Reactivity of electrophilic chlorine atoms due to σ-holes: a mechanistic assessment of the chemical reduction of a trichloromethyl group by sulfur nucleophiles

The reduction of the relatively inert carbon–oxygen bonds of CO2 to access useful CO2-derived organic products is one of the most important fundamental challenges in synthetic chemistry. Facilitating this bond-cleavage using earth-abundant, non-toxic main group elements (MGEs) is especially arduous because of the difficulty in achieving strong inner-sphere interactions between CO2 and the MGE. Herein we report the first successful chemical reduction of CO2 at room temperature by alkali metals, promoted by a cyclic(alkyl)(amino) carbene (CAAC). One-electron reduction of CAAC-CO2 adduct (1) with lithium, sodium or potassium metal yields stable monoanionic radicals clusters [M(CAAC–CO2)]n(M = Li, Na, K, 2-4) and two-electron alkali metal reduction affords open-shell, dianionic clusters of the general formula [M2(CAAC–CO2)]n (5-8). It is notable that these crystalline clusters of reduced CO2 may also be isolated via the “one-pot” reaction of free CO2 with free CAAC followed by the addition of alkali metals – a reductive process which does not occur in the absence of carbene. Each of the products 2-8 were investigated using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods.

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Functional Poly(p-Xylylene)s via Chemical Reduction of Poly(p-Phenylene Vinylene)s

10.26434/chemrxiv.9868196.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ain Uddin ◽

Weifan Sang ◽

Yong Gao ◽

Kyle Plunkett

Keyword(s):

Film Formation ◽

Chemical Reduction ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Phenylene Vinylene ◽

Polymer Modification ◽

Polymer Backbone ◽

Crosslinking Process ◽

Conducting Membranes ◽

In Situ Crosslinking

The synthesis of poly(p-xylylene)s (PPXs) with sidechains containing alkyl bromide functionality, and their post-polymer modification, is described. The PPXs were prepared by a diimide hydrogenation of poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s (PPVs) that were originally synthesized by a Gilch polymerization. The polymer backbone reduction was carried out with hydrazine hydrate in toluene at 80 °C to provide polymers with the sidechain-containing bromide functionality intact. To demonstrate post-polymer modification of the sidechains, the resulting PPX polymers were modified with trimethylamine to form tetraalkylammonium ion functionality and were evaluated as anion conducting membranes. While PPX homopolymers containing tetralkylammonium ions were completely water soluble and not able to form valuable films, PPX copolymers containing mixed tetraalkylammonium ions and hydrophobic chains were capable of film formation and alkaline stability. In addition, an in situ crosslinking process that used N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine during the tetraalkylammonium formation of brominated PPX polymers was also evaluated and gave reasonable films with conductivities of ~10 mS-cm-1.

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Functional Poly(p-Xylylene)s via Chemical Reduction of Poly(p-Phenylene Vinylene)s

10.26434/chemrxiv.9868196 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ain Uddin ◽

Weifan Sang ◽

Yong Gao ◽

Kyle Plunkett

Keyword(s):

Film Formation ◽

Chemical Reduction ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Phenylene Vinylene ◽

Polymer Modification ◽

Polymer Backbone ◽

Crosslinking Process ◽

Conducting Membranes ◽

In Situ Crosslinking

The synthesis of poly(p-xylylene)s (PPXs) with sidechains containing alkyl bromide functionality, and their post-polymer modification, is described. The PPXs were prepared by a diimide hydrogenation of poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s (PPVs) that were originally synthesized by a Gilch polymerization. The polymer backbone reduction was carried out with hydrazine hydrate in toluene at 80 °C to provide polymers with the sidechain-containing bromide functionality intact. To demonstrate post-polymer modification of the sidechains, the resulting PPX polymers were modified with trimethylamine to form tetraalkylammonium ion functionality and were evaluated as anion conducting membranes. While PPX homopolymers containing tetralkylammonium ions were completely water soluble and not able to form valuable films, PPX copolymers containing mixed tetraalkylammonium ions and hydrophobic chains were capable of film formation and alkaline stability. In addition, an in situ crosslinking process that used N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine during the tetraalkylammonium formation of brominated PPX polymers was also evaluated and gave reasonable films with conductivities of ~10 mS-cm-1.

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ENPLATE NI-423

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ni0343 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 35 (11) ◽

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Surface Treatment ◽

High Speed ◽

Chemical Reduction ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Electroless Nickel ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Corrosion And Wear ◽

Phosphorus Alloy

Abstract ENPLATE NI-423 is a nickel-phosphorus alloy deposited by chemical reduction without electric current. It is deposited by a stable, relatively high-speed functional electroless nickel process that produces a low-stress coating with good ductility and excellent resistance to corrosion. Its many uses include equipment for chemicals and food, aerospace components, molds and electronic devices. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and hardness. It also includes information on corrosion and wear resistance as well as heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Ni-343. Producer or source: Enthone Inc..

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ELECTROLESS NICKEL

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ni0332 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

Keyword(s):

Nickel Coating ◽

Chemical Reduction ◽

Electroless Nickel ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Corrosion And Wear ◽

Sodium Hypophosphite ◽

Work Piece ◽

Nickel Ions ◽

Continuous Contact ◽

Chemical Corporation

Abstract ELECTROLESS NICKEL is a nickel coating deposited by chemical reduction of nickel ions. The most widely used reducing agent is sodium hypophosphite. The thickness of the deposited coating is uniform over all areas of the work-piece that are in continuous contact with fresh plating solution. The process is applicable to a wide variety of metal and nonmetal substrates. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion and wear resistance as well as heat treating and joining. Filing Code: Ni-332. Producer or source: Occidental Chemical Corporation.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Prepared Under an Ultrasonic Field

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology ◽

10.37285/ijpsn.2011.4.3.8 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 1491-1496

Author(s):

Umadevi M ◽

Rani T ◽

Balakrishnan T ◽

Ramanibai R

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Reduction Method ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Chemical Reduction ◽

Ultrasonic Field ◽

Great Promise ◽

Chemical Reduction Method ◽

E Coli

Nanotechnology has great promise for improving the therapeutic potential of medicinal molecules and related agents. In this study, silver nanoparticles of different sizes were synthesized in an ultrasonic field using the chemical reduction method with sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. The size effect of silver nanoparticles on antimicrobial activity were tested against the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC No. 96), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC No. 441), Streptococcus mutans (MTCC No. 497), Escherichia coli (MTCC No. 739) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC No. 1934). The results shows that B. subtilis, and E. coli were more sensitive to silver nanoparticles and its size, indicating the superior antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles.

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Abiotic reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in the presence of sulfide minerals under anoxic conditions

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1996.0235 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 34 (10) ◽

pp. 25-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cheng Jiayang ◽

Makram T. Suidan ◽

Albert D. Venosa

Keyword(s):

Electron Donor ◽

Chemical Reduction ◽

Sulfide Minerals ◽

Sulfide Concentration ◽

Magnesium Ions ◽

High Concentration ◽

Anoxic Conditions ◽

High Affinity ◽

Iron Nickel ◽

Abiotic Reduction

Abiotic reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) in the presence of sulfide minerals has been investigated under anoxic conditions at 35°C. 2,4-DNT was abiotically reduced to 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4-A-2-NT) and 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2-A-4-NT) in the presence of high concentration of sulfide (0.84 mM). No abiotic reduction of 2,4-DNT was observed in the presence of low sulfide concentration (0.42 mM). The rate and the extent of the abiotic reduction of 2,4-DNT were increased with an increase in sulfide concentration. Sulfide served as an electron donor for the reduction of 2,4-DNT. The 2-nitro group was preferentially reduced, making the 2-A-4-NT:4-A-2-NT ratio in the final products 2:1. The addition of iron, nickel, and cobalt minerals significantly enhanced the abiotic reduction. The FeS, NiS, and CoS solids formed in the serum bottles catalyzed the reduction of 2,4-DNT preferentially to 4-A-2-NT. MnS and CuS solids also catalyzed the reduction of 2,4-DNT to 4-A-2-NT, but did not change the overall reduction of 2,4-DNT. However, the presence of calcium, zinc, and magnesium minerals impeded 2,4-DNT reduction. The calcium, zinc, and magnesium ions have a high affinity to sulfide, inactivating sulfide as an electron donor for the chemical reduction of 2,4-DNT.

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Pollution, Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Organic Dyes and their Catalytic Bio-Remediation

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612825666191021142026 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (34) ◽

pp. 3645-3663 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Muhammad Ismail ◽

Kalsoom Akhtar ◽

M.I. Khan ◽

Tahseen Kamal ◽

Murad A. Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Pollution ◽

Textile Industry ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Diarrheal Disease ◽

Organic Dyes ◽

Chemical Reduction ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Agricultural Runoff ◽

E Coli ◽

Sanitation Services

: Water pollution due to waste effluents of the textile industry is seriously causing various health problems in humans. Water pollution with pathogenic bacteria, especially Escherichia coli (E. coli) and other microbes is due to the mixing of fecal material with drinking water, industrial and domestic sewage, pasture and agricultural runoff. Among the chemical pollutants, organic dyes due to toxic nature, are one of the major contaminants of industrial wastewater. Adequate sanitation services and drinking quality water would eliminate 200 million cases of diarrhea, which results in 2.1 million less deaths caused by diarrheal disease due to E. coli each year. Nanotechnology is an excellent platform as compared to conventional treatment methods of water treatment and remediation from microorganisms and organic dyes. In the current study, toxicity and carcinogenicity of the organic dyes have been studied as well as the remediation/inactivation of dyes and microorganism has been discussed. Remediation by biological, physical and chemical methods has been reviewed critically. A physical process like adsorption is cost-effective, but can’t degrade dyes. Biological methods were considered to be ecofriendly and cost-effective. Microbiological degradation of dyes is cost-effective, eco-friendly and alternative to the chemical reduction. Besides, certain enzymes especially horseradish peroxidase are used as versatile catalysts in a number of industrial processes. Moreover, this document has been prepared by gathering recent research works related to the dyes and microbial pollution elimination from water sources by using heterogeneous photocatalysts, metal nanoparticles catalysts, metal oxides and enzymes.

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