scholarly journals Increased vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection among indigenous people living in the urban area of Manaus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemilson Soares Pontes ◽  
Jean de Melo Silva ◽  
Renato Pinheiro-Silva ◽  
Anderson Nogueira Barbosa ◽  
Luciano Cardenes Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Total Positivity ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Cultural Behavior ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pandemic Threat ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Amazonas State

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic threatens indigenous peoples living in suburban areas of large Brazilian cities and has thus far intensified their pre-existing socio-economic inequalities. We evaluated the epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 infection among residents of the biggest urban multiethnic indigenous community of the Amazonas state, Brazil. Blood samples of 280 indigenous people living in the surrounding area of Manaus were tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA or IgG antibodies. The risk factors and sociodemographic information were assessed through an epidemiological questionnaire. We found a total positivity rate of 64.64% (95% CI 59.01–70.28) for SARS-CoV-2 infection. IgA and IgG were detected in 55.71% (95% CI 49.89–61.54) and 60.71% (95% CI 54.98–66.45) of the individuals, respectively. Over 80% of positive individuals were positive for both IgA and IgG.No significant difference in positivity rates between genders or age groups was observed. Moreover, the age group ≥ 60 years old showed the highest antibody ratios (IgA mean ratio = 3.080 ± 1.623; IgG mean ratio = 4.221 ± 1.832), while the age groups 13–19 and 20–29 showed the lowest IgA (mean ratio = 2.268 ± 0.919) and IgG ratios (mean ratio = 2.207 ± 1.246), respectively. Individuals leaving the home more frequently were at higher risk of infection (Odds ratio (OD) 2.61; 95% CI 1.00–1.49; p = 0.048). Five or more individuals per household increased fivefold the risk of virus transmission (OR 2.56; 95% CI 1.09–6.01; p = 0.019). The disproportionate dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 infection observed among the study population might be driven by typical cultural behavior and socioeconomic inequalities. Despite the pandemic threat, this population is not being targeted by public policies and appears to be chronically invisible to the Brazilian authorities.

scholarly journals Increased vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection among indigenous people living in the urban area of Manaus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemilson Soares Pontes ◽  
Jean de Melo Silva ◽  
Renato Pinheiro-Silva ◽  
Anderson Nogueira Barbosa ◽  
Luciano Cardenes Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Total Positivity ◽  
Indigenous Community ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Cultural Behavior ◽  
Study Population

Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic threatens indigenous peoples living in suburban areas of large Brazilian cities and has thus far intensified their pre-existing socio-economic inequalities. This study evaluated the epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 infection among residents of the biggest urban multiethnic indigenous community of the Amazonas state, Brazil. Methods: Blood samples of 280 indigenous people who live in the urban community known as Parque das Tribos, which is located in the surrounding area of Manaus, were tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA or IgG antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An epidemiological standardized interviewer-administered questionnaire was applied to assess the risk factors and sociodemographic information of the study population. Results: We found a total positivity rate of 64.64% (95% CI 59.01-70.28) for SARS-CoV-2 infection. IgA and IgG were detected in 55.71% (95% CI 49.89-61.54) and 60.71% (95% CI 54.98-66.45) of the individuals tested, respectively. From the total number (n=280), 80.11% of positive individuals (95%; CI 74.24-85.98) were positive for both IgA and IgG Abs. All individuals with COVID-19-related symptoms on the day of blood collection (n=11) were positive for IgG, while IgA was detected in 84.61% (n=55) of individuals who had presented symptoms several weeks before the blood collection. Individuals aged 30-39 were more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection (prevalence ratio [PR] 0.77; 95% CI 0.58-1.03; p=0.033). People whose main source of information on COVID-19 was religious leaders or friends showed higher susceptibility to infection (PR 1.22; 95% CI 1.00-1.49; p=0.040). In addition, individuals who left home more frequently were at higher risk of infection (PR 1.22; 95% CI 1.00-1.49; p=0.048). Five or more individuals per household increased almost 5-fold the risk of virus transmission (Odds ratio [OR] 2.56; 95% CI; 1.09-6.01; p=0.019). Over 95% of the study population had no access to clean water and/or sanitation. Conclusions: The disproportionate dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 infection observed in the Parque das Tribos urban indigenous community might be driven by typical cultural behavior and socioeconomic inequalities. Despite the pandemic threat, this population is not being targeted by public policies and appears to be chronically invisible to the Brazilian authorities.

scholarly journals Pattern of Glucose Tolerance among Patients with Peripheral Spondyloarthritis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 773-777
Author(s):  
A T M Tanveer Hasan ◽  
Al-Mamun .
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Peripheral Spondyloarthritis

Peripheral spondyloarthritis is a variant of spondyloarthritis which usually has a chronic course. There is an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases among patients with chronic inflammatory diseases in general. Coexisting diabetes mellitus can potentially add to the risk. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of glucose intolerance in patients with spondyloarthritis The study was conducted among 35 participants with peripheral spondyloarthritis who visited the Department of Rheumatology, Enam Medical College & Hospital, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh from September, 2018 to January, 2020. The participants underwent either oral glucose tolerance test or estimation of HbA1C. The mean age of participants was 43.96 years. The majority (80%) of them were young to muddle-aged (≤40 years). 22.9% of the participants were prediabetic. Diabetes mellitus was found to be present in 37.1% of the participants. There was no significant difference between the study population and the general population in terms of frequency of prediabetes. But the frequency of diabetes in the study population was higher than that in the general population. There was no significant difference between males and females with regard to the frequencies of prediabetes and DM. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the frequencies of prediabetes and DM between young and middle-aged to elderly population. Considering the greater burden of DM among patients with peripheral spondyloarthritis across all age groups, routine screening for DM may be indicated in these individuals.

A study of manual toothbrushing skills in children aged 3 to 11 years

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mentes ◽  
Julide Atukeren
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender

The aim of the study was to evaluate toothbrushing management and ability of children in relation to age and gender. The study population consisted of 75 children and were divided into three equal groups as 3-5, 6-8 and 9-11 years of age.The grip type during toothbrushing was recorded on videotape.The most preferred grip types were distal (73%) followed by power (43%) and oblique grips (29%). There were a statistically significant differences between age groups and the grip types (p<0.001) but no significant difference was seen between boys and girls in grip preferences (p>0.05).The mean duration of toothbrushing was shorter in 3-5 years of age group (28 seconds) than the 6-8 and 9-11 age groups (35 and 47 seconds respectively).

scholarly journals Distribution of White-to-White Corneal Diameter and Anterior Chamber Depth in Chinese Myopic Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guihua Xu ◽  
Guanrong Wu ◽  
Zijing Du ◽  
Shanqing Zhu ◽  
Yunxiang Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Corneal Diameter

Purpose: To investigate the distribution of white-to-white (WTW) corneal diameter and anterior chamber depth (ACD) in Chinese myopia patients.Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted at five ophthalmic centers. Anterior segment biometry was performed in 7,893 eyes of the 7,893 myopic patients using Pentacam, and the WTW and ACD were recorded. The distribution patterns of WTW and ACD were evaluated and the correlation between WTW and ACD was analyzed statistically.Results: There were 4416 (55.95%) males and 3477 (44.05%) females. The age of the study population was 25.14 ± 5.41 years. Distribution of WTW was slightly positively skewed (Skewness = 0.0076, Kurtosis = 0.3944, KS P = 0.020) with a mean of 11.65 ± 0.38 mm and a 95% normal range of 10.91–12.39 mm. A significant difference in WTW was found among different myopia groups (P < 0.001). The ACD was normally distributed (Skewness = 0.899, Kurtosis = 0.027, KS P = 0.086). The mean ACD was 3.25 ± 0.26 mm and the 95% normal range of was 2.74–3.75 mm. A significant difference in ACD was also found among different myopia groups (P = 0.030). There was a significant correlation between WTW and ACD (r = 0.460, P < 0.001).Conclusions: In our study, 95% of the Chinese myopic patients had a WTW within 10.91–12.39 mm and an ACD within 2.74–3.75 mm. ACD and WTW were significantly different among different myopia, gender and age groups. WTW was positively correlated with ACD.

scholarly journals A clinical registry of multisystemic presentation of hypovitaminosis D in hospital attendees in Kolkata

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Jayati Roy Choudhury ◽  
Debasmita Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Kheya Mukherjee ◽  
Debojyoti Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hypovitaminosis D ◽  
The Body ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Multisystemic Disorders

Background: Vitamin D (Vit D) is a steroid hormone essential for maintaining functional homeostasis in the body. Hypovitaminosis D has been a recognized worldwide problem affecting all age groups and sex. Its prevalence is very high in South Asia. Aims and Objectives: Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the spectrum of presentation of biochemical levels of hypovitaminosis D in Indian population in terms of age, sex, and multisystemic disorders. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out on selective study population attending a tertiary care hospital from July 2019 to December 2020 with clinical presentations suspected to arise due to Vit D deficiency. Serum 25OH Vit D level was estimated by chemiluminescence method. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8. Results: Of the study population (n = 685), average serum 25(OH)D level in females and males was 24.13 ng/ml and 28.59 ng/ml, respectively. Significant difference in mean value of Vit D existed in males and females in the 21–40 years age group (p = 0.0048). Females in the Vit D deficient group (Vit D level<20) mostly presented with mastalgia (20.45%), low back pain (17.61%), and joint pain (11.36%). Common clinical presentation in males with Vit D levels less than 20 ng/ml was diabetes mellitus without CKD (18.34%), non-diabetic CKD (19.27%), and low back pain (16.51%). Conclusion: Low Vit D levels manifest itself as signs and symptoms involving various multisystemic disorders involving different age groups in both sexes. Early recognition and replacement can prevent the progress of complications which Vit D deficiency makes us prone to develop.

scholarly journals Haemoglobin Level in Children of a Northern District of Bangladesh

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
M N Absar
Keyword(s):  
Haemoglobin Level ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Outpatient Department ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population

Objective: To find out the reference level of haemoglobin and other haematological parameters(PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, S. Iron and S. Ferritin) of the children of Northern area of Bangladesh and to see the relation of socio demographic features and other haematological parameters with haemoglobin level.Methodology: Observational cross sectional study.Setting: Outpatient department of Rangpur Medical College and outpatient department of eight Upozilla Health Complexes of northern Bangladesh.Patients: 300 clinically healthy 1yr. to 14yr. age children.Outcome measures: Mean Hb. level in age groups and influence of sex, age, economic status, parental education, nutrition and serum iron on level of Hb. PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, S. Iron and S. Ferritin was estimated to see the confounders and if they are affecting Hb. level significantly.Results: Mean haemoglobin among study population was 11.4gm/dl(SD;1.07). Haemoglobin was normally distributed among the study population. Mean haemoglobin among age groups differed significantly. No significant difference in mean haemoglobin was observed among two sex groups. Mean haemoglibin level corresponded well with WHO defined haemoglobin level in the same age group of children.Conclusion: Reference level of mean Hb. in the studied population is 11.4gm/dl(SD;1.07). Age affects the Hb. level but sex does’t. Hb. level in this population is comparable with WHO reference value for this age. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v30i3.12460 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2012; 30: 127-131

Prevalence and fertility Status of hydatid cysts in Sheep and Goats slaughtered in selected abattoirs in Adamawa State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.T Bello ◽  
S.A Luka ◽  
I.M.K Gadzama
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Hydatid Cysts ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Strict Regulation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Female Sheep ◽  
Proper Disposal ◽  
Male Sheep

Hydatidosis is one of the neglected zoonotic diseases of unrecognised importance that is caused by the dog tapeworm of thegenus Echinococcus. A study on the prevalence and fertility of hydatid cysts was conducted in sheep and goats slaughtered insome abattoirs in Adamawa State, Nigeria. A total of 1,603 animals comprising 760 sheep and 843 goats were examined forhydatid cysts by visual inspection, palpation and incision. A total of 31 (1.93%) of the study population harboured hydatidcysts, comprising 72 hydatid cysts in 13 (1.71%) sheep and 116 hydatid cysts in 18 (2.14%) goats. There was no significantdifference (p>0.05) in prevalence of hydatid cyst infection among sheep and goats. Age –specific prevalence of hydatid cystswas higher in goats 18(2.1%) than Sheep 13(1.7%), goats and sheep that were >3years old recorded highest prevalence(3.25%; 2.32%). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in prevalence of cysts in different age groups. Prevalence ofcysts was higher in female sheep (1.96%) and goats (2.98%) than male sheep (1.49%) and goats (1.66%), the difference wasnot statistically significant (p>0.05). The number of hydatid cysts recovered in infected sheep was 72(25.0% fertile, 31.9%sterile and 43.0% calcified cysts) and 116 (47.4% fertile, 15.5% sterile and 25.9% calcified cysts) in goats. Highest number offertile cysts were recovered in lungs of sheep and goats (41.7%; 83.7%) than in their liver ( 16.7%; 37.8%). The differencewas not statistically significant (p>0.05). The most commonly infected organ was liver (66.7%) in sheep and lungs (68.1%)in goats. In conclusion, fertility of cysts in sheep and goats may serve as a potential source of transmission of hydatidosis todogs and continuation of its lifecycle. Strict regulation of slaughtering process including proper disposal of infected offalwould minimize transmission of cysts from intermediate to definitive hosts. Keywords: Prevalence, Hydatid cysts, fertility, Sheep, Goat, Adamawa State

scholarly journals Assessment of drug utilization pattern and impact of infographics in patients with chronic liver disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 488
Author(s):  
Naiema Shajihan ◽  
Shijin V. S. ◽  
Vismaya V. R. ◽  
Lallu Mariam Jacob ◽  
G. Jeladharan
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Chronic Liver Disease ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Liver Function Tests ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population

Background: The current study was conducted to ensure that the drugs were effectively utilised and also to create awareness and knowledge by providing counselling with the help of infographics among study population.Methods: A prospective interventional study was conducted in the gastroenterology department of a tertiary care hospital in Kerala. A total of 100 patients diagnosed with chronic liver disease (CLD) were enrolled for the study and data were recorded in a predesigned pro forma. Statistical analysis (paired t test) was performed to assess whether the drug has been effectively utilized in patients. The study population was counselled with the help of infographics and its impact was assessed from the questionnaire, which was set based on 5- point Likert’s scale.Results: Among 100 patients, males are more prevalent between the age groups 60-70. Diabetes mellitus (DM) (66%) and alcohol (37%) are the most common risk factors. Most of the study subjects belong to Child A (50%) category and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score of 51% of the patients were ≤9 with estimated 3-month mortality rate of 1.9%. Liver function tests (LFT) had shown that there was a significant difference between prior to and after treatment with the level of significance p<0.05, indicating that the drugs had been properly utilized in patients and found to be effective. The distributed infographics had a great impact among the study population.Conclusions: The study concluded that the drugs had been properly utilized and found to be effective in patients. The Infographics showed a positive impact among the study population.

Evaluation of tear production using the Schirmer tear test I in healthy cats; effect of age, life stage, sex, breed and neuter status

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (26) ◽  
pp. 799-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mehdi Rajaei ◽  
Houman Faghihi ◽  
David Leonard Williams ◽  
Ghazal Aftab
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Effect Of Age

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the values of Schirmer tear test (STT) and determine effects of age, life stage, sex, breed and neuter status on tear production in healthy cats.MethodsThree hundred and forty-three domestic shorthair (DSH) and Persian cats, 50 days through 18 years old, were examined in this study. STT I was used to measure tear production in both eyes of each cat.ResultsA mean STT 14.9±4.8 mm/min was calculated for the eyes of all cats. There was a significant difference between STT values in kittens (≤6 months old) and cats of other age groups (P<0.001). A substantial number of cats with clinically normal eyes had STT values less than 10 mm/min. No significant difference was found between males (14.7±5.0 mm/min) and females (15.1±4.5 mm/min) in STT values (P=0.46). Significant differences were found between entire (14.4±4.2 mm/min) and neutered (16.2±4.1 mm/min) cats (P=0.001), and between STT values of DSH (14.6±5.0 mm/min) and Persian (16.5±3.1 mm/min) cats in the study population (P=0.001).ConclusionsThis study documents the average STT values for a sizeable feline population demonstrating that, in contradistinction to the situation in dogs, a number of cats with clinically normal eyes have STT values below 10 mm/min.

scholarly journals Reference Values for Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy Koreans

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won Young Jang ◽  
Woohyeun Kim ◽  
Dong Oh Kang ◽  
Yoonjee Park ◽  
Jieun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population

We investigated reference values for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) for healthy Koreans and Koreans with coronary heart disease (CHD) and used them to identify inter-ethnic differences in CRF, differences over time in CRF, and differences in CRF between the healthy population and patients with CHD. The study population for healthy Koreans was derived from the database of KISS FitS (Korea Institute of Sports Science Fitness Standards) between 2014 and 2015. The study population for Koreans with CHD was derived from the database of the Korea University Guro Hospital Cardiac Rehabilitation Registry between June 2015 and December 2018. In healthy Koreans, there was a significant difference between sex and age groups for VO2 max. The VO2 max of healthy Koreans differed from that of Westerners in age-related reference values. Our results were not significantly different from those of the Korean population in the past, except for a small decline in the young population. There seemed to be a clear inter-ethnic difference in CRF. We could also identify signs of small change in CRF in younger age groups. Therefore, CRF should be assessed according to ethnic or national standards, and it will be necessary to establish a reference for each nation or ethnicity with periodic updates.

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