Continuous Change, Episodes, and Critical Periods: A Framework for Understanding Women's Political Representation over Time

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie M. Hughes ◽  
Pamela Paxton
Keyword(s):  
Political Representation ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Temporal trends in outcome and patient characteristics in dilated cardiomyopathy, data from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry 2003–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Sjöland ◽  
Jonas Silverdal ◽  
Entela Bollano ◽  
Aldina Pivodic ◽  
Ulf Dahlström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Ventricular Ejection Fraction ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Temporal trends in clinical composition and outcome in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are largely unknown, despite considerable advances in heart failure management. We set out to study clinical characteristics and prognosis over time in DCM in Sweden during 2003–2015. Methods DCM patients (n = 7873) from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry were divided into three calendar periods of inclusion, 2003–2007 (Period 1, n = 2029), 2008–2011 (Period 2, n = 3363), 2012–2015 (Period 3, n = 2481). The primary outcome was the composite of all-cause death, transplantation and hospitalization during 1 year after inclusion into the registry. Results Over the three calendar periods patients were older (p = 0.022), the proportion of females increased (mean 22.5%, 26.4%, 27.6%, p = 0.0001), left ventricular ejection fraction was higher (p = 0.0014), and symptoms by New York Heart Association less severe (p < 0.0001). Device (implantable cardioverter defibrillator and/or cardiac resynchronization) therapy increased by 30% over time (mean 11.6%, 12.3%, 15.1%, p < 0.0001). The event rates for mortality, and hospitalization were consistently decreasing over calendar periods (p < 0.0001 for all), whereas transplantation rate was stable. More advanced physical symptoms correlated with an increased risk of a composite outcome over time (p = 0.0043). Conclusions From 2003 until 2015, we observed declining mortality and hospitalizations in DCM, paralleled by a continuous change in both demographic profile and therapy in the DCM population in Sweden, towards a less affected phenotype.

Neo-Tribes or Subcultures?

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-35
Author(s):  
Nick Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Organizational Studies ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Classical View ◽  
Organizational Subcultures ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Over Time

Two contrasting views exist regarding subcultures: the classical view and the post-subcultural perspective of subcultures as “neo-tribes.” However, there is scarcity of empirical studies of organizational studies with the latter perspective. This study aims to examine whether there is sufficient evidence for subcultures to be considered as “neo-tribes.” To answer this question, empirical studies are examined alongside data from a recent quantitative study of staff in a higher educational institution. It is found that organizational subcultures have a floating membership, heterogeneity between members within subcultures, the absence of distinct boundaries, and changing values over time. It is concluded that, for practitioners, change in organizations will require managers to accept the continuous change, reassessment, and adaptation of subcultures, as well as a lack of cultural predictability and stability. For researchers, this study heightens the need to reassess studies opting for a suitable approach in identifying and examining organizational subcultures.

6. Electoral Systems and Direct Democracy

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-111
Author(s):  
Catherine E. De Vries ◽  
Sara B. Hobolt ◽  
Sven-Oliver Proksch ◽  
Jonathan B. Slapin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Party System ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
View Point ◽  
Institutional Differences ◽  
Over Time

This chapter starts off with an overview of the institutions that decide how citizens cast ballots, firstly, in elections, and secondly, directly for policy. The former is related to electoral systems and the latter to direct democracy. The chapter considers the implications of these institutions for party systems and political representation from the view point of the principal–agent framework. There is a large variety of electoral systems used in Europe. Most elections are held using the system of proportional representation. However, there are important institutional differences that need to be remembered. The chapter then goes on to examine the effects of electoral systems on the party system. This is carried out with electoral change over time in mind. Finally, the chapter turns to direct democracy and analyses the use of referendums, specifically with regard to the question of the European Union (EU).

scholarly journals Percentage of progressors in imaging: can we ignore regressors?

RMD Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Sepriano ◽  
Sofia Ramiro ◽  
Robert Landewé ◽  
Maxime Dougados ◽  
Desirée van der Heijde
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Change Score ◽  
Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Sharp Score ◽  
Structural Progression ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Modified Sharp Score

Stopping or preventing structural progression is a goal common to all inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Imaging may capture structural progression across diseases, but is susceptible to measurement error. Progression can be analysed as a continuous change score over time (eg, mean change of the van der Heijde-modified Sharp score) or as a binary change score (eg, percentage of progressors according to the modified New York criteria). Here, we argue that the former takes measurement error into account while the latter ignores it, which may lead to spurious conclusions. We will argue that assumptions underlying commonly used binary definitions of progression are false and we propose a method that incorporates (inevitable) measurement error.

Enabling change within new forms of organisations: an empirical investigation of change patterns and stakeholder influence on core intermediary activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1041-1070
Author(s):  
Inessa Laur ◽  
Mike Danilovic
Keyword(s):  
Stakeholder Theory ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Stakeholder Satisfaction ◽  
Stakeholder Influence ◽  
Special Service ◽  
Over Time

PurposeAlthough previous research has highlighted the importance of innovative intermediary services that are delivered through cluster initiatives to foster own attractiveness and the development of business, little emphasis has been placed on examining the patterns and influencers of such a change in new organisational forms from a management perspective. The present study investigates the change patterns of core intermediary activities in cluster initiatives as well as the influence of various stakeholders on change in those core activities.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical data of this work illustrates the general picture of change within new organisational forms and therefore emerges from a survey study carried out among numerous European cluster initiatives originating from different industries. The main propositions for testing have roots in and are discussed through the prism of Stakeholder Theory as well as entrepreneurship, change and intermediary (middle-hands, brokerage) literature.FindingsThe findings reveal that intermediary activities are under continuous change, and the changes appreciated by the initiative members tend to gradually increase in intensity over time. Internal stakeholders are actively engaged in the change process activities, and external stakeholders are too, but to a limited extent. This leaves space for creativity and action for the initiatives.Research limitations/implicationsThis research combines stakeholder theory and literature on intermediation (new forms of organisations), change, and entrepreneurship. The outcome of the study might serve as a ground for theoretical classification of cluster initiatives as a particular type of intermediary in accordance with their specific occupation. This would add to the ongoing discussion on definition and typologies of intermediaries as well as lift the awareness on the peculiar constellation of stakeholders within these innovative organisations – their engagement expectations and level of involvement.Practical implicationsKnowledge on which stakeholders can turn to in the event that a special service is needed can shorten implementation times and improve the quality of services. This knowledge is a way to choose suitable and influential networking partners who can assist by pushing existing working mechanisms in a favourable direction.Social implicationsThe study illustrates the patterns behind changes of intermediary activities/services over time, which would form solid ground for developing new methods to assist in achieving stakeholder satisfaction through cluster-initiative services. Therefore, this work can serve as a benchmarking example for traditional organisations that find themselves in “sleeping” mode or that aim for revitalization.Originality/valueThe contribution of change and engagement mechanisms to effectivization and innovativeness of organisations are highlighted as main value added of this research.

scholarly journals Under Different Umbrellas: Intersectionality and Alliances in US Feminist Politics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myra Marx Ferree
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The Political ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Feminist Politics ◽  
Normative Order ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

Macro-level forms of inequality work intersectionally to establish democracy normatively as well as shape its institutions. Liberal democracies, once revolutionarily new political formations, rested on an equally revolutionary understanding of male domination based not on descent but economic arrangements (the new “breadwinner” role) and political institutions (the “brotherhood” national state). Over time, social movements have diminished liberal democracy’s original exclusions of women and nonwhite men so that many citizens’ daily lives now contradict this once hegemonic normative order. The U.S. party binary pushes contemporary movements for transforming or restoring this understanding of democracy under the political umbrellas of the competing Democratic and Republican parties. This polarization then contributes to the gendering of movement claims and political representation. Gendered polarization creates opportunities for cohesion among movements on both sides and yet blocks more fundamental reforms of American democracy.

scholarly journals Gender inequality in self-reported health and its evolution in Europe between 2004 and 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Roxo ◽  
J Perelman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Socioeconomic Vulnerability ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background That women generally have worse health than men has long been shown. Yet, the situation in Europe might have changed recently. Gender inequalities have decreased in access to education, employment, and political representation. However, women have increasingly adopted traditionally masculine unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking. Also, the Great Recession may have hurt women harder, due to their greater socioeconomic vulnerability. This study aims to analyze gender inequalities in 30 European countries, and its evolution over the 2004-2016 period. Methods We used data from the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC), from people between 25 and 64 years old (N = 3,109,150). We modeled the probability of bad/very bad self-reported health as function of gender, adjusting for age, country and year, using logistic regressions. We further adjusted for education and employment. Then, we included interactions of gender and year to test changes in inequalities over time. Finally, we stratified the analysis according to countries grouped based on the Gender Development Index (GDI). Results Women were 16.8% more likely to report bad health (OR = 1.17, p &lt; 0.01). Considering education and employment, women were 2.6% less likely to report bad health (OR = 0.97, p &lt; 0.01). Over time, adjusting for age, the gender gap reduced from 81.1% (OR = 1.81, p &lt; 0.01) in 2004 to 16.4% in 2016 (OR = 1.16, p &lt; 0.01), and from 31.5% to 2.5% with socioeconomic adjustment. The reduction was larger in countries with a greater GDI. Conclusions Gender inequality has decreased, but was still present in 2016, in favor of men. This thinning is partly explained by the narrowing of inequalities in education and employment. A greater GDI has favored a larger improvement. Key messages Gender inequalities in self-reported health have narrowed over 2004-2006, following the narrowing of socioeconomic inequalities. A greater GDI has favored a larger improvement in gender inequalities.

Genetically Informative Designs for the Study of Behavioural Development

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn S. Lemery ◽  
H. Hill Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Family Resemblance ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Behavioural Development ◽  
Genetic Theory ◽  
Traditional Family ◽  
Quantitative Genetic ◽  
Over Time

Genetic and environmental influences on behaviour and development can be examined by studying more than one individual within a family, using quantitative genetic theory and behavioural genetic (BG) methodology. Specific environmental and genetic influences can be measured and effect sizes estimated, and many assumptions of the methodology can be explicitly tested. BG designs can identify specific aspects of the environment that have the greatest influence on behavioural variation, and they can pinpoint critical periods in which environmental influences are most malleable, both of which are useful when designing interventions. Traits that are shown to be the most heritable through traditional family resemblance methods can now be explored further and actual genes may be identified, using new molecular methods. By identifying specific genetic and environmental influences on behaviour, and modelling the structure of these influences over time, we can rapidly advance our understanding of human development.

scholarly journals Tracking technology diffusion in-store: a fashion retail perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethan Alexander ◽  
Anthony Kent
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Of Innovation ◽  
Technology Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Theory ◽  
Innovation Management ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Innovation Diffusion Theory ◽  
Fashion Retail ◽  
Over Time

PurposeContinuous change has long been recognized as a core characteristic of retailing, its recent acceleration unprecedented, yet innovation in retailing remains under-researched, especially within fashion retailing. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to generate a deeper understanding of if, and to what extent, fashion retailers across different market segments are innovating in terms of in-store technology diffusion over time by taking a long-term perspective over five years.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on retail change and innovation diffusion theory, the study takes a qualitative approach, using direct observation of 71 fashion stores in London (UK) in 2014 and 2019. In total, 142 stores were tabulated in Excel and qualitatively analysed manually and with NVivo.FindingsThe findings identify the innovation adoption strategies implemented, the types of in-store technologies adopted over time and the fashion retail innovation adopters.Originality/valueThe research offers new knowledge in terms of retail innovation and retail change, specifically on retail diffusion of innovation and the importance of in-store technology integration. Several practical implications for improving technology innovation management are also identified.

scholarly journals CHANGES - DAILY REALITY AND NECESSITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1307-1311
Author(s):  
Vladimir Gonovski ◽  
Sandra Gonovska
Keyword(s):  
Change Management ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
The People ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Changes are constantly present among us. The changes are a daily occurrence no matter in which area of life. They are something that moves humankind and causes its development. However, not all have the same attitude towards the changes. Some people look forward to, others avoid them, some joy to them, others avoid to them, some fear into them, while others rejoice changes, some see opportunity in them, some see danger from them. Whatever is the relationship of individuals to change, everyone must face them someday. The change management has no formal structure, a pre-prepared plan, but it takes place spontaneously and the reactions occur in a single place. He is an unpredictable process. The change management plan is designed to cause changes to: - Processes - Organizational structure - The people - Strategies All undertaken activities for implementing the changes ultimately reflect the above categories. In addition, the changes can also can be divided into episodic vs continuous change. Another dividing is a divide of Continuous Organizational changes in two scales: radical - incremental and core - peripheral. A common reaction to almost all people of change is fear. Fear of the unknown cause’s people initially resists resistance. However, over time and after undertaking certain activities, the changes are accepted as a necessity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document