on the subject (2). Through the recent examination, the most extensive excavations of their kind in Scandinavia, of the southern barrow, the so-called King Gorm Mound, excavated in 1941, and the northern barrow, the so-called Queen Tyre Mound, in 1942 (3), it became possible to eliminate several doubtful points which had confronted people interested in history for more than a hundred years. At the same time, a solid foundation was laid for the future understanding of the Jelling monuments—the barrows and the runestones—the most significant in Danish history, because they bear witness to the kings who united the smaller Danish Kingdoms into one realm (4).

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