Dietary adequacy and dietary quality of Inuit in the Canadian Arctic who smoke and the potential implications for chronic disease

AbstractObjectiveTo compare dietary intake and quality among adult Inuit by smoking status.DesignA cross-sectional study using data from a validated quantitative FFQ.SettingThree isolated communities in Nunavut, Canada.SubjectsAdult Inuit (n208), aged between 19 and 79 years, from randomly selected households.ResultsAverage energy intake did not differ between male smokers (n22) and non-smokers (n14; 16 235 kJ and 13 503 kJ;P= 0·18), but was higher among female smokers (n126) compared with non-smokers (n46; 12 704 kJ and 8552 kJ;P< 0·0001). Average daily nutrient intakes were similar among men and higher among female smokers compared with non-smokers for all nutrients (P≤ 0·05) exceptn-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D and Se. Female smokers had lower intake densities of thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, Mg, Na (P≤ 0·05), protein,n-3 fatty acids, cholesterol, Fe (P≤ 0·01), vitamin B12and Se (P≤ 0·001). Between 20 % and 50 % of male and female smokers were below the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Ca, folate, Mg and vitamins A and K, and more than 50 % were below the DRI for fibre and vitamin E. The proportion of smokers below the DRI was lower for all nutrients, except fibre and folate among men. Among smokers, non-nutrient-dense foods and traditional foods contributed less to energy (−2·1 % and −2·0 %, respectively).ConclusionsAdult smokers consumed fewer nutrient-dense, traditional foods, but had increased energy intake, which likely contributed to fewer dietary inadequacies compared with non-smokers. Promoting traditional food consumption supplemented with market-bought fruits and vegetables is important to improve dietary quality, especially among smokers.

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Homocysteine Levels Show Significant Differences among Mediterranean Dietary Quality Index Variables Compared to Folate and Vitamin B12 Status in Women

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000237 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 85 (3-4) ◽

pp. 202-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ivona Višekruna ◽

Ivana Rumbak ◽

Ivana Rumora Samarin ◽

Irena Keser ◽

Jasmina Ranilović

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Quality Index ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Poor Diet ◽

The Mediterranean

Abstract. Results of epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have shown that subjects following the Mediterranean diet had lower inflammatory markers such as homocysteine (Hcy). Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess female diet quality with the Mediterranean diet quality index (MDQI) and to determine the correlation between MDQI, homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 levels in the blood. The study participants were 237 apparently healthy women (96 of reproductive age and 141 postmenopausal) between 25 and 93 years. For each participant, 24-hour dietary recalls for 3 days were collected, MDQI was calculated, and plasma Hcy, serum and erythrocyte folate and vitamin B12 levels were analysed. Total MDQI ranged from 8 to 10 points, which represented a medium-poor diet for the subjects. The strength of correlation using biomarkers, regardless of group type, age, gender and other measured parameters, was ranked from best (0.11) to worst (0.52) for olive oil, fish, fruits and vegetables, grains, and meat, in this order. Hcy levels showed the best response among all markers across all groups and food types. Our study shows significant differences between variables of the MDQI and Hcy levels compared to levels of folate and vitamin B12 in participants with medium-poor diet quality, as evaluated according to MDQI scores.

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Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1079/pns2005481 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 35-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 178

Author(s):

Timothy J. Key ◽

Paul N. Appleby ◽

Magdalena S. Rosell

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Health Effects ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Plasma Cholesterol ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Western Countries ◽

Vegetarian Diets ◽

Long Chain

Vegetarian diets do not contain meat, poultry or fish; vegan diets further exclude dairy products and eggs. Vegetarian and vegan diets can vary widely, but the empirical evidence largely relates to the nutritional content and health effects of the average diet of well-educated vegetarians living in Western countries, together with some information on vegetarians in non-Western countries. In general, vegetarian diets provide relatively large amounts of cereals, pulses, nuts, fruits and vegetables. In terms of nutrients, vegetarian diets are usually rich in carbohydrates, n−6 fatty acids, dietary fibre, carotenoids, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E and Mg, and relatively low in protein, saturated fat, long-chain n−3 fatty acids, retinol, vitamin B12 and Zn; vegans may have particularly low intakes of vitamin B12 and low intakes of Ca. Cross-sectional studies of vegetarians and vegans have shown that on average they have a relatively low BMI and a low plasma cholesterol concentration; recent studies have also shown higher plasma homocysteine concentrations than in non-vegetarians. Cohort studies of vegetarians have shown a moderate reduction in mortality from IHD but little difference in other major causes of death or all-cause mortality in comparison with health-conscious non-vegetarians from the same population. Studies of cancer have not shown clear differences in cancer rates between vegetarians and non-vegetarians. More data are needed, particularly on the health of vegans and on the possible impacts on health of low intakes of long-chain n−3 fatty acids and vitamin B12. Overall, the data suggest that the health of Western vegetarians is good and similar to that of comparable non-vegetarians.

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Temporal Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference and Obesity

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa046_018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 518-518

Author(s):

Heather Eicher-Miller ◽

Marah Aqeel ◽

Jiaqi Guo ◽

Saul Gelfand ◽

Edward Delp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Body Mass ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Average Energy ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Healthy Weight ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Objectives The integration of time with dietary patterns throughout a day, or temporal dietary patterns (TDP), have been linked with dietary quality but links to health outcomes are unknown. TDP were created with the objective to examine their association with health status indicators including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and chronic diseases obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in US adults 20–65 years. Methods The first-day 24-hour dietary recall from 1627 non-pregnant US adult participants of the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006 was used to determine energy intake (kcal), time of intake (min), and sequence of intake occasions throughout the 24-hour day. Modified dynamic time warping coupled with kernel k-means algorithm, clustered participants into four groups representing distinct TDP. Multivariate regression models determined associations between TDP clusters and all outcomes, controlling for potential confounders, energy misreporting, and adjusting for multiple comparisons and the complex survey design (P < 0.05/6). Results The cluster representing a TDP with proportionally equivalent average energy at three main eating occasions from 8:00 to 23:00 with peaks reaching 175 kcal at 9:00, 13:00, and 19:00, had statistically significant and clinically meaningful lower BMI (P < 0.0001), WC (P < 0.0001) and 75% lower odds of obesity compared to three other clusters representing distinct patterns of much higher average peak energy intake of 500 kcal at 13:00 (odds ratio (OR): 4.4; 95% confidence interval (CI)): 2.5, 7.9), 530 kcal at 18:00 (OR: 5.3; 95% CI: 2.8, 10.1), and 550 kcal at 20:00 (OR: 6.7; 95%CI: 3.9, 11.6). Conclusions A positive association of the TDP of moderate energy intake throughout the day with healthy weight outcomes supports previous findings of higher dietary quality among those with a similar TDP and provides unique evidence that incorporating time with other aspects of a dietary pattern are linked to health. Funding Sources Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health and Purdue University.

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The contribution of foods to the dietary lipid profile of a Spanish population

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2002343 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 747-755 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gemma Cucó ◽

Joan Fernández-Ballart ◽

Carles Martí-Henneberg ◽

Victoria Arija

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Red Meat ◽

Dietary Lipid ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Spanish Population ◽

Population Census ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Consumption

AbstractObjective:To identify the food that has the greatest effect on the variation in the percentage of energy intake derived from fat and saturated fatty acids for the consumption of a Spanish population.Design:A cross-sectional study of food consumption, using the 24-hour recall method for three non-consecutive days, one of which was a non-working day. Subjects were interviewed by trained interviewers in the subjects' homes. We used multiple linear regression for statistical analysis.Setting:The citizens of Reus.Subjects:One thousand and sixty subjects over five years old, randomly selected from the population census of Reus.Results:In both sexes, the foods that mainly determine a high consumption of fat are oil and red meat while those that determine a lower consumption of fat are bread, savoury cereals and fruit. The foods that mainly determine a high consumption of saturated fatty acids are red meat and whole-fat dairy products while those that determine a low consumption are bread, savoury cereals and fruit.Conclusions:In our population, feasible variations in the intake of some foods – less than one portion – would reduce the estimated percentage of energy intake derived from fat and saturated fatty acids by a quantity considered important for cardiovascular disease prevention. The periodic identification and quantification of the food that most affects the dietary fat profile will help in drawing up dietary guidelines with more reasonable strategies for consuming a healthier diet and decreasing the risk of developing nutritional disorders.

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The Serum Metabolome Identifies Biomarkers of Dietary Acid Load in 2 Studies of Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxy311 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 149 (4) ◽

pp. 578-585 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Casey M Rebholz ◽

Aditya Surapaneni ◽

Andrew S Levey ◽

Mark J Sarnak ◽

Lesley A Inker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Acid Load ◽

Nutrition Research ◽

Net Endogenous Acid Production ◽

Dietary Acid ◽

Acid Load

ABSTRACT Background Dietary acid load is a clinically important aspect of the diet that reflects the balance between acid-producing foods, for example, meat and cheese, and base-producing foods, for example, fruits and vegetables. Methods We used metabolomics to identify blood biomarkers of dietary acid load in 2 independent studies of chronic kidney disease patients: the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK, n = 689) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD, n = 356) study. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the cross-sectional association between serum metabolites whose identity was known (outcome) and dietary acid load (exposure), estimated with net endogenous acid production (NEAP) based on 24-h urine urea nitrogen and potassium, and adjusted for age, sex, race, randomization group, measured glomerular filtration rate, log-transformed urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, history of cardiovascular disease, BMI, and smoking status. Results Out of the 757 known, nondrug metabolites identified in AASK, 26 were significantly associated with NEAP at the Bonferroni threshold for significance (P < 6.6 × 10−5). Twenty-three of the 26 metabolites were also identified in the MDRD study, and 13 of the 23 (57%) were significantly associated with NEAP (P < 2.2 × 10−3), including 5 amino acids (S-methylmethionine, indolepropionylglycine, indolepropionate, N-methylproline, N-δ-acetylornithine), 2 cofactors and vitamins (threonate, oxalate), 1 lipid (chiro-inositol), and 5 xenobiotics (methyl glucopyranoside, stachydrine, catechol sulfate, hippurate, and tartronate). Higher levels of all 13 replicated metabolites were associated with lower NEAP in both AASK and the MDRD study. Conclusion Metabolomic profiling of serum specimens from kidney disease patients in 2 study populations identified 13 replicated metabolites associated with dietary acid load. Additional studies are needed to validate these compounds in healthy populations. These 13 compounds may potentially be used as objective markers of dietary acid load in future nutrition research studies.

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Food neophobia associates with poorer dietary quality, metabolic risk factors, and increased disease outcome risk in population-based cohorts in a metabolomics study

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqz100 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 110 (1) ◽

pp. 233-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Heikki V Sarin ◽

Nele Taba ◽

Krista Fischer ◽

Tonu Esko ◽

Noora Kanerva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Disease Outcome ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Food Neophobia ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Health Related ◽

Age Range

ABSTRACT Background Food neophobia is considered a behavioral trait closely linked to adverse eating patterns and reduced dietary quality, which have been associated with increased risk of obesity and noncommunicable diseases. Objectives In a cross-sectional and prospective study, we examined how food neophobia is associated with dietary quality, health-related biomarkers, and disease outcome incidence in Finnish and Estonian adult populations. Methods The study was conducted based on subsamples of the Finnish DIetary, Lifestyle, and Genetic determinants of Obesity and Metabolic syndrome (DILGOM) cohort (n = 2982; age range: 25–74 y) and the Estonian Biobank cohort (n = 1109; age range: 18–83 y). The level of food neophobia was assessed using the Food Neophobia Scale, dietary quality was evaluated using the Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS), and biomarker profiles were determined using an NMR metabolomics platform. Disease outcome information was gathered from national health registries. Follow-up data on the NMR-based metabolomic profiles and disease outcomes were available in both populations. Results Food neophobia associated significantly (adjusted P < 0.05) with health-related biomarkers [e.g., ω-3 (n–3) fatty acids, citrate, α1-acid glycoprotein, HDL, and MUFA] in the Finnish DILGOM cohort. The significant negative association between the severity of food neophobia and ω-3 fatty acids was replicated in all cross-sectional analyses in the Finnish DILGOM and Estonian Biobank cohorts. Furthermore, food neophobia was associated with reduced dietary quality (BSDS: β: −0.03 ± 0.006; P = 8.04 × 10−5), increased fasting serum insulin (β: 0.004 ± 0.0013; P = 5.83 × 10−3), and increased risk of type 2 diabetes during the ∼8-y follow-up (HR: 1.018 ± 0.007; P = 0.01) in the DILGOM cohort. Conclusions In the Finnish and Estonian adult populations, food neophobia was associated with adverse alteration of health-related biomarkers and risk factors that have been associated with an increased risk of noncommunicable diseases. We also found that food neophobia associations with ω-3 fatty acids and associated metabolites are mediated through dietary quality independent of body weight.

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Changes in socio-economic patterns of energy consumption and insufficient energy intake across India from 1993–94 to 2011–12

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019001484 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 231-242

Author(s):

Jessica M Perkins ◽

Suman Chakrabarti ◽

William Joe ◽

Hwa-Young Lee ◽

Jongho Heo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Average Energy ◽

Survey Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Time Points ◽

The Relationship

AbstractObjective:To assess whether disparities in energy consumption and insufficient energy intake in India have changed over time across socio-economic status (SES).Design:This cross-sectional, population-based survey study examines the relationship between several SES indicators (i.e. wealth, education, caste, occupation) and energy consumption in India at two time points almost 20 years apart. Household food intake in the last 30 d was assessed in 1993–94 and in 2011–12. Average dietary energy intake per person in the household (e.g. kilocalories) and whether the household consumed less than 80 % of the recommended energy intake (i.e. insufficient energy intake) were calculated. Linear and relative risk regression models were used to estimate the relationship between SES and average energy consumed per day per person and the relative risk of consuming an insufficient amount of energy.Setting:Rural and urban areas across India.Participants:A nationally representative sample of households.Results:Among rural households, there was a positive association between SES and energy intake across all four SES indicators during both survey years. Similar results were seen for energy insufficiency vis-à-vis recommended energy intake levels. Among urban households, wealth was associated with energy intake and insufficiency at both time points, but there was no educational patterning of energy insufficiency in 2011–12.Conclusions:Results suggest little overall change in the SES patterning of energy consumption and percentage of households with insufficient energy intake from 1993–94 to 2011–12 in India. Policies in India need to improve energy intake among low-SES households, particularly in rural areas.

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Locomotive syndrome is associated with insufficient nutrient intake in young and middle-aged adults: a cross-sectional survey

Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.1108/nfs-07-2021-0224 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Makoto Ohtsuki ◽

Akinobu Nishimura ◽

Toshihiro Kato ◽

Yusuke Wakasugi ◽

Rie Nagao-Nishiwaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Vitamin K ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Dietary Reference Intake ◽

Locomotive Syndrome ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Content Type ◽

Middle Aged Adults

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the relationship between locomotive syndrome (LS) and insufficient nutrient intake in young and middle-aged adults, independent of energy intake. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of a non-random sample of 219 adults aged 18 to 64 (175 men and 44 women) working in two companies in Japan, between December 2018 and March 2019. LS Stage 0 was classified as No-LS while Stages 1 and 2 were classified as LS. Nutrient intake was assessed using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire and adjusted to the required energy intake for each participant. The criteria for sufficient intake of 22 nutrients were based on the Dietary Reference Intake for Japanese. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between LS and insufficient nutrient intake. Findings In total, 234 employees participated in the LS examinations while 219 of them completed the questionnaire giving a response rate of 93.6%. LS Stages 1 or 2 were present in both men and women in all the age-stratified groups except for the women in their 60s. There was a significant association between LS status and insufficient intake of Vitamin K (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 16.0 [range: 1.1–407]; p = 0.01) in women, but not in men. Research limitations/implications The result suggests that attention should be paid to adequate Vitamin K intake in young and middle-aged women with LS. Future studies should be conducted using a larger and more diverse sample. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the present paper is the first study to show an association between LS in young and middle-aged adults and nutrients that are independent of energy intake.

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Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and plasma fatty acids: data from the Bordeaux sample of the Three-City study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114510005805 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 106 (1) ◽

pp. 149-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Catherine Féart ◽

Marion J. M. Torrès ◽

Cécilia Samieri ◽

Marthe-Aline Jutand ◽

Evelyne Peuchant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Plasma Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Status ◽

Dementia Risk ◽

Study Population ◽

Sectional Analysis ◽

The Relationship

Higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and n-3 PUFA may both contribute to decreased dementia risk, but the association between MeDi adherence and lipid status is unclear. The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between plasma fatty acids and MeDi adherence in French elderly community dwellers. The study population (mean age 75·9 years) consisted of 1050 subjects from Bordeaux (France) included in the Three-City cohort. Adherence to the MeDi (scored as 0–9) was computed from a FFQ and 24 h recall. The proportion of each plasma fatty acid was determined. Cross-sectional analysis of the association between plasma fatty acids and MeDi adherence was performed by multi-linear regression. After adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, physical activity, smoking status, BMI, plasma TAG and apoE-ɛ4 genotype, plasma palmitoleic acid was significantly inversely associated with MeDi adherence, whereas plasma DHA, the EPA+DHA index and total n-3 PUFA were positively associated with MeDi adherence. The n-6:n-3 PUFA, arachidonic acid (AA):EPA, AA:DHA and AA:(EPA+DHA) ratios were significantly inversely associated with MeDi adherence. Plasma EPA was positively associated with MeDi adherence only in apoE-ɛ4 non-carriers. There was no association between MeDi adherence and SFA and total MUFA. The present results suggest that the protective effect of the MeDi on cognitive functions might be mediated by higher plasma DHA and lower n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios.

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Energy and nutrient intakes in relation to sex and socio-economic status among school adolescents in urban Cameroon, Africa

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980010003150 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 904-913 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Léonie N Dapi ◽

Agneta Hörnell ◽

Urban Janlert ◽

Hans Stenlund ◽

Christel Larsson

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Economic Status ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Low Ses ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Nutrient Intakes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Socio Economic Status

AbstractObjectiveTo assess energy and nutrient intakes and physical activity of adolescents in urban Cameroon according to sex and socio-economic status (SES).DesignCross-sectional study with adolescents randomly selected from schools in low-, middle- and high-SES areas. Weight and height were measured and information about food intake and physical activity was obtained through repeated individual 24 h recalls. Under- and over-reporting of energy intake and inadequacy of nutrient intake were assessed.SettingYaoundé, Cameroon.SubjectsBoys and girls aged 12–16 years (n227).ResultsBoys had a lower BMI and reported higher energy expenditures and physical activity levels (PAL) than girls. Under-reporting of energy intake was large among boys and girls regardless of PAL; boys under-reported more than girls. Among those with low PAL, over-reporting of energy intake was common. Over 50 % of boys and girls had protein below the recommendations. The intake of fat varied; 26 % of the adolescents were below and 25 % were above the recommendations. Inadequate intakes of vitamin B1, vitamin B3and Fe were more common among girls, while boys more often had inadequate intake of vitamin A. Adolescents with low SES were more likely to be below the recommendations for fat and vitamins B2, B3, B6and B12than those with high SES.ConclusionsA high proportion of boys and girls reported inadequate intakes. However under- and over-reporting were also very common. Boys under-reported energy intake more than girls and inadequate nutrient intake was more frequently reported by adolescents with low SES than by those with high SES.

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