Pollution, Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Organic Dyes and their Catalytic Bio-Remediation

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (34) ◽  
pp. 3645-3663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ismail ◽  
Kalsoom Akhtar ◽  
M.I. Khan ◽  
Tahseen Kamal ◽  
Murad A. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sanitation Services

: Water pollution due to waste effluents of the textile industry is seriously causing various health problems in humans. Water pollution with pathogenic bacteria, especially Escherichia coli (E. coli) and other microbes is due to the mixing of fecal material with drinking water, industrial and domestic sewage, pasture and agricultural runoff. Among the chemical pollutants, organic dyes due to toxic nature, are one of the major contaminants of industrial wastewater. Adequate sanitation services and drinking quality water would eliminate 200 million cases of diarrhea, which results in 2.1 million less deaths caused by diarrheal disease due to E. coli each year. Nanotechnology is an excellent platform as compared to conventional treatment methods of water treatment and remediation from microorganisms and organic dyes. In the current study, toxicity and carcinogenicity of the organic dyes have been studied as well as the remediation/inactivation of dyes and microorganism has been discussed. Remediation by biological, physical and chemical methods has been reviewed critically. A physical process like adsorption is cost-effective, but can’t degrade dyes. Biological methods were considered to be ecofriendly and cost-effective. Microbiological degradation of dyes is cost-effective, eco-friendly and alternative to the chemical reduction. Besides, certain enzymes especially horseradish peroxidase are used as versatile catalysts in a number of industrial processes. Moreover, this document has been prepared by gathering recent research works related to the dyes and microbial pollution elimination from water sources by using heterogeneous photocatalysts, metal nanoparticles catalysts, metal oxides and enzymes.

Probiotics Slow the Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowles H. L.
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Controlled Delivery ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiple Strains ◽  
Commercial Probiotics

Probiotics are live microorganisms, which when ingested in sufficient amounts, confer health benefits to the host by improving the gut microflora balance. The purpose of this research was to determine whether commercial probiotic products containing multitude of commensal bacteria would reduce the growth rate of pathogenic bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Growth curves were established, and the growth rates were compared for samples of E. coli, S. typhimurium, Nature’s Bounty Controlled Delivery probiotic, Sundown Naturals Probiotic Balance probiotic, and cocultures of the pathogenic bacteria mixed with the probiotics. The findings of this research were that the commercial probiotics significantly reduced the growth rate of E. coli and S. typhimurium when combined in cocultures. Probiotics containing multiple strains may be taken prophylactically to reduce the risk of bacterial infections caused by E. coli and S. typhimurium. Probiotics could be used to reduce the high global morbidity and mortality rates of diarrheal disease.

scholarly journals Virulence of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, a Global Pathogen

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Clarke ◽  
R. D. Haigh ◽  
P. P. E. Freestone ◽  
P. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Lesion Site ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Enterocyte Effacement ◽  
Broad Overview

SUMMARY Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) remains an important cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. Research into EPEC is intense and provides a good virulence model of other E. coli infections as well as other pathogenic bacteria. Although the virulence mechanisms are now better understood, they are extremely complex and much remains to be learnt. The pathogenesis of EPEC depends on the formation of an ultrastructural lesion in which the bacteria make intimate contact with the host apical enterocyte membrane. The formation of this lesion is a consequence of the ability of EPEC to adhere in a localized manner to the host cell, aided by bundle-forming pili. Tyrosine phosphorylation and signal transduction events occur within the host cell at the lesion site, leading to a disruption of the host cell mechanisms and, consequently, to diarrhea. These result from the action of highly regulated EPEC secreted proteins which are released via a type III secretion system, many genes of which are located within a pathogenicity island known as the locus of enterocyte effacement. Over the last few years, dramatic increases in our knowledge of EPEC virulence have taken place. This review therefore aims to provide a broad overview of and update to the virulence aspects of EPEC.

Detection of Coliforms in Drinking Water and its Effect on Human Health - A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Partha Pal
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
The Public ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Public Health Protection

The coliform group has been used extensively as an indicator of water quality and has historically led to the public health protection concept. Total coliforms are a group of bacteria commonly found in the environment, for example in soil or vegetation, as well as the intestines of mammals, including humans. Total coliform bacteria are not likely to cause illness, but their presence indicates that the water supply may be vulnerable to contamination by more harmful microorganisms. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the only member of the total coliform group of bacteria that is found only in the intestines of mammals, including humans. The presence of E. coli in water indicates recent fecal contamination and may indicate the possible presence of disease-causing pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Although most strains of E. coli bacteria are harmless, certain strains, such as E.coli 0157:H7, may cause illness. About 80 % of communicable diseases in the world are waterborne. According to WHO estimate about 80 % of water pollution in developing country, like India is carried by domestic waste. In India 70 % of the water is seriously polluted and 75 % of illness and 80 % of the child mortality is attributed to water pollution. The improper management of water systems may cause serious problems in availability and quality of water. The major pathogenic bacteria responsible for water borne disease are spread by the faeco-oral route, in which water may play an intermediate role. The aim of this review is to examine methods currently in use for the detection of coliforms in drinking water and also to evaluate the possible health hazards associated with drinking water contaminated with coliforms.

Bioenhancing Effect of Cow Urine Distillate and Pepper Extract on Antibacterial Activity of Azadirachta Indica Leaves

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3212-3214
Author(s):  
Pramod Dhakal ◽  
Ankit a Achary ◽  
Vedamurthy Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Cow Urine

Bioenhancers are drug facilitator which do not show the typical drug activity but in combination to enhance the activity of other molecule in several way including increase the bioavailability of drug across the membrane, potentiating the drug molecules by conformational interaction, acting as receptor for drug molecules and making target cell more receptive to drugs and promote and increase the bioactivity or bioavailability or the uptake of drugs in combination therapy. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial and activity of combination in Azadirachta indica extract with cow urine distillate and pepper extract against common pathogenic bacteria, a causative agent of watery diarrhea. It has been found that Indian indigenous cow urine and its distillate also possess bioenhancing ability. Bioenhancing role of cow urine distillate (CUD) and pepper extract was investigated on antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica. Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract neem alone and in combination with CUD and pepper extract were determined the ATCC strains against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E-coli by cup plate diffusion method. Ethanol extract of neem has showed more effect on P. aeruginosa, E-coli than S. aureus and K. pneumonia with combination of CUD and pepper extract. CUD and pepper did not show any inhibition of test bacteria in low concentration. The antibacterial effect of combination of extract and CUD was higher than the inhibition caused by extract alone and is suggestive of the bioenhancing role of cow urine distillate and pepper. Moreover, inhibition of test bacteria was observed with less concentration of extract on combining with CUD

Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Prepared Under an Ultrasonic Field

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1491-1496
Author(s):  
Umadevi M ◽  
Rani T ◽  
Balakrishnan T ◽  
Ramanibai R
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Ultrasonic Field ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Chemical Reduction Method ◽  
E Coli

Nanotechnology has great promise for improving the therapeutic potential of medicinal molecules and related agents. In this study, silver nanoparticles of different sizes were synthesized in an ultrasonic field using the chemical reduction method with sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. The size effect of silver nanoparticles on antimicrobial activity were tested against the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC No. 96), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC No. 441), Streptococcus mutans (MTCC No. 497), Escherichia coli (MTCC No. 739) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC No. 1934). The results shows that B. subtilis, and E. coli were more sensitive to silver nanoparticles and its size, indicating the superior antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles. 

Antimicrobial properties of actively purified secondary metabolites isolated from different marine organisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilushi Indika Bamunu Arachchige ◽  
Fazlurrahman Khan ◽  
Young-Mog Kim
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds

Background: The treatment of infection caused by pathogenic bacteria becomes one of the serious concerns globally. The failure in the treatment was found due to the exhibition of multiple resistance mechanisms against the antimicrobial agents. Emergence of resistant bacterial species has also been observed due to prolong treatment using conventional antibiotics. To combat these problems, several alternative strategies have been employed using biological and chemically synthesized compounds as antibacterial agents. Marine organisms considered as one of the potential sources for the isolation of bioactive compounds due to the easily available, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. Methods: The online search methodology was adapted for the collection of information related to the antimicrobial properties of marine-derived compounds. These compound has been isolated and purified by different purification techniques, and their structure also characterized. Furthermore, the antibacterial activities have been reported by using broth microdilution as well as disc diffusion assays. Results: The present review paper describes the antimicrobial effect of diverse secondary metabolites which are isolated and purified from the different marine organisms. The structural elucidation of each secondary metabolite has also been done in the present paper, which will help for the in silico designing of the novel and potent antimicrobial compounds. Conclusion: A thorough literature search has been made and summarizes the list of antimicrobial compounds that are isolated from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic marine organisms. The information obtained from the present paper will be helpful for the application of marine compounds as antimicrobial agents against different antibiotic-resistant human pathogenic bacteria.

Acetate Kinase (AcK) is Essential for Microbial Growth and Betel-derived Compounds Potentially Target AcK, PhoP and MDR Proteins in M. tuberculosis, V. cholerae and Pathogenic E. coli: An in silico and in vitro Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (31) ◽  
pp. 2731-2740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Tiwari ◽  
Debmalya Barh ◽  
M. Imchen ◽  
Eswar Rao ◽  
Ranjith K. Kumavath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
Acetate Kinase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Novel Target

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, and pathogenic Escherichia coli are global concerns for public health. The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of these pathogens is creating additional challenges in controlling infections caused by these deadly bacteria. Recently, we reported that Acetate kinase (AcK) could be a broad-spectrum novel target in several bacteria including these pathogens. Methods: Here, using in silico and in vitro approaches we show that (i) AcK is an essential protein in pathogenic bacteria; (ii) natural compounds Chlorogenic acid and Pinoresinol from Piper betel and Piperidine derivative compound 6-oxopiperidine-3-carboxylic acid inhibit the growth of pathogenic E. coli and M. tuberculosis by targeting AcK with equal or higher efficacy than the currently used antibiotics; (iii) molecular modeling and docking studies show interactions between inhibitors and AcK that correlate with the experimental results; (iv) these compounds are highly effective even on MDR strains of these pathogens; (v) further, the compounds may also target bacterial two-component system proteins that help bacteria in expressing the genes related to drug resistance and virulence; and (vi) finally, all the tested compounds are predicted to have drug-like properties. Results and Conclusion: Suggesting that, these Piper betel derived compounds may be further tested for developing a novel class of broad-spectrum drugs against various common and MDR pathogens.

Quality Improvement of the DNA extracted by boiling method in Gram negative bacteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
pp. 5347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar B. Ahmed* ◽  
Anas S. Dablool
Keyword(s):  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli

Several methods of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction have been applied to extract bacterial DNA. The amount and the quality of the DNA obtained for each one of those methods are variable. The study aimed to evaluate bacterial DNA extraction using conventional boiling method followed by alcohol precipitation. DNA extraction from Gram negative bacilli was extracted and precipitated using boiling method with further precipitation by ethanol. The extraction procedure performed using the boiling method resulted in high DNA yields for both E. coli and K. pneumoniae bacteria in (199.7 and 285.7μg/ml, respectively) which was close to control method (229.3 and 440.3μg/ml). It was concluded that after alcohol precipitation boiling procedure was easy, cost-effective, and applicable for high-yield quality of DNA in Gram-negative bacteria.

scholarly journals Comparison of long-read sequencing technologies in interrogating bacteria and fly genomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S Tvedte ◽  
Mark Gasser ◽  
Benjamin C Sparklin ◽  
Jane Michalski ◽  
Carl E Hjelmen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Genome ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Drosophila Ananassae ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hybrid Approaches ◽  
Long Read

Abstract The newest generation of DNA sequencing technology is highlighted by the ability to generate sequence reads hundreds of kilobases in length. Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) have pioneered competitive long read platforms, with more recent work focused on improving sequencing throughput and per-base accuracy. We used whole-genome sequencing data produced by three PacBio protocols (Sequel II CLR, Sequel II HiFi, RS II) and two ONT protocols (Rapid Sequencing and Ligation Sequencing) to compare assemblies of the bacteria Escherichia coli and the fruit fly Drosophila ananassae. In both organisms tested, Sequel II assemblies had the highest consensus accuracy, even after accounting for differences in sequencing throughput. ONT and PacBio CLR had the longest reads sequenced compared to PacBio RS II and HiFi, and genome contiguity was highest when assembling these datasets. ONT Rapid Sequencing libraries had the fewest chimeric reads in addition to superior quantification of E. coli plasmids versus ligation-based libraries. The quality of assemblies can be enhanced by adopting hybrid approaches using Illumina libraries for bacterial genome assembly or polishing eukaryotic genome assemblies, and an ONT-Illumina hybrid approach would be more cost-effective for many users. Genome-wide DNA methylation could be detected using both technologies, however ONT libraries enabled the identification of a broader range of known E. coli methyltransferase recognition motifs in addition to undocumented D. ananassae motifs. The ideal choice of long read technology may depend on several factors including the question or hypothesis under examination. No single technology outperformed others in all metrics examined.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Efficacy and Spectrum of Phosphorous-Fluorine Co-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium, Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shewanella putrefaciens, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1786
Author(s):  
György Schneider ◽  
Bettina Schweitzer ◽  
Anita Steinbach ◽  
Botond Zsombor Pertics ◽  
Alysia Cox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Tio2 Nps ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Co Doped

Contamination of meats and meat products with foodborne pathogenic bacteria raises serious safety issues in the food industry. The antibacterial activities of phosphorous-fluorine co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (PF-TiO2) were investigated against seven foodborne pathogenic bacteria: Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium, Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shewanella putrefaciens, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. PF-TiO2 NPs were synthesized hydrothermally at 250 °C for 1, 3, 6 or 12 h, and then tested at three different concentrations (500 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL) for the inactivation of foodborne bacteria under UVA irradiation, daylight exposure or dark conditions. The antibacterial efficacies were compared after 30 min of exposure to light. Distinct differences in the antibacterial activities of the PF-TiO2 NPs, and the susceptibilities of tested foodborne pathogenic bacterium species were found. PF-TiO2/3 h and PF-TiO2/6 h showed the highest antibacterial activity by decreasing the living bacterial cell number from ~106 by ~5 log (L. monocytogenes), ~4 log (EHEC), ~3 log (Y. enterolcolitca, S. putrefaciens) and ~2.5 log (S. aureus), along with complete eradication of C. jejuni and S. Typhimurium. Efficacy of PF-TiO2/1 h and PF-TiO2/12 h NPs was lower, typically causing a ~2–4 log decrease in colony forming units depending on the tested bacterium while the effect of PF-TiO2/0 h was comparable to P25 TiO2, a commercial TiO2 with high photocatalytic activity. Our results show that PF-co-doping of TiO2 NPs enhanced the antibacterial action against foodborne pathogenic bacteria and are potential candidates for use in the food industry as active surface components, potentially contributing to the production of meats that are safe for consumption.

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