scholarly journals Imaging-based spectrometer-less optofluidic biosensors based on dielectric metasurfaces for detecting extracellular vesicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasaman Jahani ◽  
Eduardo R. Arvelo ◽  
Filiz Yesilkoy ◽  
Kirill Koshelev ◽  
Chiara Cianciaruso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Bound States ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Spectral Shift ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Linear Estimator ◽  
Large Area

AbstractBiosensors are indispensable tools for public, global, and personalized healthcare as they provide tests that can be used from early disease detection and treatment monitoring to preventing pandemics. We introduce single-wavelength imaging biosensors capable of reconstructing spectral shift information induced by biomarkers dynamically using an advanced data processing technique based on an optimal linear estimator. Our method achieves superior sensitivity without wavelength scanning or spectroscopy instruments. We engineered diatomic dielectric metasurfaces supporting bound states in the continuum that allows high-quality resonances with accessible near-fields by in-plane symmetry breaking. The large-area metasurface chips are configured as microarrays and integrated with microfluidics on an imaging platform for real-time detection of breast cancer extracellular vesicles encompassing exosomes. The optofluidic system has high sensing performance with nearly 70 1/RIU figure-of-merit enabling detection of on average 0.41 nanoparticle/µm2 and real-time measurements of extracellular vesicles binding from down to 204 femtomolar solutions. Our biosensors provide the robustness of spectrometric approaches while substituting complex instrumentation with a single-wavelength light source and a complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor camera, paving the way toward miniaturized devices for point-of-care diagnostics.

scholarly journals Label-free DNA biosensing by topological light confinement

Nanophotonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluigi Zito ◽  
Gennaro Sanità ◽  
Bryan Guilcapi Alulema ◽  
Sofía N. Lara Yépez ◽  
Vittorino Lanzio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Bound States ◽  
Production Control ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Light Confinement ◽  
Binding Event ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract Large-area and transparent all-dielectric metasurfaces sustaining photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) provide a set of fundamental advantages for ultrasensitive biosensing. BICs bridge the gap of large effective mode volume with large experimental quality factor. Relying on the transduction mechanism of reactive sensing principle, herein, we first numerically study the potential of subwavelength confinement driven by topological decoupling from free space radiation for BIC-based biosensing. Then, we experimentally combine this capability with minimal and low-cost optical setup, applying the devised quasi-BIC resonator for PNA/DNA selective biosensing with real-time monitoring of the binding event. A sensitivity of 20 molecules per micron squared is achieved, i.e. ≃0.01 pg. Further enhancement can easily be envisaged, pointing out the possibility of single-molecule regime. This work aims at a precise and ultrasensitive approach for developing low-cost point-of-care tools suitable for routine disease prescreening analyses in laboratory, also adaptable to industrial production control.

A Bio-inspired and Low-power 2D Machine Vision with Adaptive Machine Learning and Forgetting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhil Dodda ◽  
Darsith Jayachandran ◽  
Shiva Subbulakshmi Radhakrishnan ◽  
Saptarshi Das
Keyword(s):  
Machine Vision ◽  
Energy Gap ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Large Area

Abstract Natural intelligence has many dimensions, and in animals, learning about the environment and making behavioral changes are some of its manifestations. In primates vision plays a critical role in learning. The underlying biological neural networks contain specialized neurons and synapses which not only sense and process the visual stimuli but also learns and adapts, with remarkable energy efficiency. Forgetting also plays an active role in learning. Mimicking the adaptive neurobiological mechanisms for seeing, learning, and forgetting can, therefore, accelerate the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and bridge the massive energy gap that exists between AI and biological intelligence. Here we demonstrate a bio-inspired machine vision based on large area grown monolayer 2D phototransistor array integrated with analog, non-volatile, and programmable memory gate-stack that not only enables direct learning, and unsupervised relearning from the visual stimuli but also offers learning adaptability under photopic (bright-light), scotopic (low-light), as well as noisy illumination conditions at miniscule energy expenditure. In short, our “all-in-one” hardware vision platform combines “sensing”, “computing” and “storage” not only to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck of conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology but also to eliminate the need for peripheral circuits and sensors.

Design of Low Power Integrated CMOS Potentiometric Biosensor for Direct Electronic Detection of DNA Hybridization

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wong How Hwan ◽  
Vinny Lam Siu Fan ◽  
Yusmeeraz Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Channel Length ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Detection Circuit

The purpose of this research is to design a low power integrated complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detection circuit for charge-modulated field-effect transistor (CMFET) and it is used for the detection of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization. With the available CMOS technology, it allows the realization of complete systems which integrate the sensing units and transducing elements in the same device. Point-of-care (POC) testing device is a device that allows anyone to operate anywhere and obtain immediate results. One of the important features of POC device is low power consumption because it is normally battery-operated. The power consumption of the proposed integrated CMOS detection circuit requires only 14.87 mW. The detection circuit will amplify the electrical signal that comes from the CMFET to a specified level in order to improve the recording characteristics of the biosensor. Self-cascode topology was used in the drain follower circuit in order to reduce the channel length modulation effect. The proposed detection circuit was designed with 0.18µm Silterra CMOS fabrication process and simulated under Cadence Simulation Tool. 

scholarly journals Towards CMOS Integrated Microfluidics Using Dielectrophoretic Immobilization

Biosensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honeyeh Matbaechi Ettehad ◽  
Rahul Kumar Yadav ◽  
Subhajit Guha ◽  
Christian Wenger
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Microfluidic Channel ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Biological Particles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Integrated Microfluidics ◽  
The Impact

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a nondestructive and noninvasive method which is favorable for point-of-care medical diagnostic tests. This technique exhibits prominent relevance in a wide range of medical applications wherein the miniaturized platform for manipulation (immobilization, separation or rotation), and detection of biological particles (cells or molecules) can be conducted. DEP can be performed using advanced planar technologies, such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) through interdigitated capacitive biosensors. The dielectrophoretically immobilization of micron and submicron size particles using interdigitated electrode (IDE) arrays is studied by finite element simulations. The CMOS compatible IDEs have been placed into the silicon microfluidic channel. A rigorous study of the DEP force actuation, the IDE’s geometrical structure, and the fluid dynamics are crucial for enabling the complete platform for CMOS integrated microfluidics and detection of micron and submicron-sized particle ranges. The design of the IDEs is performed by robust finite element analyses to avoid time-consuming and costly fabrication processes. To analyze the preliminary microfluidic test vehicle, simulations were first performed with non-biological particles. To produce DEP force, an AC field in the range of 1 to 5 V (peak-to-peak) is applied to the IDE. The impact of the effective external and internal properties, such as actuating DEP frequency and voltage, fluid flow velocity, and IDE’s geometrical parameters are investigated. The IDE based system will be used to immobilize and sense particles simultaneously while flowing through the microfluidic channel. The sensed particles will be detected using the capacitive sensing feature of the biosensor. The sensing and detecting of the particles are not in the scope of this paper and will be described in details elsewhere. However, to provide a complete overview of this system, the working principles of the sensor, the readout detection circuit, and the integration process of the silicon microfluidic channel are briefly discussed.

Effects of etching holes on complementary metal oxide semiconductor–microelectromechanical systems capacitive structure

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Hsiang Tu ◽  
Wen-Chang Chu ◽  
Chih-Kung Lee ◽  
Pei-Zen Chang ◽  
Yuh-Chung Hu
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Microelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Sacrificial Layer ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Fringe Field ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Fringing Field

Etching the large area of sacrificial layer under the microstructure to be released is a common method used in microelectromechanical systems technology. In order to completely release the microstructures, many etching holes are often required on the microstructure to enable the etchant to completely etch the sacrificial layer. However, the etching holes often alter the electromechanical properties of the micro devices, especially capacitive devices, because the fringe fields induced by the etching holes can significantly alter the electrical properties. This article is aimed at evaluating the fringe field capacitance caused by etching holes on microstructures. The authors aim to find a general capacitance compensation formula for the fringe capacitance of etching holes by the use of ANSYS simulation. According to the simulation results, the design of a capacitive structure with small etching holes is recommended to prevent an extreme capacitance decrease. In conclusion, this article provides a fringing field capacitance estimation method that shows the capacitance compensation tendency of the design of etching holes; this method is expected to be applicable to the design in capacitive devices of complementary metal oxide semiconductor–microelectromechanical systems technology.

Silicon and Dopant Ink-Based CMOS TFTs on Flexible Steel Foils

MRS Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (23) ◽  
pp. 1259-1265
Author(s):  
Aditi Chandra ◽  
Mao Takashima ◽  
Arvind Kamath
Keyword(s):  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Process Flow ◽  
Additive Materials ◽  
P Type ◽  
Process Compatibility ◽  
Stainless Steel Foils ◽  
Steel Foils

ABSTRACTPolysilicon complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) thin film transistors (TFTs) are fabricated on large area, flexible stainless steel foils using novel ink depositions within a hybrid printed/conventional process flow. A self-aligned top gate TFT structure is realized with an additive materials approach to substitute the use of high capital cost ion implantation and lithography processes. Polyhydrosilane-based silicon ink is coated and laser crystallized to form the polysilicon channel. Semiconductor grade P-type and N-type unique dopant ink formulations are screen printed and combined with thermal drive in and activation to form self-aligned doped source and drain regions. A high refractory top gate material is chosen for its process compatibility with printed dopants, chemical resistance, and work function. Steel foil substrates are fully encapsulated to allow for high temperature processing. The resultant materials set and process flow enables TFT electrical characteristics with NMOS and PMOS mobilities exceeding 120 cm2/Vs and 60 cm2/Vs, respectively. On/Off ratios are >107. Reproducibility, uniformity, and reliability data in a production environmental is shown to demonstrate high volume, high throughput manufacturability. The device characteristics and scheme enable NFC (13.56MHz) capable circuits for use in flexible NFC and display-based smart labels and packaging.

scholarly journals TiO2-x films for bolometer applications: recent progress and perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiming Zhang ◽  
Ruiyang Yan ◽  
Xiaoyan Peng ◽  
YuShui Wang ◽  
Shuanglong Feng
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Temperature Coefficient Of Resistance ◽  
Sensitive Material ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Photoelectric Performance

Abstract The bolometer is widely used in military and civilian infrared imaging due to its advantages of non-cooling, small size and portability. Thermosensitive materials seriously affect the performance of bolometers. As a kind of heat-sensitive material, the TiO2-x material has the advantages of good thermal stability, large-area preparation, and compatibility with the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. However, there is almost no review on the application of titanium oxide for bolometers. In this paper, we introduce the bolometer's main thermal and photoelectric performance parameters and the critical technologies to manufacture the bolometer. Finally, we will particularly emphasize the effects of preparation process parameters of TiO2 on the performance parameters temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), 1/f noise, etc., were studied.

A novel design of nano router with high-speed crossbar scheduler for digital systems in QCA paradigm

Circuit World ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalpana Kasilingam ◽  
Paulchamy Balaiah
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Compact Size ◽  
High Power Consumption ◽  
High Speed Data

Purpose The nano-router would be a mastery device for providing high-speed data delivery. Here nano-router with a space-efficient crossbar scheduler is used for making absolutely less consumption in power. Design/methodology/approach In the emerging modern technology, every one of us is expecting a delivery of data at a high speed. To achieve high-speed delivery the authors are using the router. The router used here is at nanoscale reading which provides a compact size. Findings This can be implemented using the modern tools called Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) which is operated without the use of a transistor. As conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs have some limitations such as low density, high power consumption and requirement of a large area. Research limitations/implications To overcome these limitations the QCA is used. It characterizes capability is used to substituting CMOS technology. The round-robin fashion is used in a high-speed space-efficient crossbar scheduler. Practical implications The simulation of the planned circuit with notional information established the practical identity of the scheme. Social implications The proposed nano router can be stimulated in the QCA environment using the QCADesigner tool and the power of the router can be calculated with the QCADesigner–E tool. Originality/value The proposed nano router can be stimulated in the QCA environment using the QCADesigner tool and the power of the router can be calculated with the QCADesigner–E tool. In this work, the performance of the router can be done in both the QCA environment and CMOS technology.

scholarly journals A Scalable and Low Stress Post-CMOS Processing Technique for Implantable Microsensors

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 925
Author(s):  
Ah-Hyoung Lee ◽  
Jihun Lee ◽  
Farah Laiwalla ◽  
Vincent Leung ◽  
Jiannan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Wireless Power ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Data Link ◽  
Body Sensors ◽  
Cmos Processing

Implantable active electronic microchips are being developed as multinode in-body sensors and actuators. There is a need to develop high throughput microfabrication techniques applicable to complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-based silicon electronics in order to process bare dies from a foundry to physiologically compatible implant ensembles. Post-processing of a miniature CMOS chip by usual methods is challenging as the typically sub-mm size small dies are hard to handle and not readily compatible with the standard microfabrication, e.g., photolithography. Here, we present a soft material-based, low chemical and mechanical stress, scalable microchip post-CMOS processing method that enables photolithography and electron-beam deposition on hundreds of micrometers scale dies. The technique builds on the use of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) carrier substrate, in which the CMOS chips were embedded and precisely aligned, thereby enabling batch post-processing without complication from additional micromachining or chip treatments. We have demonstrated our technique with 650 μm × 650 μm and 280 μm × 280 μm chips, designed for electrophysiological neural recording and microstimulation implants by monolithic integration of patterned gold and PEDOT:PSS electrodes on the chips and assessed their electrical properties. The functionality of the post-processed chips was verified in saline, and ex vivo experiments using wireless power and data link, to demonstrate the recording and stimulation performance of the microscale electrode interfaces.

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