scholarly journals Abyssal deposit feeders are secondary consumers of detritus and rely on nutrition derived from microbial communities in their guts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Romero-Romero ◽  
Elizabeth C. Miller ◽  
Jesse A. Black ◽  
Brian N. Popp ◽  
Jeffrey C. Drazen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Trophic Level ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Abyssal Plain ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Deposit Feeders ◽  
Secondary Consumers

AbstractTrophic ecology of detrital-based food webs is still poorly understood. Abyssal plains depend entirely on detritus and are among the most understudied ecosystems, with deposit feeders dominating megafaunal communities. We used compound-specific stable isotope ratios of amino acids (CSIA-AA) to estimate the trophic position of three abundant species of deposit feeders collected from the abyssal plain of the Northeast Pacific (Station M; ~ 4000 m depth), and compared it to the trophic position of their gut contents and the surrounding sediments. Our results suggest that detritus forms the base of the food web and gut contents of deposit feeders have a trophic position consistent with primary consumers and are largely composed of a living biomass of heterotrophic prokaryotes. Subsequently, deposit feeders are a trophic level above their gut contents making them secondary consumers of detritus on the abyssal plain. Based on δ13C values of essential amino acids, we found that gut contents of deposit feeders are distinct from the surrounding surface detritus and form a unique food source, which was assimilated by the deposit feeders primarily in periods of low food supply. Overall, our results show that the guts of deposit feeders constitute hotspots of organic matter on the abyssal plain that occupy one trophic level above detritus, increasing the food-chain length in this detritus-based ecosystem.

scholarly journals Ekologi Trofik Komunitas Ikan di Perairan Segara Menyan, Subang, Jawa Barat (Trophic Ecology of the Fish Community in Segara Menyan Coastal Lagoon, Subang, West Java)

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Zahid ◽  
M.F. Rahardjo ◽  
Lenny S Syafei ◽  
Rini Susilowati
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Trophic Level ◽  
Coastal Lagoon ◽  
Fish Community ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Diet Breadth ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Trophic Guild ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Pengetahuan mengenai ekologi trofik merupakan dasar dalam memahami ekosistem secara keseluruhan yang dapat dijelaskan melalui pola hubungan trofik interspesies ataupun interserikat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menjelaskan ekologi trofik meliputi indeks trofik dan jenis makanan dominan, serikat dan tingkat trofik, dan variasi spasial dan temporal komunitas ikan di estuari Segara Menyan. Pengambilan ikan contoh dilakukan setiap bulan pada zona berbeda. Ikan contoh dipisahkan berdasarkan waktu dan lokasi pengamatan, dianalisis isi saluran pencernaannya. Analisa data meliputi indeks vakuitas, jumlah total organisme makanan, jenis makanan dominan, luas relung makanan, dan tingkat trofik.  Pada pengamatan 106 spesies ikan, sebanyak 1-380 saluran pencernaan ikan diamati. Sebanyak lima dari 106 spesies memiliki nilai indeks vakuitas “0” dan jumlah makanan yang dikonsumsi bervariasi mulai dari empat hingga 27 jenis makanan. Secara umum, luas relung ikan adalah rendah berkisar 0,20-0,78 dan kebanyakan berada pada kisaran 0,20-0,48. Zooplankton merupakan jenis makanan paling dominan dikonsumsi oleh ikan. Komunitas ikan dikelompokkan dalam tujuh serikat trofik, yaitu detritivora, fitoplanktivora, zooplanktivora, zoobentivora, moluskivora, krustasivora, dan pisivora. Tingkat trofik komunitas ikan berkisar 2,05-4,73. Faktor perubahan ontogenetik, persediaan makanan, karakteristik habitat, dan ruaya beberapa spesies ikan memengaruhi variasi spasio-temporal jejaring makanan di Segara Menyan. Kata kunci: interaksi trofik, laguna, ikan, variasi spasio-temporal, serikat trofik Knowledge of trophic ecology is one way to understanding the whole ecosystem which explained by trophic relationship pattern (interspecies or interguild). The objective research was described of the trophic ecology, i.e. trophic index and dominant prey, trophic guild and trophic level, and spatio-temporal variation of fish community in Segara Menyan coastal lagoon. Fish were collected monthly for one year at three zones. Fish samples were placed in separate labelled plastic bags according to the time scale and location sampling, then gut contents were analyzed. The data of vacuity index, number of prey, prey dominant, diet breadth, and trophic level were analyzed. For each of 106 fish species, between 1 and 380 stomachs, were examined. The vacuity index was also different among species. Five of 106 species had a vacuity index of “0” and total number of food items consumed varied between fish species, ranging from three items to 27 items. The overall diet breadth (Bi) was relatively low among species, ranging from 0.20 to 0.78, with most of them between 0.20 and 0.48. Calanoid copepods comprised the most common food item consumed by all the fishes examined. Fishes occurring can be broadly categorized into seven different trophic guilds. The trophic level of fish communities ranged from 2.05 to 4.73. Spatio-temporal variation of food web was influenced of ontogenetic shift, food availability, habitat characteristic, and migration of some species in Segara Menyan coastal lagoon. Keywords: trophic interaction, lagoon, fishes, spatio-temporal variation, trophic guild

scholarly journals Trophic Relations of the Red-Necked Grebe on Lakes in the Western Boreal Forest: A Stable-Isotope Analysis

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 638-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Paszkowski ◽  
Beverly A. Gingras ◽  
Kayedon Wilcox ◽  
Paul H. Klatt ◽  
William M. Tonn
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Stable Isotope Analysis ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Isotopic Ratios ◽  
Trophic Relations ◽  
Podiceps Grisegena

Abstract We compared trophic ecology of grebes inferred from stable-isotope analysis to that from gut contents, and compared isotopic ratios of Red-necked Grebes (Podiceps grisegena) from lakes differing in their food webs. Analyses of different grebe tissues (egg yolk and albumen, pectoral and leg muscle, breast and primary feathers) also allowed us to assess the effectiveness of these tissues at representing grebe trophic relations. Isotopic ratios from pectoral and leg muscles were similar, based on comparisons within individual birds. Enriched values of δ15N and δ13C suggested that breast and primary feathers were molted over winter, and therefore reflected a marine food web. Albumen and yolk of grebe eggs and muscle tissues from downy chicks, however, matched isotopic characteristics of the local food web, indicating that female Red-necked Grebes use nutrients from the breeding lake for egg formation. Eggs, therefore, can provide excellent material for isotopic analysis aimed at assessing trophic relations of Red-necked Grebes on breeding lakes. Gut contents and stable isotopes both indicated that grebes from lakes with fish consumed a mixed diet of fish and macroinvertebrates and occupied the highest trophic level, at or above the level of piscivorous fishes. In contrast, grebes from lakes lacking fish occupied a lower trophic position. Relaciones Tróficas de Podiceps grisegena en Lagos del Bosque Boreal del Oeste: Un Análisis de Isótopos Estables Resumen. Comparamos la ecología trófica de Podiceps inferida a partir de análisis de isótopos estables con la de contenidos estomacales y comparamos las relaciones isotópicas de P. grisegena entre lagos que difieren en sus redes tróficas. Los análisis de diferentes tejidos de P. grisegena (yema y albumen del huevo, músculo pectoral y de la pierna, plumas del pecho y primarias) también nos permitieron evaluar la efectividad de estos tejidos para representar las relaciones tróficas de P. grisegena. Las relaciones isotópicas de los músculos pectorales y de las piernas basadas en comparaciones realizadas para cada ave individual fueron similares. Valores enriquecidos de δ15N y δ13C sugirieron que las aves mudaron las plumas del pecho y las primarias durante el invierno, y por lo tanto reflejaron una red trófica marina. El albumen y la yema del huevo de P. grisegena y los tejidos musculares de pichones emplumados, sin embargo, coincidieron con las características isotópicas de la red alimenticia local, indicando que las hembras de P. grisegena usan nutrientes del lago donde nidifican para la formación de los huevos. Los huevos, por lo tanto, pueden constituir un material excelente para análisis isotópicos centrados en evaluar las relaciones tróficas de P. grisegena en los lagos donde se reproducen. Los contenidos estomacales y los isótopos estables indicaron que los individuos de P. grisegena provenientes de lagos con peces consumieron una dieta mixta de peces y macroinvertebrados y ocuparon la posición trófica más alta, al mismo nivel o por arriba de los peces piscívoros. En contraste, los individuos provenientes de lagos sin peces ocuparon una posición trófica menor.

scholarly journals Trophic position derived from amino-acid nitrogen isotopes reflect physiological status of both predator and prey over four decades

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes ML Karlson ◽  
Caroline Ek ◽  
Douglas Jones
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Isotope Analyses

AbstractNitrogen isotope analyses of amino-acids (δ15N-AA) are increasingly used to decipher food webs. Interpretation of δ15N-AA in consumers relies on the assumption that physiological status has a negligible influence on the trophic enrichment factor (TEF). Recent experiments have shown that this is not always the case and there is a need to validate derived trophic position (TP) estimates using ecological data. We analyzed δ15N-AA in cod and herring (1980-2019) from the Baltic Sea, a species-poor system where dramatic reduction in condition status of cod has occurred. We expected that TEFcod-herring in trophic AAs would increase during periods of poor cod growth, resulting in inflated TP estimates. We found that TEF and TP estimates were negatively linked to individual condition status, prey fat content and the hypoxic state of the ecosystem. Statistically adjusting for these variables resulted in lower cod TP, highlighting the importance of including ecological knowledge when interpreting TP.Scientific Significance StatementNitrogen stable isotope analyses in amino acids are increasingly used in ecology to understand how environmental change impacts food-webs. Specifically, it is used to more accurately calculate trophic position (TP) of consumers. Controlled experiments have shown that physiological status can alter amino acid isotope composition and TP interpretation, but field studies are lacking. We use 40 years of archived material to demonstrate that TP estimates in Baltic Sea cod and its prey herring are directly related to physiological status. This has important implications for interpreting the real trophic ecology of consumers under environmental stress. By simultaneously measuring condition status in both predator and prey it is possible to adjust for them as confounding variables and decipher actual consumer TP.

scholarly journals Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis of Amino Acids in Pelagic Shark Vertebrae Reveals Baseline, Trophic, and Physiological Effects on Bulk Protein Isotope Records

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Magozzi ◽  
Simon R. Thorrold ◽  
Leah Houghton ◽  
Victoria A. Bendall ◽  
Stuart Hetherington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Isotope Data ◽  
Bulk Tissue

Variations in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions in incremental tissues of pelagic sharks can be used to infer aspects of their spatial and trophic ecology across life-histories. Interpretations from bulk tissue isotopic compositions are complicated, however, because multiple processes influence these values, including variations in primary producer isotope ratios and consumer diets and physiological processing of metabolites. Here we challenge inferences about shark tropho-spatial ecology drawn from bulk tissue isotope data using data for amino acids. Stable isotope compositions of individual amino acids can partition the isotopic variance in bulk tissue into components associated with primary production on the one hand, and diet and physiology on the other. The carbon framework of essential amino acids (EAAs) can be synthesised de novo only by plants, fungi and bacteria and must be acquired by consumers through the diet. Consequently, the carbon isotopic composition of EAAs in consumers reflects that of primary producers in the location of feeding, whereas that of non-essential amino acids (non-EAAs) is additionally influenced by trophic fractionation and isotope dynamics of metabolic processing. We determined isotope chronologies from vertebrae of individual blue sharks and porbeagles from the North Atlantic. We measured carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions in bulk collagen and carbon isotope compositions of amino acids. Despite variability among individuals, common ontogenetic patterns in bulk isotope compositions were seen in both species. However, while life-history movement inferences from bulk analyses for blue sharks were supported by carbon isotope data from essential amino acids, inferences for porbeagles were not, implying that the observed trends in bulk protein isotope compositions in porbeagles have a trophic or physiological explanation, or are suprious effects. We explored variations in carbon isotope compositions of non-essential amino acids, searching for systematic variations that might imply ontogenetic changes in physiological processing, but patterns were highly variable and did not explain variance in bulk protein δ13C values. Isotopic effects associated with metabolite processing may overwhelm spatial influences that are weak or inconsistently developed in bulk tissue isotope values, but interpreting mechanisms underpinning isotopic variation in patterns in non-essential amino acids remains challenging.

Role of Gut Flora in the Transfer of Amino Acids Through a Marine Food Chain

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Fong ◽  
K. H. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Gut Flora

The gut of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis has between 2 × 108 and 6 × 109 bacteria/mL of gut contents. When these bacteria are present, radioactive carbon fed to the urchins as either glucose or cellulose appears in all of the protein amino acids of the gonads. However, when the gut flora is suppressed by a mixture of antibiotics, injection of the sea urchins with radioactive glucose results in the labeling of some of the amino acids (nonessential amino acids) but not others (essential amino acids). These results imply that: (a) sea urchins have the ability to digest cellulose, probably with the aid of the gut flora; (b) intestinal microorganisms can synthesize essential amino acids; and (c) amino acids of microbial origin are available to the sea urchins. The amino acid compositions of (i) kelp (Laminaria longicruris), (ii) sea urchin intestinal microflora, and (iii) sea urchins, were determined over a yearly cycle. The amino acid composition of kelp and microbes were compared as a source of nutrient for the sea urchins, using as indications: overall similarity in compositions, essential amino acid index, and percentage of total amino acid that is essential. All three comparative methods show that the microbial protein is of higher nutritive value than the kelp protein.Key words: amino acids, nitrogen, bacteria, kelp, Laminaria longicruris, sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

scholarly journals Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) foraging habitat and trophic position in the Gulf of Mexico based on intrinsic isotope tracers

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246082
Author(s):  
Meliza Le-Alvarado ◽  
Alfonsina E. Romo-Curiel ◽  
Oscar Sosa-Nishizaki ◽  
Oscar Hernández-Sánchez ◽  
Leticia Barbero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Important Species ◽  
One Year

Yellowfin tuna (YFT, Thunnus albacares) is a commercially important species targeted by fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico (GM). Previous studies suggest a high degree of residency in the northern GM, although part of the population performs movements to southern Mexican waters. Whether YFT caught in southern waters also exhibit residency or migrate to the northern gulf is currently uncertain, and little is known regarding their trophic ecology. The isotopic composition (bulk & amino acids) of YFT muscle and liver tissues were compared to a zooplankton-based synoptic isoscape from the entire GM to infer feeding areas and estimate Trophic Position (TP). The spatial distribution of δ15Nbulk and δ15NPhe values of zooplankton indicated two distinct isotopic baselines: one with higher values in the northern GM likely driven by denitrification over the continental shelf, and another in the central-southern gulf, where nitrogen fixation predominates. Based on the contribution of the two regional isotopic baselines to YFT tissues, broad feeding areas were inferred, with a greater contribution of the northern GM (over a one-year time scale by muscle), and to a lesser extent in the central-southern GM (over the ca. 6-month scale by liver). This was corroborated by similarities in δ15NPhe values between YFT and the northern GM. TP estimates were calculated based on stable isotope analysis of bulk (SIA) and compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA-AA) of the canonical source and trophic amino acids. Mean TP based on SIA was 4.9 ± 1.0 and mean TP based on CSIA-A was 3.9 ± 0.2. YFT caught within the Mexican region seem to feed in northern and in central and southern GM, while feeding in the northern GM has a temporal component. Thus, management strategies need to consider that YFT caught in US and Mexican waters are a shared binational resource that exhibit feeding migrations within the GM.

Pengoptimalan Air Leri dalam Pembuatan Sabun Pembersih Wajah Alami yang Ekonomis

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmawati Rahmawati ◽  
Trimayasari Trimayasari ◽  
Ghozali Akhmad Mustaqim ◽  
Wening Dwi Prastiwi ◽  
Emas Agus Prastyo Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Ultraviolet Rays ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Facial Skin ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
The Face ◽  
Made In

AbstractSoap facial cleanser is needed to keep the facial skin to keep them clean and healthy. The purpose of this study to make soap cleanser with natural materials such as hard water deposits leri. This is because the use of leri water starch or starch granules of fine particles contained in water leri dansel dust can shed the dead skin on the face because of the essential amino acids contained can regenerate skin cells. In addition, water leri can brighten the face because the leri water oryzanol contain substances that can update the development and formation of the pigment melanin, which is effectively to ward off ultraviolet rays. The process of making soap using the principle of saponification reaction, namely the reaction between the oil and the KOH/NaOH. Facial cleansing soap made in this study is solid soap. Based on the results of quality test, soap solid leri water has a pH of 11.1, saponification number is 33, the water content of 46% as well as respondents to the test aspects of aroma and foam shows good results so this water leri treatment can be an alternative solution to prevent the use of soap facial cleansers that contain harmful chemicals. Keywords: air leri, soap cleanser, saponification  AbstrakSabun pembersih wajah sangat diperlukan untuk menjaga kulit wajah agar tetap bersih dan sehat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk membuat sabun pembersih wajah dengan bahan alami berupa endapan air leri. Penggunaan air leri ini dikarenakan butiran partikel starch atau pati halus yang terdapat dalam air leri dapat merontokkan debu dansel kulit mati pada wajah karena asam amino esensial yang terkandung dapat meregenerasi sel-sel kulit. Selain itu, air leri dapat mencerahkan wajah karena air leri mengandung zat oryzanol yang dapat memperbarui perkembangan dan pembentukan pigmen melanin, yang efektif guna menangkal sinar ultraviolet. Proses pembuatan sabun menggunakan prinsip reaksi saponifikasi, yaitu reaksi antara minyak dan KOH/NaOH. Sabun pembersih wajah yang dibuat dalam penelitian ini ialah sabun padat. Berdasarkan hasil uji mutu, sabun air leri padat memiliki pH 11,1, angka penyabunan sebesar 33 kadar air 46 kadar air 46 % serta uji responden terhadap aspek aroma dan busa yang menunjukkan hasil cukup baik sehingga pengolahan air leri ini dapat menjadi solusi alternative untuk mencegah penggunaan sabun pembersih wajah yang mengandung bahan kimia berbahaya. Kata kunci: air leri, sabun pembersih wajah, saponifikasi 

ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF EINKORN HUSKLESS IN THE SECOND, THIRD AND SEVENTH RUSSIAN FEDERATION REGIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 34-38
Author(s):  
S. K. Temirbekova ◽  
M. Sh. Begeulov ◽  
Yu. V. Afanaseva ◽  
I. M. Kulikov ◽  
N. E. Ionova
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Volume Yield ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Group B ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

Biochemical, immunological and physico-chemical properties of an ancient wheat grain – hulless spelt cultivar Gremme are investigated. Biochemical analysis of grain revealed a high content of protein, fiber, macro-and microelements, a rich composition of essential amino acids, which is characteristic of ancient wheat species. Evaluated milling and baking properties of spelt flour. Physical and chemical parameters of spelt grain met the requirements for soft wheat grain class 1: the mass fraction of gluten-38.7 %, the nature of the grain-795 g / l, the number of drops-416 C, the total vitreousness-70 %. However, gluten had an increased stickiness, which is obviously due to the increased content of fiber and gliadin fraction. Grinding of spelt grain was carried out on the aggregate mill installation "Miller 100 Lux" to obtain baking flour of various cultivars. The overall yield of flour of the first grinding was 59.7 %. The highest volume yield (359 cm3) and the best organoleptic properties (total baking score – 3.6 points) were observed in a sample of bread baked from spelt flour that meets the requirements for wheat baking flour of the first grade. Studies have confirmed the possibility of using flour produced from the spelt grain of the Gremme variety for the production of bakery products of increased biological, therapeutic and prophylactic, nutritional value and with a high organoleptic rating. Cereals and flour are very rich in trace elements-manganese, selenium, zinc, potassium, iron, phosphorus, vitamins from group B and B, essential amino acids (biochemical analysis was carried out by the Cherkizovo Center). The cultivar is resistant to drought, heat, excessive moisture. Proved immunological properties to several diseases in the field and laboratory conditions-resistant to enzyme-mycotic seed depletion (EMIS), various types of rust, powdery mildew.

Value of quantitative and qualitative assessment of protein in workers’ diet

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
S. E. Dubenko ◽  
T. V. Mazhaeva ◽  
G. M. Nasybullina
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Health State ◽  
Occupational Hazards ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Amino Acid Contents

Th e authors reviewed literature on methodic evaluations of human requirements of protein, based on Russian and foreign data bases (Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, RINTs, eLIBRA RY) via key words in article headings, and evaluated quality and quantity of protein in diets of workers exposed to occupational hazards. Average requirements of amino acids and their additional intake for bett er health state in certain occupational groups remains a topical problem. Th e article covers list of methods for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of proteins in foods and diets. Findings are diff erences in approaches to protein quantity regulation in Russian Federation and WHO/FAO/UNU (protein normal level in RF is higher, depends on physical exertion, with lower quantity of amino acids with branched chain in structure of essential amino acids). Th erapeutic and prophylactic diet corresponding to Order N46 of Russian Health Ministry for main occupations of metallurgic workshops can be considered as high-proteous and balanced in amino acid contents. Necessity is to study adequate intake of amino acids in workers exposed to occupational hazards, for improving protective and adaptative body mechanisms, and prevention of occupational and occupationally conditioned diseases.

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