scholarly journals Patterns of weight change and progression to overweight and obesity differ in men and women: implications for research and interventions

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1463-1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth W Kimokoti ◽  
PK Newby ◽  
Philimon Gona ◽  
Lei Zhu ◽  
Catherine McKeon-O'Malley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Preventive Intervention ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sixth Decade

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate long-term patterns of weight change and progression to overweight and obesity during adulthood.DesignProspective study. Changes in mean BMI, waist circumference (WC) and weight were assessed over a mean 26-year follow-up (1971–1975 to 1998–2001). Mean BMI (95 % CI) and mean WC (95 % CI) of men and women in BMI and age groups were computed. Mean weight change in BMI and age categories was compared using analysis of covariance.SettingFramingham Heart Study Offspring/Spouse Nutrition Study.SubjectsMen and women (n2394) aged 20–63 years.ResultsDuring follow-up, increases in BMI (men: 2·2 kg/m2; women: 3·7 kg/m2) and WC (men: 5·7 cm; women: 15·1 cm) were larger in women than men. BMI gains were greatest in younger adults (20–39 years) and smallest in obese older adults (50–69 years). The prevalence of obesity doubled in men (to 33·2 %) and tripled in women (to 26·6 %). Among normal-weight individuals, abdominal obesity developed in women only. The prevalence of abdominal obesity increased 1·8-fold in men (to 53·0 %) and 2·4-fold in women (to 71·2 %). Weight gain was greatest in the youngest adults (20–29 years), particularly women. Gains continued into the fifth decade among men and then declined in the sixth decade; in women gains continued into the sixth decade.ConclusionsPatterns of weight change and progression to obesity during adulthood differ in men and women. Preventive intervention strategies for overweight and obesity need to consider age- and sex-specific patterns of changes in anthropometric measures.

Abstract P496: The Development of Anthropometric Measures Over Time and Predictors for Overweight and Obesity

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hawazen Atalla ◽  
Bledar Daka ◽  
Ulf Lindblad ◽  
Margareta I Hellgren
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Predicted Body Weight ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Low Level

Background: Today, more people die because of obesity and it′s comorbidities than due to malnutrition and actions to prevent the development of overweight and obesity is urgently needed. Different measurements, such as body mass index and waist circumference (WC) may develop differently with age and play different roles in the development of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the development of anthropometric measures in men and women and to identify possible biochemical predictors for at least five percent weight increase over ten years, considering the modifying effect of physical activity. Methods: In the Vara Skövde Cohort, a longitudinal, prospective study, 1327 randomly selected individuals (35-75 years) participated in two examinations, 2002-2005 and 2012-2014. All participants (657 men, 670 women) were carefully examined with body weight and height, WC and fasting venous blood samples. Validated questionnaires about socioeconomic factors and lifestyle were completed. Physical activity was reported on a 4-graded scale and dichotomized into a high and low level of physical activity. Data are analyzed with T-Test and logistic regression and adjusted for age, sex, weight at baseline, smoking, education, physical activity, plasma glucose and triglycerides. Results: Mean age at baseline was 48.8 years. Mean body weight increased till the age of 55 years, 2.4 kg (SD 6.0, P &#8804 0.0001), and decreased significantly thereafter, -1.1 kg (SD 6.3, P= 0.001) without any difference between men and women. Contrary, WC increased continuously over the years in all age-groups, 4 cm (SD 7.4, P &#8804 0.001). Further, no normal weight person became obese at follow- up. Individuals who maintained or increased their level of physical activity to high had a significantly lower risk for weight increase as compared to those who remained or decreased their level of physical activity to a low level (OR 0.7, CI 0.7 - 0.9, P= 0.008). Serum concentration of LDL (low density lipoprotein) was inversely associated with 5% weight increase after ten years (OR 0.7, CI 0.6-0.7, P &#8804 0.001). We did not find that education level, psychological stress or sleep quality at baseline predicted body weight change. Conclusion: While body weight peaked at the age of 55 years, abdominal obesity increased continuously during the follow-up time. Maintained physical activity seems to limit this increase and emphasizes the importance of a high level of physical activity over the years. The risk of a low concentration of LDL for weight gain needs to be further examined.

scholarly journals Accelerometer-measured physical activity is not associated with two-year weight change in African-origin adults from five diverse populations

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e2902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara R. Dugas ◽  
Stephanie Kliethermes ◽  
Jacob Plange-Rhule ◽  
Liping Tong ◽  
Pascal Bovet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
South African ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Sedentary Time ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Ghanaian Women

BackgroundIncreasing population-levels of physical activity (PA) is a controversial strategy for managing the obesity epidemic, given the conflicting evidence for weight loss from PA aloneper se. We measured PA and weight change in a three-year prospective cohort study in young adults from five countries (Ghana, South Africa, Jamaica, Seychelles and USA).MethodsA total of 1,944 men and women had baseline data, and at least 1 follow-up examination including measures of anthropometry (weight/BMI), and objective PA (accelerometer, 7-day) following the three-year study period. PA was explored as 1-minute bouts of moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA) as well as daily sedentary time.ResultsAt baseline; Ghanaian and South African men had the lowest body weights (63.4 ± 9.5, 64.9 ± 11.8 kg, respectively) and men and women from the USA the highest (93.6 ± 25.9, 91.7 ± 23.4 kg, respectively). Prevalence of normal weight ranged from 85% in Ghanaian men to 29% in USA men and 52% in Ghanaian women to 15% in USA women. Over the two-year follow-up period, USA men and Jamaican women experienced the smallest yearly weight change rate (0.1 ± 3.3 kg/yr; −0.03 ± 3.0 kg/yr, respectively), compared to South African men and Ghanaian women greatest yearly change (0.6.0 ± 3.0 kg/yr; 1.22 ± 2.6 kg/yr, respectively). Mean yearly weight gain tended to be larger among normal weight participants at baseline than overweight/obese at baseline. Neither baseline MVPA nor sedentary time were associated with weight gain. Using multiple linear regression, only baseline weight, age and gender were significantly associated with weight gain.DiscussionFrom our study it is not evident that higher volumes of PA alone are protective against future weight gain, and by deduction our data suggest that other environmental factors such as the food environment may have a more critical role.

scholarly journals Higher risk of dementia in English older individuals who are overweight or obese

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1353-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yixuan Ma ◽  
Olesya Ajnakina ◽  
Andrew Steptoe ◽  
Dorina Cadar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Dementia Incidence

Abstract Background Several risk factors contribute to dementia, but the role of obesity remains unclear. This study investigated whether increased body weight or central obesity were associated with a higher risk of developing dementia in a representative sample of older English adults. Methods We studied 6582 participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) who were aged ≥50 years and were dementia-free at baseline, that being either wave 1 (2002–2003) for study members who started at wave 1, or at either wave 2 (2004–2005) or 4 (2008–2009) for those who began the study as refreshment samples. Body mass index (BMI) was measured at baseline and categorized into normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2). Central obesity was defined as a waist circumference (WC) >88 cm for women and >102 cm for men. Cumulative incidence of dementia was ascertained based on physician-diagnosed dementia, an overall score >3.38 on the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) and Hospital Episodes Statistics (HES) data at every ELSA wave from baseline until wave 8 (2016–2017). Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between baseline BMI levels or abdominal obesity in relation to dementia incidence during the mean follow-up period of 11 years. Results From the overall sample, 6.9% (n = 453) of participants developed dementia during the follow-up period of maximum 15 years (2002–2017). Compared with participants with normal weight, those who were obese at baseline had an elevated risk of dementia incidence [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–1.61] independent of sex, baseline age, apolipoprotein E-ε4 (APOE-ε4), education, physical activity, smoking and marital status. The relationship was slightly accentuated after additionally controlling for hypertension and diabetes (HR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.03–1.59). Women with central obesity had a 39% greater risk of dementia compared with non-central obese women (HR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.12–1.66). When compared with a normal BMI and WC group, the obese and high WC group had 28% (HR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.03–1.53) higher risk of dementia. Conclusions Our results suggest that having an increased body weight or abdominal obesity are associated with increased dementia incidence. These findings have significant implications for dementia prevention and overall public health.

scholarly journals Underweight and mortality

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1751-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joo Young Lee ◽  
Hyeon Chang Kim ◽  
Changsoo Kim ◽  
Keeho Park ◽  
Song Vogue Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Reverse Causation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Smoking And Health

AbstractObjectiveAccording to most prospective studies, being underweight (BMI<18·5 kg/m2) is associated with significantly higher mortality than being of normal weight, especially among smokers. We aimed to explore in a generally lean population whether being underweight is significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingKorea Medical Insurance Corporation study with 14 years of follow-up.SubjectsAfter excluding deaths within the first 5 years of follow-up (1993–1997) to minimize reverse causation and excluding participants without information about smoking and health status, 94 133 men and 48 496 women aged 35–59 years in 1990 were included.ResultsWe documented 5411 (5·7 %) deaths in men and 762 (1·6 %) in women. Among never smokers, hazard ratios (HR) for underweight individuals were not significantly higher than those for normal-weight individuals (BMI=18·5–22·9 kg/m2): HR=0·87 (95 % CI 0·41, 1·84, P=0·72) for underweight men and HR=1·12 (95 % CI 0·76, 1·65, P=0·58) for underweight women. Among ex-smokers, HR=0·86 (95 % CI 0·38, 1·93, P=0·72) for underweight men and HR=3·77 (95 % CI 0·42, 32·29, P=0·24) for underweight women. Among current smokers, HR=1·60 (95 % CI 1·28, 2·01, P<0·001) for underweight men and HR=2·07 (95 % CI 0·43, 9·94, P=0·36) for underweight women.ConclusionsThe present study does not support that being underweight per se is associated with increased all-cause mortality in Korean men and women.

scholarly journals Weight perceptions in older adults: findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. e033773
Author(s):  
Sarah E Jackson ◽  
Lee Smith ◽  
Andrew Steptoe
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Weight Perception ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Weight Perceptions ◽  
English Longitudinal Study ◽  
Do So

ObjectivesTo explore weight perceptions in a large, nationally representative sample of older adults, and the extent to which they differ according to age and perceived health status.SettingEngland.Participants5240 men and women (≥50 years old) participating in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2016/2017).Main outcome measuresWeight perception was self-reported as too heavy, too light or about right.ResultsThe majority of older adults endorsed a weight perception that matched their (objectively measured) body mass index (BMI) classification. However, 1 in 10 (9.9%) older adults classified by BMI as normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) felt too light, with women at the upper end of the older age spectrum (OR=1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.09), and men (OR=3.70, 95% CI 1.88 to 7.28) and women (OR=2.61, 95% CI 1.27 to 5.35) in poorer health more likely to do so. Almost half (44.8%) of older adults classified as overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) and 1 in 10 (10.3%) classified as obese (≥30 kg/m2) felt about the right weight, with this observed more frequently among men and women at the upper end of the older age spectrum (OR range 1.04–1.06).ConclusionOlder adults’ perceptions of their own weight generally correspond with traditional BMI cut-offs for normal weight, overweight and obesity. However, a substantial minority ‘underestimate’ their weight status, with those at the upper end of the age spectrum and those in poorer health more likely to do so.

scholarly journals Assessment of Obesity using Anthropometric Markers among University Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-221
Author(s):  
Astha Astha ◽  
Bindu Krishnan ◽  
Anup Kharde
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
General Obesity ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
High Positive Correlation

Over the past few decades there has been an increase in the central or abdominal obesity. Endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance with metabolic syndrome and a higher cardiometabolic risk are directly linked to abdominal obesity. A better understanding of the epidemiology of obesity would provide insights to its mitigation. This cross sectional study was designed to identify Central obesity, General obesity and Normal Weight central obesity among young adults using the following surrogate markers Waist circumference (WC), Waist hip ratio (WHR), Waist height ratio (WtHR) and BMI. After due informed written consent, 300 young adults with equal representation of both sexes (150 each) studying MBBS, Dentistry and Physiotherapy stream in a private university were selected. Various anthropometric measures like weight, hip circumference and waist circumference and height were measured according to WHO STEPS instrument. BMI based on Asia- Pacific cut -off values was used to define general obesity. Central obesity was defined by a Waist Circumference of  80 cm in females and  90 cm in male’s .For waist to height ratio a value of  0.5 in both genders was used. For waist to hip ratio the cut off value used was 0.85 in females and 0.90 in males. An individual with normal weight according to BMI but having central obesity fits into Normal Weight Central obesity category. Average age of the participants was 20.6 1.31 years. General Obesity was more among males with 46% prevalence as compared to 25.33%among females. In contrast, the prevalence of central obesity was more among females. The prevalence of Normal weight central obesity was more among females, varying from 4% to 17% using different types of anthropometric measures for central obesity. A high positive correlation was observed between BMI with WC, WtHR and WHR. (p=0.0001) Current practice of taking only BMI into consideration for defining obesity in our country needs serious re-evaluation considering the increasing prevalence of abdominal obesity and its long term impact.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity and Excess Weight among Portuguese Children and Why Abdominal Obesity Should Be Included in Clinical Practice

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Rodrigues ◽  
Cristina Padez ◽  
Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Central Adiposity ◽  
International Obesity Task Force ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Waist To Height Ratio

Introduction: Central adiposity in children has increased to a higher degree than general adiposity however it is not a routine measurement in clinical practice. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal fat distribution and observe the prevalence of abdominal obesity among non-obese 6-10-year-old children.Material and Methods: Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured in a sample of 793 children (408 girls). International Obesity Task Force cut-offs were used to define overweight and obesity. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist-to-height ratio ≥ 0.50. Chi-square tests were used to observe the prevalence of the obesity indicators among boys and girls, and the relation between International Obesity Task Force cut-offs and abdominal obesity.Results: The prevalence of overweight, including obesity among children was 21.9% (18.9 – 25.0), 6.1% (4.2 – 8.0) were obese and 21.9% (18.6 – 25.0) had a waist-to-height ratio ≥ 0.50. Girls had significantly higher prevalence of overweight, including obesity compared to boys (χ2 = 4.59, p = 0.03), but no differences were found for abdominal obesity according to children’s gender (χ2 = 3.32, p = 0.07). A proportion of normal (8.2%; 5.9 – 10.6) and overweight children (59.5%; 50.9 – 69.0) were abdominally obese.Discussion: The prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in children living in central Portugal is of concern. Many children with abdominal obesity would not be considered obese with the International Obesity Task Force cut-off points.Conclusion: A high proportion of abdominal obesity was observed in children with normal weight or overweight, suggesting that waist-to-height ratio should be included in routine clinical practice and might be particularly useful to assess the health status of the child.

scholarly journals Weight change and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in adults with normal weight, overweight and obesity without chronic diseases; emulating trials using electronic health records

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michail Katsoulis ◽  
Bianca DeStavola ◽  
Karla Diaz-Ordaz ◽  
Manuel Gomes ◽  
Alvina Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Electronic Health Records ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Electronic Health

Background: Cross sectional measures of body mass index (BMI) are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence, but less is known about whether weight change affects the risk of CVD. Methods: We estimated the effect of 2 year weight change interventions on 7 year risk of CVD, by emulating hypothetical target trials using electronic health records. We identified 138.567 individuals in England between 1998 and 2016, aged 45-69 years old, free of chronic diseases at baseline. We performed pooled logistic regression, using inverse-probability weighting to adjust for baseline and time-varying variables. Each individual was classified into a weight loss, maintenance, or gain group. Findings: In the normal weight, both weight loss and gain were associated with increased risk for CVD [HR vs weight maintenance=1.53 (1.18 to 1.98) and 1.43 (1.19 to 1.71 respectively)]. Among overweight individuals, both weight loss and gain groups, compared to weight maintenance, had a moderately higher risk of CVD [HR=1.20 (0.99 to 1.44) and 1.17 (0.99 to 1.38), respectively]. In the obese, weight loss had a lower risk lower risk of CHD [HR =0.66 (0.49 to 0.89)] and a moderately lower risk of CVD [HR =0.90 (0.72 to 1.13)]. When we assumed that a chronic disease occurred 1-3 years before the recorded date, estimates for weight loss and gain were attenuated among overweight individuals and estimates for weight loss were stronger among individuals with obesity. Interpretation: Among individuals with obesity, the weight loss group had a lower risk of CHD and moderately lower risk of CVD. Weight gain increased the risk of CVD across BMI groups.

scholarly journals Increased Adiposity Appraised with CUN-BAE Is Highly Predictive of Incident Hypertension. The SUN Project

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3309
Author(s):  
Ligia J. Dominguez ◽  
Carmen Sayón-Orea ◽  
Alfredo Gea ◽  
Estefania Toledo ◽  
Mario Barbagallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Mediterranean Population ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Cox Models ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Incident Hypertension ◽  
Unit Increase

Overweight and obesity are growing worldwide and strongly associated with hypertension. The Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Body Adiposity Estimator (CUN-BAE) index is proposed as an optimal indicator of body fatness. We aimed to investigate the association of body fat as captured by the CUN-BAE index with incident hypertension in a Mediterranean population. We assessed 15,950 participants of the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) prospective cohort (63.7% women) initially free of hypertension. Participants completed follow-up questionnaires biennially. A validated 136-item food-frequency questionnaire was administered at baseline. We used Cox models adjusted for multiple confounders. Among 12.3 years of median follow-up (interquartile range: 8.3, 15.0 years), 2160 participants reported having received a diagnosis of hypertension. We observed a strong direct association between progressively higher the CUN-BAE index at baseline and incident hypertension during follow-up in multivariable-adjusted models for men and women, even after further adjustment for BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, showing a significant association also in non-obese participants. For each 2-unit increase in the CUN-BAE index, hypertension risk increased by 27% and 29% in men and women, respectively. The results remained significant when considering longitudinal repeated measures of changes in body fat assessed with the CUN-BAE index among the different biennial follow-up questionnaires. Our results emphasize the importance of reducing and maintaining a low body fat to prevent hypertension.

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