Recent progress in inkjet-printed solar cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (23) ◽  
pp. 13873-13902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santhosh Kumar Karunakaran ◽  
Gowri Manohari Arumugam ◽  
Wentao Yang ◽  
Sijie Ge ◽  
Saqib Nawaz Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
Energy Demands

In the past few decades, the fabrication of solar cells has been considered as one of the most promising ways to meet the increasing energy demands to support the development of modern society as well as to control the environmental pollution caused by the combustion of fossil fuels.

scholarly journals Engineering of TiO2 or ZnO—Graphene Oxide Nanoheterojunctions for Hybrid Solar Cells Devices

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Duarte Carreira ◽  
Paulo A. Ribeiro ◽  
Maria Raposo ◽  
Susana Sério
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Zno Films ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Rc Circuit

It is currently of huge importance to find alternatives to fossil fuels to produce clean energy and to ensure the energy demands of modern society. In the present work, two types of hybrid solar cell devices were developed and characterized. The photoactive layers of the hybrid heterojunctions comprise poly (allylamine chloride) (PAH) and graphene oxide (GO) and TiO2 or ZnO films, which were deposited using the layer-by-layer technique and DC-reactive magnetron sputtering, respectively, onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates. Scanning electron microscopy evidenced a homogeneous inorganic layer, the surface morphology of which was dependent on the number of organic bilayers. The electrical characterization pointed out that FTO/(PAH/GO)50/TiO2/Al, FTO/(PAH/GO)30/ZnO/Al, and FTO/(PAH/GO)50/ZnO/Al architectures were the only ones to exhibit a diode behavior, and the last one experienced a decrease in current in a low-humidity environment. The (PAH/GO)20 impedance spectroscopy study further revealed the typical impedance of a parallel RC circuit for a dry environment, whereas in a humid environment, it approached the impedance of a series of three parallel RC circuits, indicating that water and oxygen contribute to other conduction processes. Finally, the achieved devices should be encapsulated to work successfully as solar cells.

Environmental Pollution in China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Great Cost ◽  
Public Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Car Market ◽  
The Government ◽  
Material Progress

When Deng Xiaoping introduced market reforms in the late 1970s, few would have imagined what the next four decades would bring. China’s GDP has grown on average nearly 10 percent annually since, and its economy is now the second largest in the world. Forty years ago, the Flying Pigeon bicycle ruled the roads; today, China is the world’s largest car market. And if forty years ago you looked out across the Huangpu River from the Bund in Shanghai, you would have seen farmland and a few warehouses and wharves; now you see the stunning, futuristic cityscape of Pudong. The material progress of the past forty years has been staggering-a source of pride for the Chinese people, as well as a source of legitimacy for the ruling Chinese Communist Party. But that progress has come at great cost: the extreme pollution of China’s air, water, and soil has taken a stark toll on human health. In Environmental Pollution in China: What Everyone Needs to Know®, Daniel K. Gardner examines the range of factors-economic, social, political, and historical-contributing to the degradation of China’s environment. He also covers the public response to the widespread pollution; the measures the government is taking to clean up the environment; and the country’s efforts to lessen its dependence on fossil fuels and develop clean sources of energy. Concise, accessible, and authoritative, this book serves as an ideal primer on one of the world’s most challenging environmental crises.

Recent progress on stability issues of organic–inorganic hybrid lead perovskite-based solar cells

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (92) ◽  
pp. 89356-89366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Li ◽  
Peizhe Liao ◽  
Xuxia Shai ◽  
Wenchao Huang ◽  
Shaungshuang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Inorganic Hybrid ◽  
The Past ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Halide Perovskite ◽  
Stability Issues ◽  
Made In

Over the past few years, substantial progress has been made in research on organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells.

Application of Two-dimensional Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells; Recent Progress, Challenges and Prospective Solutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Ossama Ali Ahmad ◽  
Atif Ashfaq ◽  
Muhammad Usama Akbar ◽  
Mujtaba Ikram ◽  
Karim Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Power Conversion ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Two Dimensional Materials ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies

Perovskite solar cells (per-SCs) with high performance and cost-effective solution processing have been the center of interest for researchers in the past decade. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) have been gradually...

Recent progress in meniscus coating for large-area perovskite solar cells and solar modules

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyi Wu ◽  
Weihang Li ◽  
Yiran Ye ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Hong Lin
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Large Area ◽  
The Past

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted more attention in the past decade due to their outstanding photovoltaic performances. However, previous researches mainly focused on small-area PSCs, which do not meet...

scholarly journals The Ecotoxicology of Heavy Metals from Various Anthropogenic Sources and Pathways for their Bioremediation

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 2556-2560
Author(s):  
Andrei Cristian Gradinaru ◽  
Gheorghe Solcan ◽  
Mihalea Claudia Spataru ◽  
Luminita Diana Hritcu ◽  
Liviu Catalin Burtan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Soil Phytoremediation ◽  
Necessary Evil

Although Cu and Zn are important microelements with well-defined roles in organisms functioning, their presence in toxic concentrations is related to a contamination process. On the other hand, Pb, Cd, and Hg are toxic xenobiotics with cumulative effects on various organisms, and in the case of Ni the reports are contradictory. All of these heavy metals are found as a naturally content in the earth�s crust wherefrom are mobilized through volcanic eruptions or mining activities. Some human activities, such as metals smelting, burning of fossil fuels, cement obtaining, usage of pesticides in agriculture, contribute to the environmental pollution with these heavy metals. The presence of heavy metals is considered a risk factor for all components of the ecosystem due to their geo- and bio accumulative features. In long-term exposure, especially in countries with intensive industrialization and urbanization, toxic and carcinogenic effects based on various mechanisms were reported. However, the extraction and the usage of heavy metals in various industry branches might be considered a necessary evil for the nowadays modern society. In some moments of our evolution there were no alternatives, neither as knowledge, nor as application possibilities. In last decades, alarm signals were pulled by the scientific community and non-governmental organizations, and a legislation of heavy metal residues monitoring was developed and applied in many countries all over the world. Moreover, various ecological alternatives were found for the limitation or even excluding of pollutant materials from many of our life aspects (unleaded petrol, insecticides based on pheromones, green concrete manufactured with less cement quantity etc.) and different ways of soil phytoremediation and heavy metals biosorption from aqueous media were tested. The aim of this paper is to review the most important aspects related to heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cu, Zn) ecotoxicology. Various sources of environmental pollution and different mechanisms for physiological homeostasis disruption for each reviewed elementary xenobiotic are critically discussed.

Summary

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert May
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
The Past ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Co2 Levels ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of

Energy . . . Beyond Oil is important and timely and should be understood within the wider context of global climate change and future energy demands. In the 1780s John Watts developed his steam engine and so began the Industrial Revolution. At this time, ice-core records show that levels of CO2 in the atmosphere were around 288 parts per million (ppm). Give or take 10 ppm, this had been their level for the past 6,000 years, since the dawn of the first cities. As industrialization drove up the burning of fossil fuels in the developed world, CO2 levels rose. At first the rise was slow. It took about a century and a half to reach 315 ppm. The rise accelerated during the twentieth century: 330 ppm by the mid-1970s; 360 ppm by the 1990s; 380 ppm today. This change of 20 ppm over the past decade is equal to that last seen when the most recent ice age ended, ushering in the dawn of the Holocene epoch, 10,000 years ago. If current trends continue, then by about 2050 atmospheric CO2 levels will have reachedaround500 ppm, nearly double pre-industrial levels. The last time our planet experienced such high levels was some 50 million years ago, during the Eocene epoch, when sea levels were around100 m higher than today. The Dutch Nobelist, Paul Crutzen, has, indeed, suggested that we should recognize that we are now living in a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. He sees this epoch as beginning around 1780, when industrialization began to change the geochemical history of our planet. Even today, there continues to exist a ‘denial lobby’, funded to the tune of tens of millions of dollars by sectors of the petrochemical industry, and highly influential in some countries. This lobby has understandable similarities, in tactics and attitudes, to the tobacco lobby that continues to deny smoking causes lung cancer, or the curious lobby denying that HIV causes AIDS. This denial lobby is currently very influential in the USA.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Feedstock and Lipase Research and Development towards Commercialization of Enzymatic Biodiesel

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1743
Author(s):  
Vasudeo Zambare ◽  
Rutuja Patankar ◽  
Bhushan Bhusare ◽  
Lew Christopher
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Social Perspectives ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

Biodiesel is a biodegradable, renewable, and carbon-neutral alternative to petroleum diesel that can contribute to the global effort of minimizing the use of fossil fuels and meeting the ever-growing energy demands and stringent environmental constraints. The aim of this work was to (1) review the recent progress in feedstock development, including first, second, third, and fourth-generation feedstocks for biodiesel production; (2) discuss recent progress in lipase research and development as one of the key factors for establishing a cost-competitive biodiesel process in terms of enzyme sources, properties, immobilization, and transesterification efficiency; and (3) provide an update of the current challenges and opportunities for biodiesel commercialization from techno-economic and social perspectives. Related biodiesel producers, markets, challenges, and opportunities for biodiesel commercialization, including environmental considerations, are critically discussed.

BP Global Energy Outlook 2030

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rühl
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Us ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Oil Gas

This paper presents the highlights of the third annual edition of the BP Energy Outlook, which sets out BP’s view of the most likely developments in global energy markets to 2030, based on up-to-date analysis and taking into account developments of the past year. The Outlook’s overall expectation for growth in global energy demand is to be 36% higher in 2030 than in 2011 and almost all the growth coming from emerging economies. It also reflects shifting expectations of the pattern of supply, with unconventional sources — shale gas and tight oil together with heavy oil and biofuels — playing an increasingly important role and, in particular, transforming the energy balance of the US. While the fuel mix is evolving, fossil fuels will continue to be dominant. Oil, gas and coal are expected to converge on market shares of around 26—28% each by 2030, and non-fossil fuels — nuclear, hydro and renewables — on a share of around 6—7% each. By 2030, increasing production and moderating demand will result in the US being 99% self-sufficient in net energy. Meanwhile, with continuing steep economic growth, major emerging economies such as China and India will become increasingly reliant on energy imports. These shifts will have major impacts on trade balances.

Collective Memory: Between Values and Historical Knowledge

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-142
Author(s):  
VICTOR BURLACHUK
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

At the end of the twentieth century, questions of a secondary nature suddenly became topical: what do we remember and who owns the memory? Memory as one of the mental characteristics of an individual’s activity is complemented by the concept of collective memory, which requires a different method of analysis than the activity of a separate individual. In the 1970s, a situation arose that gave rise to the so-called "historical politics" or "memory politics." If philosophical studies of memory problems of the 30’s and 40’s of the twentieth century were focused mainly on the peculiarities of perception of the past in the individual and collective consciousness and did not go beyond scientific discussions, then half a century later the situation has changed dramatically. The problem of memory has found its political sound: historians and sociologists, politicians and representatives of the media have entered the discourse on memory. Modern society, including all social, ethnic and family groups, has undergone a profound change in the traditional attitude towards the past, which has been associated with changes in the structure of government. In connection with the discrediting of the Soviet Union, the rapid decline of the Communist Party and its ideology, there was a collapse of Marxism, which provided for a certain model of time and history. The end of the revolutionary idea, a powerful vector that indicated the direction of historical time into the future, inevitably led to a rapid change in perception of the past. Three models of the future, which, according to Pierre Nora, defined the face of the past (the future as a restoration of the past, the future as progress and the future as a revolution) that existed until recently, have now lost their relevance. Today, absolute uncertainty hangs over the future. The inability to predict the future poses certain challenges to the present. The end of any teleology of history imposes on the present a debt of memory. Features of the life of memory, the specifics of its state and functioning directly affect the state of identity, both personal and collective. Distortion of memory, its incorrect work, and its ideological manipulation can give rise to an identity crisis. The memorial phenomenon is a certain political resource in a situation of severe socio-political breaks and changes. In the conditions of the economic crisis and in the absence of a real and clear program for future development, the state often seeks to turn memory into the main element of national consolidation.

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