Turnover of Plasma Esterified Cholesterol: Influence of Dietary Fat and Carbohydrate and Relation to Plasma Lipids and Body Weight

1. The turnover of plasma esterified cholesterol was measured in normal and hyperlipidaemic subjects during diets rich in either carbohydrate, polyunsaturated fat or saturated fat. Turnover was measured from the rate of incorporation of radioactive mevalonic acid into plasma esterified cholesterol. 2. The turnover of esterified cholesterol was greater with polyunsaturated than with saturated fat in each of four normal subjects. 3. In sixteen studies carried out with carbohydrate-rich diets, plasma esterified cholesterol turnover tended to increase as the cholesterol concentration rose. Turnover appeared also to be higher among subjects with carbohydrate-induced hyperlipidaemia especially when they were overweight. Thus, esterified cholesterol turnover was significantly correlated with the plasma concentrations of both cholesterol and triglyceride and with body weight. 4. The physiological function of esterified cholesterol is not known but these findings suggest that it may be related to lipid transport.

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Regulation of plasma leptin in mice: influence of age, high-fat diet, and fasting

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.1.r113 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 273 (1) ◽

pp. R113-R120 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

B. Ahren ◽

S. Mansson ◽

R. L. Gingerich ◽

P. J. Havel

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Age Groups ◽

Fat Content ◽

High Fat ◽

Background Strain ◽

Plasma Leptin

Mechanisms regulating circulating leptin are incompletely understood. We developed a radioimmunoassay for mouse leptin to examine the influence of age, dietary fat content, and fasting on plasma concentrations of leptin in the background strain for the ob/ob mouse, the C57BL/6J mouse. Plasma leptin increased with age [5.3 +/- 0.6 ng/ml at 2 mo (n = 23) vs. 14.2 +/- 1.6 ng/ml at 11 mo (n = 15), P < 0.001]. Across all age groups (2-11 mo, n = 160), log plasma leptin correlated with body weight (r = 0.68, P < 0.0001), plasma insulin (r = 0.38, P < 0.001), and amount of intra-abdominal fat (r = 0.90, P < 0.001), as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. Plasma leptin was increased by a high-fat diet (58% fat for 10 mo) and reduced by fasting for 48 h. The reduction of plasma leptin was correlated with the reduction of plasma insulin (r = 0.43, P = 0.012) but not with the initial body weight or the change in body weight. Moreover, the reduction in plasma leptin by fasting was impaired by high-fat diet. Thus plasma leptin in C57BL/6J mice 1) increases with age or a high-fat diet; 2) correlates with body weight, fat content, and plasma insulin; and 3) is reduced during fasting by an action inhibited by high-fat diet and related to changes of plasma insulin.

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Metabolic Syndrome—Role of Dietary Fat Type and Quantity

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11071438 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1438 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Peter Clifton

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Fasting Insulin ◽

Polyunsaturated Fat ◽

Monounsaturated Fat ◽

The Impact

Background: Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) over and above that related to type 2 diabetes. The optimal diet for the treatment of metabolic syndrome is not clear. Materials and Methods: A review of dietary interventions in volunteers with metabolic syndrome as well as studies examining the impact of dietary fat on the separate components of metabolic syndrome was undertaken using only recent meta-analyses, if available. Results: Most of the data suggest that replacing carbohydrates with any fat, but particularly polyunsaturated fat, will lower triglyceride(TG), increase high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and lower blood pressure, but have no effects on fasting glucose in normal volunteers or insulin sensitivity, as assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps. Fasting insulin may be lowered by fat. Monounsaturated fat (MUFA) is preferable to polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) for fasting insulin and glucose lowering. The addition of 3–4 g of N3 fats will lower TG and blood pressure (BP) and reduce the proportion of subjects with metabolic syndrome. Dairy fat (50% saturated fat) is also related to a lower incidence of metabolic syndrome in cohort studies.

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Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Supplementation Has No Effect on Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis in Mice

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa148 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Shayan Mohammadmoradi ◽

Deborah A Howatt ◽

Hong S Lu ◽

Alan Daugherty ◽

Sibu P Saha

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Plasma Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Receptor ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Momordica Charantia ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Bitter Melon ◽

Diet Induced Obesity ◽

Atherosclerosis Development ◽

Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT Bitter melon (BM; Momordica charantia L.) has been reported to ameliorate diet-induced obesity and dyslipidemia. However, the effects of BM on atherosclerosis have not been determined. This study investigated the effects of BM diet-induced atherosclerosis in LDL receptor–deficient mice. A total of 30 female mice (aged 6–8 wk) were fed a saturated fat–enriched diet. In group 1 (n = 10), mice were fed this diet alone, whereas mice in groups 2 and 3 (n = 10/group) were fed the diet supplemented with BM either 0.1% or 1% by weight. After 12 wk, body weight, plasma cholesterol, and atherosclerotic plaque areas were analyzed. No significant differences in body weight and plasma cholesterol concentrations were observed among the groups. Also, BM supplementation did not affect atherosclerosis development. In conclusion, dietary BM has no effect on plasma cholesterol concentration and atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic mice.

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Dietary Fat and Protein Intakes in Relation to Plasma Sphingolipids As Determined by a Large-Scale Lipidomic Analysis

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab047_024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 861-861

Author(s):

Jowy Seah Yi Hoong ◽

Wee Siong Chew ◽

Federico Torta ◽

Chin Meng Khoo ◽

Markus R Wenk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

Large Scale ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

Fat Intake ◽

Polyunsaturated Fat ◽

Nutrient Intakes ◽

The Impact ◽

Long Chain

Abstract Objectives Sphingolipid concentrations have been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Because sphingolipids can be synthesized de novo from saturated fatty acids (SFA), dietary fatty acids may affect plasma sphingolipid concentrations. We aimed to evaluate dietary fat and protein intakes in relation to circulating sphingolipid levels. Methods We used cross-sectional data from 2860 ethnic Chinese Singaporeans collected from 2004–2007. Nutrient intakes were estimated on the basis of a validated 159-item food frequency questionnaire. We quantified 79 molecularly distinct sphingolipids in a large-scale lipidomic evaluation from plasma samples. Results Higher saturated fat intake was associated with higher concentrations of 16:1; O2 sphingolipids including ceramides, monohexosylcermides, dihexosylceramides, sphingomyelins, and sphingosine 1-phosphates. Higher polyunsaturated fat intake was associated with lower plasma long-chain ceramides and long-chain monohexosylcermide concentrations. Protein intake was inversely associated with concentrations of most subclasses of sphingolipids, with the exception of sphingolipids containing a 16:1; O2 sphingoid base. Lower intake of saturated fat and higher intake of polyunsaturated fat and protein may decrease plasma concentrations of several sphingolipid classes. Conclusions These findings may represent a novel biological mechanism for the impact of nutrient intakes on cardio-metabolic health. Funding Sources This work was supported by the National Research Foundation Investigatorship grant (NRF-NRFI2015–05, to MRW), A*STAR (I1901E0040), and the National University Health System (NUHSRO/2014/085/AF-Partner/01, DRH). FT was supported by the NRF and A*STAR IAF-ICP I1901E0040.

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Abstract P358: Dietary Fat Quality and Risk of CHD in the 28 Year Follow-up of a Large Prospective Study of US Women

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.125.suppl_10.ap358 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽

Author(s):

Stephanie E Chiuve ◽

Frank B Hu ◽

Christine M Albert ◽

Kathryn M Rexrode ◽

JoAnn E Manson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fat ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Health Study ◽

Fat Intake ◽

Polyunsaturated Fat ◽

Fat Quality ◽

Nutrient Density ◽

Chd Risk ◽

Total Fat

Background: The importance of fat quality is reflected in the recent 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which recommend reducing saturated fat intake, and replacing this with polyunsaturated fat. Health effects of dietary fat are often estimated as an isocaloric substitution with carbohydrates (nutrient density models). Expressing fat intake as a % of total fat instead better quantifies fat quality, in overall diet and individual foods, and may provide an alternative approach to evaluate associated disease risk. We evaluated this novel measure of dietary fat quality, the % of fat type relative to total fat intake, on CHD risk among women in the Nurses' Health Study. Methods: We followed 84,531 women, free of chronic disease at baseline, from 1980-2008. Data on diet and other factors were ascertained every 2-4 years via questionnaires. For saturated and polyunsaturated fats, fat quality was calculated as grams of fat type / grams of total fat, and included in Cox proportional hazards models with total fat (fat density model), to estimate the association between fat intake and risk of CHD. We also estimated these associations using traditional nutrient density models, with isocaloric replacement of fat with carbohydrates. Results: Over 28 years, there were 3373 cases of CHD. A greater proportion of fat intake as saturated fat was associated with higher risk of CHD (p, trend<0.001) ( Table ). Conversely, a greater proportion of fat intake as polyunsaturated fat was associated with lower risk (p, trend<0.001), which was seen for both N-6 and N-3 fats. Compared with nutrient density models, RR obtained from fat density models were greater in magnitude for saturated and N-3 fats, but similar in magnitude for total and N-6 polyunsaturated fat. Conclusions: Saturated and polyunsaturated fat, quantified as a % of total fat, were significantly associated with CHD risk. This novel measure of dietary fat may aid in the translation of dietary recommendations of fat quality and may provide guidance in distinguishing foods based on fat quality.

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Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors During Weight-Loss Maintenance: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa049_018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 625-625

Author(s):

Cara Ebbeling ◽

Amy Knapp ◽

Ann Johnson ◽

Julia Wong ◽

Kimberly Greco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Total Energy ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Plasma Lipids ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Weight Loss Maintenance ◽

Lipoprotein Subfractions ◽

Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Objectives To compare effects of diets varying in carbohydrate (carb) and fat on plasma lipids and lipoprotein subfractions. Methods Participants (N = 164, 70% female, 18–65 y, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) achieved 10–14% weight loss on a run-in diet and then were randomized to 3 test diets for 20 weeks of weight-loss maintenance. Percentages of total energy from carb-fat-protein for high-, moderate-, and low-carb diets were 60-20-20 (HI), 40-40-20 (MOD), and 20–60-20 (LO). Relative amounts of added sugar (15% total carb) and saturated fat (35% total fat) were fixed across diets. Plasma was collected at START (post-weight loss) and END of trial. The primary outcome for this ancillary study was lipoprotein insulin resistance (LPIR) – a 6-component weighted score of triglyceride-rich, high-density, and low-density lipoprotein particle (TRL-P, HDL-P, LDL-P) sizes and subfraction concentrations (large/very large TRL-P, large HDL-P, small LDL-P) (NMR spectroscopy, LabCorp). Other outcomes included large LDL-P concentration, triglycerides (TG), and cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C). Means (±SE) and END–START changes (mean [95% CI]) were constructed and compared from repeated measures ANOVA. Results Retention was 90% and 147 participants provided evaluable data, with no difference in body weight by diet after randomization. LPIR was 32.6 ± 1.5 at START. Change in LPIR differed by diet (P = 0.009): LO (−5.3 [−9.2, −1.5]), MOD (−0.02 [−4.1, 4.1]), HI (3.6 [−0.6, 7.7]). Diet effects favoring LO compared to HI were observed for large/very large TRL-P (P = 0.005), large HDL-P (P = 0.045), TG (P = 0.006), and HDL-C (P = 0.04). There were no mean differences between diets for particle sizes, LDL-P subfraction concentrations, and LDL-C (START: 79.3 ± 1.8 mg/dL; END–START: HI, 8.2 [4.2, 12.2]; MOD, 11.7 [7.8, 15.7]; LO, 10.0 [6.3, 13.7]). Conclusions With 3-fold higher saturated fat content (21% vs 7% total energy), a low- vs high-carb diet improved LPIR, a biomarker of diabetes risk, and several other components of the metabolic syndrome, with no adverse effects on LDL-P or LDL-C. These results from a large feeding study suggest that carb restriction may help prevent cardiometabolic disease independent of body weight. Funding Sources Nutrition Science Initiative (gifts from Arnold Ventures and Robert Lloyd Corkin Charitable Foundation), New Balance Foundation, Many Voices Foundation, Blue Cross Blue Shield.

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Effect of changing dietary fat saturation on low-density lipoprotein metabolism in man

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1981.241.1.e57 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 241 (1) ◽

pp. E57-E63 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. D. Turner ◽

N. A. Le ◽

W. V. Brown

Keyword(s):

Production Rate ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Low Density ◽

Type Ii ◽

Polyunsaturated Fat ◽

Fat Saturation

The mechanism of change in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels by diets differing in fat saturation have been studied. Turnover of 125I-LDL was measured in eight subjects with type II hyperlipoproteinemia and in seven normal control subjects during two dietary periods containing 40% of calories as either safflower oil (polyunsaturated fat, PSF) or as lard (saturated fat, SF). Higher levels of LDL apoprotein and LDL-cholesterol were observed in both groups on saturated fat. Subjects with elevated LDL levels (type II) showed a more marked effect of polyunsaturated fat with 25% lower LDL production rate as compared to a reduction of only 10% for the control group. On the PSF diet, the production rate in type II (12.7 mg.kg-1.day-1) was not statistically different from normal subjects (10.5 mg.kg-1.day-1). On this diet, the higher levels of LDL cholesterol in the type II subjects (as compared to controls) were due to a lower fractional clearance rate, mean of 0.27/day compared to a mean of 0.39/day for the normal subjects. Although individuals with type II hyperlipoproteinemia may have a primary clearance defect, the major reduction in plasma cholesterol concentrations achieved with a diet high in polyunsaturated fat can be attributed to a significantly lower LDL production.

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Influence of Maternal Factors (Weight, Body Condition, Parity, and Pregnancy Rank) on Plasma Metabolites of Dairy Ewes and Their Lambs

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9040122 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 122 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jose Pesántez-Pacheco ◽

Ana Heras-Molina ◽

Laura Torres-Rovira ◽

María Sanz-Fernández ◽

Consolación García-Contreras ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Condition ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Plasma Cholesterol ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Plasma Metabolites ◽

Dairy Sheep ◽

The Impact

Pregnancy and lactation are challenging states that affect maternal and lamb health. In Lacaune dairy sheep, we evaluated the impact of parity, pregnancy rank, and body condition on body weight and the condition of ewes and lambs in mid-pregnancy (75 ± 5 d), in late pregnancy (142 ± 4d), and postpartum (52 ± 5d pp). Maternal age was associated with initial decreases, followed by increases, in body weight and condition. After lambing, both mature and maiden ewes lost weight and body condition. Maternal indices of glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism were within physiological values during pregnancy, but postpartum values depended on maternal parity and pregnancy rank, with multiple-pregnant ewes showing a postpartum increase in glucose and maiden sheep a postpartum increase in plasma cholesterol concentration. Male lambs were heavier than female lambs at birth, and lambs born to mothers with higher body condition scores were heavier. Lambs born as singletons were heavier than those born in litters. Maternal age and pregnancy rank did not influence lamb metabolic indicators. Sex affected plasma concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Maternal metabolic indicators showed minimal effects on lamb phenotype. These results suggest that, when appropriately fed, dairy sheep can cover the metabolic demands of pregnancy and milk production, regardless of age and pregnancy rank.

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Type of dietary fat intakes in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality in US adults: an iso-energetic substitution analysis from the American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey linked to the US mortality registry

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114517003889 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 119 (4) ◽

pp. 456-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Cristian Ricci ◽

Jeannine Baumgartner ◽

Manja Zec ◽

Herculina Salome Kruger ◽

Cornelius M. Smuts

Keyword(s):

National Health ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Fat Intake ◽

Polyunsaturated Fat ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Risk Increase ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Specific Mortality

AbstractAccumulating evidence indicates that saturated fat intake is related to mortality risk increase, whereas unsaturated fat intake is associated with reduced mortality risk. The aim of the present study was to estimate the mortality risk reduction related to a dietary change from saturated fat to mono- or polyunsaturated fat intake. The American National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted between 1999 and 2010 were linked to the 2011 national US death registry resulting in an observational prospective mortality study. Proportional hazards Cox models were used to evaluate the association between saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Substitution analysis was conducted to estimate an iso-energetic substitution of 10 % of the energy from dietary fat intake applied to the substitution of saturated fat with an equal amount of energy from monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat. The highest tertile intakes of saturated fat resulted in an increased risk (12 %) of all-cause and specific-cause mortality, whereas the highest tertile intakes of polyunsaturated fat resulted in a reduced risk (7 %) of all-cause and specific-cause mortality when compared with the corresponding lowest tertile. Iso-energetic substitution revealed that a substitution of 10 % of energy (from total fat) from saturated fat to an equal amount of energy from monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat resulted in a significant reduction of the mortality risk ranging from 4 to 8 %. Iso-energetic substitution of saturated fat with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat reduced all-cause and specific-cause mortality in US adults.

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Inhibition of cholesterogenesis decreases hepatic secretion of apoB-100 in normolipidemic subjects.

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.3.e462 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 273 (3) ◽

pp. E462 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G F Watts ◽

R P Naoumova ◽

J M Kelly ◽

F M Riches ◽

K D Croft ◽

...

Keyword(s):

De Novo ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Mevalonic Acid ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Low Density ◽

Cholesterol Ratio ◽

Kinetics Of

We examined the effect of simvastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, on the kinetics of very low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 (VLDL apoB) in 13 normolipidemic men in a placebo-controlled crossover study. Simvastatin significantly decreased the plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 36%, triglycerides by 26%, mevalonic acid by 34%, and lathosterol by 32%. Hepatic secretion of VLDL apoB was measured using a primed constant intravenous infusion of [1-13C]leucine with monitoring of isotopic enrichment of apoB by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; fractional turnover rate was derived using a monoexponential function. Simvastatin decreased VLDL apoB pool size by 53% and the hepatic secretion rate of VLDL apoB by 46% but did not significantly alter its fractional catabolism. The change in hepatic VLDL apoB secretion was significantly and independently correlated with changes in plasma mevalonic acid and lathosterol concentrations and the lathosterol-to-cholesterol ratio. The data support the hypothesis that the rate of de novo cholesterol synthesis directly regulates the hepatic secretion of VLDL apoB in normal subjects.

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