scholarly journals Human mobility in response to COVID-19 in France, Italy and UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Galeazzi ◽  
Matteo Cinelli ◽  
Giovanni Bonaccorsi ◽  
Francesco Pierri ◽  
Ana Lucia Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Mobility ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Percolation Process ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Network Disruption ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic is one of the defining events of our time. National Governments responded to the global crisis by implementing mobility restrictions to slow down the spread of the virus. To assess the impact of those policies on human mobility, we perform a massive comparative analysis on geolocalized data from 13 M Facebook users in France, Italy, and the UK. We find that lockdown generally affects national mobility efficiency and smallworldness—i.e., a substantial reduction of long-range connections in favor of local paths. The impact, however, differs among nations according to their mobility infrastructure. We find that mobility is more concentrated in France and UK and more distributed in Italy. In this paper we provide a framework to quantify the substantial impact of the mobility restrictions. We introduce a percolation model mimicking mobility network disruption and find that node persistence in the percolation process is significantly correlated with the economic and demographic characteristics of countries: areas showing higher resilience to mobility disruptions are those where Value Added per Capita and Population Density are high. Our methods and findings provide important insights to enhance preparedness for global critical events and to incorporate resilience as a relevant dimension to estimate the socio-economic consequences of mobility restriction policies.

scholarly journals Intentions to “Reuse” Medication in the Future Modelled and Measured Using the Theory of Planned Behavior

Pharmacy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamza Alhamad ◽  
Parastou Donyai
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽  
Planned Behavior ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Medication Waste ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Background: A range of pro-environmental behaviors are recognized, promoted, and investigated, but urgent action is also needed to tackle the direct and indirect environmental impact of medication waste. One solution is to reissue medicines, returned unused to pharmacies (i.e., reuse medicines). Yet, if medicines reuse is to be formally introduced in the UK, it is imperative also to understand people’s willingness to take part in such a scheme and importantly, the underpinning drivers. This study aimed to develop, validate, and evaluate a Theory of Planned Behavior model aimed at predicting medicines reuse behavioral intentions. Methods: The behavior of interest, medicines reuse, was defined according to its Target, Action, Context, and Time. Then themes from an existing qualitative study were used in order to draft, validate and pilot a Theory of Planned Behavior-based questionnaire before its completion by a representative sample (n = 1003) of participants from across the UK. Results: The majority expressed pro-medicines reuse intentions. The three direct measures accounted for 73.4% of the variance in relation to people’s intention to reuse medicines in the future, which was statistically significant at p < 0.001. People’s specific beliefs about medicines reuse and how they evaluate other people’s expectations of them had a substantial impact on their intentions to reuse medication in the future, mediated in an intricate way via attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control (PBC). Conclusions: This study shows how people could embrace medicines reuse via practical measures that illustrate the safety and quality assurance of reissued medicines, educational interventions that bolster beliefs about the pro-environmental benefits, and norm-based interventions encouraging doctors and pharmacists to endorse the practice. The findings add to the emerging work on medicines reuse and, significantly, provide a theoretical framework to guide policymakers and other organizations looking to decrease the impact of medication waste through medicines reuse schemes.

scholarly journals Disentangling the roles of human mobility and deprivation on the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 using a spatially explicit simulation model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Banks ◽  
E. Colman ◽  
T. Doherty ◽  
O. Tearne ◽  
M. Arnold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Approximate Bayesian ◽  
The Impact

SummaryRestrictions on mobility are a key component of infectious disease controls, preventing the spread of infections to as yet unexposed areas, or to regions which have previously eliminated outbreaks. However, even under the most severe restrictions, some travel must inevitably continue, at the very minimum to retain essential services. For COVID-19, most countries imposed severe restrictions on travel at least as soon as it was clear that containment of local outbreaks would not be possible. Such restrictions are known to have had a substantial impact on the economy and other aspects of human health, and so quantifying the impact of such restrictions is an essential part of evaluating the necessity for future implementation of similar measures.In this analysis, we built a simulation model using National statistical data to record patterns of movements to work, and implement levels of mobility recorded in real time via mobile phone apps. This model was fitted to the pattern of deaths due to COVID-19 using approximate Bayesian inference. Our model is able to recapitulate mortality considering the number of deaths and datazones (DZs, which are areas containing approximately 500-1000 residents) with deaths, as measured across 32 individual council areas (CAs) in Scotland. Our model recreates a trajectory consistent with the observed data until 1st of July. According to the model, most transmission was occurring “locally” (i.e. in the model, 80% of transmission events occurred within spatially defined “communities” of approximately 100 individuals). We show that the net effect of the various restrictions put into place in March can be captured by a reduction in transmission down to 12% of its pre-lockdown rate effective 28th March. By comparing different approaches to reducing transmission, we show that, while the timing of COVID-19 restrictions influences the role of the transmission rate on the number of COVID-related deaths, early reduction in long distance movements does not reduce death rates significantly. As this movement of individuals from more infected areas to less infected areas has a minimal impact on transmission, this suggests that the fraction of population already immune in infected communities was not a significant factor in these early stages of the national epidemic even when local clustering of infection is taken into account.The best fit model also shows a considerable influence of the health index of deprivation (part of the “index of multiple deprivations”) on mortality. The most likely value has the CA with the highest level of health-related deprivation to have on average, a 2.45 times greater mortality rate due to COVID-19 compared to the CA with the lowest, showing the impact of health-related deprivation even in the early stages of the COVID-19 national epidemic.

scholarly journals The impact of government measures and human mobility trend on COVID-19 related deaths in the UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 100167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios M. Hadjidemetriou ◽  
Manu Sasidharan ◽  
Georgia Kouyialis ◽  
Ajith K. Parlikad
Keyword(s):  
Human Mobility ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The Impact of an Independent Sector Treatment Centre on Basic Surgical Training

2012 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 276-278
Author(s):  
PG Vaughan-Shaw ◽  
SG Chiverton ◽  
DA Rew ◽  
PH Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Training ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Surgical Trainees ◽  
Treatment Centre ◽  
Independent Sector ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The reorganisation of postgraduate medical training in the UK as a result of Calman reforms, the New Deal and the implementation of the European workingTime regulations (EwTr) has led to a substantial reduction in working hours and a fall in operative experience for surgical trainees. The move of large volumes of minor and intermediate NHS surgical caseload into independently run hospitals and specialist centres (of which the Southampton NHS Treatment Centre, an independent sector treatment centre (ISTC) is a well-established example) has also radically altered the basic surgical training environment. The Southampton ISTC is run on contract by Care UK and is medically staffed by a mix of full-time Care UK employees from the UK and abroad as well as by visiting consultants from University Hospital Southampton NHS foundationTrust (UHSFT).

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of physical distance measures on the transmission of COVID-19 in the UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher I Jarvis ◽  
Kevin Van Zandvoort ◽  
Amy Gimma ◽  
Kiesha Prem ◽  
Petra Klepac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
Contact Behaviour ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundTo mitigate and slow the spread of COVID-19, many countries have adopted unprecedented physical distancing policies, including the UK. We evaluate whether these measures might be sufficient to control the epidemic by estimating their impact on the reproduction number (R0, the average number of secondary cases generated per case).MethodsWe asked a representative sample of UK adults about their contact patterns on the previous day. The questionnaire documents the age and location of contacts and as well as a measure of their intimacy (whether physical contact was made or not). In addition, we asked about adherence to different physical distancing measures. The first surveys were sent on Tuesday 24th March, one day after a “ lockdown” was implemented across the UK. We compared measured contact patterns during the “ lockdown” to patterns of social contact made during a non-epidemic period. By comparing these, we estimated the change in reproduction number as a consequence of the physical distancing measures imposed. We used a meta-analysis of published estimates to inform our estimates of the reproduction number before interventions were put in place.FindingsWe found a 73% reduction in the average daily number of contacts observed per participant (from 10.2 to 2.9). This would be sufficient to reduce R0 from 2.6 prior to lockdown to 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37 - 0.89) after the lockdown, based on all types of contact and 0.37 (95% CI = 0.22 - 0.53) for physical contacts only.InterpretationThe physical distancing measures adopted by the UK public have substantially reduced contact levels and will likely lead to a substantial impact and a decline in cases in the coming weeks. However, this projected decline in incidence will not occur immediately as there are significant delays between infection, the onset of symptomatic disease and hospitalisation, as well as further delays to these events being reported. Tracking behavioural change can give a more rapid assessment of the impact of physical distancing measures than routine epidemiological surveillance.Research in contextEvidence before this studyMany governments have adopted physical distancing measures to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is unclear to what extent these measures reduce the number of contacts and therefore transmission. We searched PubMed and medRxiv on March 28, 2020, with the terms “ (coronavirus OR COVID-19 OR influenza) AND ((school OR work) AND (closure OR holiday)) AND (contact OR mixing)” and identified 59 and 17 results, respectively. Only one study conducted in China during the COVID-19 pandemic reported a reduction in daily contacts outside the home during the period of “ lockdown”. We found no other published articles that empirically quantify the impact of these measures on age- and location-specific mixing patterns.Added value of this studyBy surveying adults’ behaviour in the UK during a period of stringent physical distancing (“ lockdown”) and comparing the results to previously collected data, we found a large reduction in daily contacts particularly outside the home, resulting in a marked reduction in the estimated reproduction number from 2.6 to 0.62 (95% bootstrapped confidence interval [CI] 0.37 - 0.89). This method allows for rapid assessment of changes in the reproduction number that is unaffected by reporting delays.Implications of all the available evidenceChanges in human contact behaviour drive respiratory infection rates. Understanding these changes at different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic allows us to rapidly quantify the impact of physical distancing measures on the transmission of pathogens.

scholarly journals 673 Did the COVID-19 pandemic increase insomnia?

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A263-A263
Author(s):  
Neil Stanley ◽  
Alison Gardiner ◽  
Nicola Sunter
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction COVID-19 has been an unprecedented health event with far-reaching health and economic consequences. There have been numerous surveys published that have suggested that insomnia has increased during the pandemic. However, there have been no comparisons of data from the pandemic with that from other years. Here we present baseline data from people signing up to an online CBTi course to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on sleep. Methods We investigated the difference in age; diary-reported Sleep Efficiency (SE%) and Total Sleep Time (TST); sleep quality and disturbances as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and daytime sleepiness using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS); between the first wave of COVID-19 in the UK (1st March -31st July 2020) as compared to the same period in 2019. Results In 2019 n=2231 patients were assessed as compared to n=6173 in 2020. There were no significant differences in the age of the two cohorts (47.1 years v 46.3 years, NS). SE% was significantly lower in the 2019 cohort (66% v 67.6, p &lt;0.001) as was their total sleep time (5.71 hrs v 6.05 hrs, p&lt;0.0001). PSQI scores were also higher in 2019 (13.13 v 12.72. p&lt;0.0001). The level of daytime sleepiness was lower in the 2019 cohort (5.4 v 5.6 p &lt;0.001) Conclusion Our results show that there was no evidence of an increase in the severity of sleep disturbance during the 1st wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK in contrast to what numerous surveys have suggested. Indeed, we found that people signing up to Sleepstation’s online dCBTi course during the 1st wave of the pandemic had statistically significant better subjective sleep, although they had a higher level of daytime sleepiness than those in the same period a year previously. Although statistically significant, our results do not demonstrate a clinically relevant difference between the two cohorts. It is also interesting that despite the age-related impact of COVID-19, there was no significant difference in the age of the patients. Thus, in contrast to the survey data, we found no evidence for a worsening of sleep during the 1st wave of the pandemic. Support (if any):

scholarly journals After the lockdown: simulating mobility, public health and economic recovery scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Spelta ◽  
Andrea Flori ◽  
Francesco Pierri ◽  
Giovanni Bonaccorsi ◽  
Fabio Pammolli
Keyword(s):  
Human Mobility ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Epidemic Spreading ◽  
Productive Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spreading Disease

Abstract The spread of SARS-COV-2 has affected many economic and social systems. This paper aims at estimating the impact on regional productive systems in Italy of the interplay between the epidemic and the mobility restriction measures put in place to contain the contagion. We focus then on the economic consequences of alternative lockdown lifting schemes. We leverage a massive dataset of human mobility which describes daily movements of over four million individuals in Italy and we model the epidemic spreading through a metapopulation SIR model, which provides the fraction of infected individuals in each Italian district. To quantify economic backslashes this information is combined with socio-economic data. We then carry out a scenario analysis to model the transition to a post-lockdown phase and analyze the economic outcomes derived from the interplay between (a) the timing and intensity of the release of mobility restrictions and (b) the corresponding scenarios on the severity of virus transmission rates. Using a simple model for the spreading disease and parsimonious assumptions on the relationship between the infection and the associated economic backlashes, we show how different policy schemes tend to induce heterogeneous distributions of losses at the regional level depending on mobility restrictions. Our work shed lights on how recovery policies need to balance the interplay between mobility flows of disposable workers and the diffusion of contagion.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Intellectual Capital Dan Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility Terhadap Return Saham

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Amelia Septiana ◽  
Sukamto Sukamto ◽  
Wiwin Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

This research aimed to look at the impact of Intellectual Capital and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure on the stock returns of manufacturing companies. Intellectual Capital, as measured by the Public-VAIC (Value Added Intellectual Coefficient) model of the company's three key resources (human capital, structural capital, and customer capital), and Corporate Social Responsibility Transparency, as measured by the CSRDI, were the independent variables in this analysis. Stock Return is the dependent variable. An empirical study is what this form of research is. Purposive sampling is used to pick the samples. In this analysis, 80 manufacturing companies that were listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2018 were used as a sample. The findings revealed that Intellectual Capital had a substantial impact on stock returns, while Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure had no impact.

scholarly journals Socio-economic Importance of Biomaterials in the Transition to the Circular Economy Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 05029
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wojnarowska ◽  
Mariusz Sołtysik ◽  
Maciej Guzik
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Impact

Research background: The adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development obliges individual countries to take actions aimed at achieving the seventeen goals of sustainable development. One of the tasks is to transform the economy into a circular economy. The necessity of transformation results from the growing number of manufactured products and the growing amount of generated waste, especially those made of plastics. Waste management and disposal may also have significant environmental effects. Therefore, EU waste management policy aims to reduce the impact of waste on the environment and health and to improve the efficient use of resources in the EU. The long-term goal of this policy is to reduce the amount of waste generated, and if its generation is unavoidable, to promote its use as resources, to increase recycling and to ensure safe disposal of waste. Hence the need to change the current economic model based on a linear approach to the circular economy. The technological goal of the circular economy is to achieve the highest possible level of waste recovery and recycling, and then reuse it in production. A possible alternative to conventional and petroleum-based materials are biopolymers that are biodegradable in the natural environment, and their degradation products do not endanger human and animal health. Thanks to these properties they not only can replace traditional polymers, but also will find completely new applications in biomedical engineering and medicine. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to analyze the socio-economic consequences of using biomaterials in the transition to the GOZ model. Methods: A systematic literature review methodology. Findings & Value added: The main findings relate to the socio-economic consequences of introducing biomaterials for both consumers and businesses.

scholarly journals Sustainable Equity Crowdfunding Projects: Are They A Driving Force to Revitalise Italy After Global Socio-Economic Consequences of The COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 01030
Author(s):  
Maria Manganiello ◽  
Irina-Virginia Dragulanescu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Equity Crowdfunding ◽  
Sustainable Future ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
The Impact

Research background: The outbreak of COVID-19 has disrupted and shaken all economic and financial sectors. In this scenario, crowdfunding has emerged as a new relevant financing mechanism alongside more traditional funding channels by attracting investors through an internet-based method of fundraising to support ventures. In recent years, many crowdfunding platforms, specialized in green projects rose, allowing start-ups to raise funds for their campaigns. The literature on the use of crowdfunding in the sustainable sector is quite limited. Purpose of the article: We use a hand-collected dataset of 350 equity crowdfunding campaigns, gathered from the Italian platforms over the period January 2016-June 2020, to analyze the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the success of green equity crowdfunding projects. We also test the greater attractiveness of the projects sustainability-oriented than other types of campaigns and if growth in the number of “green” projects is linked to the increase of local environmental performance. Methods: We measure the probability of success of pitched projects, both in terms of the total amount raised and the number of investors. We run a negative-binomial-regression for the number of investors and a Tobit-regression for the amount of capital raised. Findings & Value added: Coherently with our hypotheses, we find that COVID-19 has reduced the probability of success and that campaigns with a sustainability orientation are more likely to reach the funding target because investors give more importance to a sustainable future. Finally, our search provides that the leading countries in environmental performance have a positive effect on the green crowdfunding projects, by aspiring to move toward a sustainable future.

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