Role of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in cardiac injury and repair

Neutrophils are first-line responders of the innate immune system. Following myocardial infarction (MI), neutrophils are quickly recruited to the ischemic region, where they initiate the inflammatory response, aiming at cleaning up dead cell debris. However, excessive accumulation and/or delayed removal of neutrophils are deleterious. Neutrophils can promote myocardial injury by releasing reactive oxygen species, granular components, and pro-inflammatory mediators. More recent studies have revealed that neutrophils are able to form extracellular traps (NETs) and produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) to aggravate inflammation and cardiac injury. On the contrary, there is growing evidence showing that neutrophils also exert anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and pro-reparative effects, thus facilitating inflammation resolution and cardiac repair. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on neutrophils’ detrimental roles, highlighting the role of recently recognized NETs and EVs, followed by a discussion of their beneficial effects and molecular mechanisms in post-MI cardiac remodeling. In addition, emerging concepts about neutrophil diversity and their modulation of adaptive immunity are discussed.

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Allergen-associated molecular patterns: a new trend in modern allergology

Bulletin of Siberian Medicine ◽

10.20538/1682-0363-2019-1-76-83 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 76-83

Author(s):

V. S. Sviridova ◽

P. Yu. Isaev ◽

V. V. Klimov ◽

M. I. Romanova ◽

N. S. Koshkarova

Keyword(s):

Innate Immunity ◽

Immune System ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Conserved Motifs ◽

Immune Mechanisms ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Molecular Patterns

Over the last decade the role of innate immunity has been known to be crucial for the activation of adaptive immune system. The main triggers that upregulate reactions of innate immunity are small exogenous molecules with conserved motifs, molecular patterns. The article discusses a variety of possible roles of molecular patterns in the immune mechanisms, including the participation of Allergen Associated Molecular Patterns (AAMPs) in allergic processes.

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Amplification of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Kidney Damage by Immune Mechanisms

American Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1093/ajh/hpaa124 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

David L Mattson ◽

John Henry Dasinger ◽

Justine M Abais-Battad

Keyword(s):

Renal Damage ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Disease Process ◽

Organ Damage ◽

Immune Mechanisms ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

High Salt Intake ◽

Normotensive Subjects ◽

Salt Sensitive Hypertension

Abstract Humans with salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension demonstrate increased morbidity, increased mortality, and renal end-organ damage when compared with normotensive subjects or those with salt-resistant hypertension. Increasing evidence indicates that immune mechanisms play an important role in the full development of SS hypertension and associated renal damage. Recent experimental advances and studies in animal models have permitted a greater understanding of the mechanisms of activation and action of immunity in this disease process. Evidence favors a role of both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that are triggered by initial, immune-independent alterations in blood pressure, sympathetic activity, or tissue damage. Activation of immunity, which can be enhanced by a high-salt intake or by alterations in other components of the diet, leads to the release of cytokines, free radicals, or other factors that amplify renal damage and hypertension and mediate malignant disease.

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Role of Cardiac Fibroblasts in Cardiac Injury and Repair

Current Cardiology Reports ◽

10.1007/s11886-022-01647-y ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Maoying Han ◽

Bin Zhou

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽

Cardiac Injury ◽

Injury And Repair

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Virome and Inflammasomes, a Finely Tuned Balance with Important Consequences for the Host Health

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867324666171005112921 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 1027-1044 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Giulia Freer ◽

Fabrizio Maggi ◽

Mauro Pistello

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Human Beings ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Downstream Effects ◽

Host Health ◽

Inflammatory Processes ◽

Human Immune ◽

Immune Defences

Background:The virome is a network of viruses normally inhabiting humans. It forms a conspicuous portion of the so-called microbiome, once generically referred to as resident flora. Indeed, viruses infecting humans without leading to clinical disease are increasingly recognized as part of the microbiome and have an impact on the development of our immune system. In addition, they activate inflammasomes, multiprotein complexes that assemble in cells and that are responsible for the downstream effects of sensing pathogens.Objective:This review aims at summarizing the evidence on the role of the virome in modulating inflammation and emphasizes evidence for Anelloviruses as useful molecular markers to monitor inflammatory processes and immune system competence.Method:We carried out a review of the literature published in the last 5 years and summarized older literature to take into account ground-breaking discoveries concerning inflammasome assembly and virome.Results:A massive amount of data recently emerging demonstrate that the microbiome closely reflects what we eat, and many other unexpected variables. Composition, location, and amount of the microbiome have an impact on innate and adaptive immune defences. Viruses making up the virome contribute to shaping the immune system. Anelloviruses, the best known of such viruses, are present in most human beings, persistently without causing apparent disease. Depending on their interplay with such viruses, inflammasomes instruct host defences to tolerate or forfeit a specific microorganism.Conclusion:The virome plays an important role in shaping human immune defences and contributes to inflammatory processes by quenching or increasing them.

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Role of the Innate Immunity Signaling Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren’s Syndrome

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22063090 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 3090

Author(s):

Toshimasa Shimizu ◽

Hideki Nakamura ◽

Atsushi Kawakami

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Sjögren's Syndrome ◽

Sjogren’S Syndrome ◽

Sjogren's Syndrome ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Type I ◽

Type I Ifn ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Sjögren‘S Syndrome

Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the salivary and lacrimal glands and extra-glandular lesions. Adaptive immune response including T- and B-cell activation contributes to the development of SS. However, its pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated. In addition, several patients with SS present with the type I interferon (IFN) signature, which is the upregulation of the IFN-stimulated genes induced by type I IFN. Thus, innate immune responses including type I IFN activity are associated with SS pathogenesis. Recent studies have revealed the presence of activation pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors, RNA sensor retinoic acid-inducible gene I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, and inflammasomes in infiltrating and epithelial cells of the salivary glands among patients with SS. In addition, the activation of PRRs via the downstream pathway such as the type I IFN signature and nuclear factor kappa B can directly cause organ inflammation, and it is correlated with the activation of adaptive immune responses. Therefore, this study assessed the role of the innate immune signal pathway in the development of inflammation and immune abnormalities in SS.

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Current Updates on Potential Role of Flavonoids in Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Cardiac Injury Model

Cardiovascular Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s12012-021-09666-x ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shafreena Shaukat Ali ◽

Liza Noordin ◽

Ruzilawati Abu Bakar ◽

Satirah Zainalabidin ◽

Zakiah Jubri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potential Role ◽

Cardiac Injury ◽

Injury Model ◽

Hypoxia Reoxygenation

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The role of epigenetic modifications for the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease

Clinical Epigenetics ◽

10.1186/s13148-021-01089-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M. Hornschuh ◽

E. Wirthgen ◽

M. Wolfien ◽

K. P. Singh ◽

O. Wolkenhauer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crohn’S Disease ◽

Crohn's Disease ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

New Biomarkers ◽

Insight Into ◽

Specific Evaluation

AbstractEpigenetics has become a promising field for finding new biomarkers and improving diagnosis, prognosis, and drug response in inflammatory bowel disease. The number of people suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases, especially Crohn's disease, has increased remarkably. Crohn's disease is assumed to be the result of a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and altered intestinal microbiota, leading to dysregulation of the innate and adaptive immune response. While many genetic variants have been identified to be associated with Crohn's disease, less is known about the influence of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this review, we provide an overview of current epigenetic studies in Crohn's disease. In particular, we enable a deeper insight into applied bioanalytical and computational tools, as well as a comprehensive update toward the cell-specific evaluation of DNA methylation and histone modifications.

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COVID-19 cardiac injury and the use of colchicine

BMJ Case Reports ◽

10.1136/bcr-2020-241047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. e241047

Author(s):

Vanesa Anton-Vazquez ◽

Laura Byrne ◽

Lisa Anderson ◽

Lisa Hamzah

Keyword(s):

Sinus Tachycardia ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Troponin T ◽

Systolic Function ◽

Cardiac Injury ◽

T Wave ◽

Wave Inversion ◽

Ventricular Extrasystoles

We report a case of cardiac injury in a 46-year-old man affected by COVID-19. The patient presented with shortness of breath and fever. ECG revealed sinus tachycardia with ventricular extrasystoles and T-wave inversion in anterior leads. Troponin T and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide were elevated. Transthoracic echocardiography showed severely reduced systolic function with an estimated left ventricle ejection fraction of 30%. A nasopharingeal swab was positive for SARS-CoV-2. On day 6, 11 days after onset of symptoms, the patient deteriorated clinically with new chest pain and type 1 respiratory failure. Treatment with colchicine 0.5 mg 8-hourly resulted in rapid clinical resolution. This case report highlights how cardiac injury can dominate the clinical picture in COVID-19 infection. The role of colchicine therapy should be further studied to determine its usefulness in reducing myocardial and possibly lung parenchymal inflammatory responses.

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