Synbiotic containing Kappaphycus alvarezii, Spirulina sp., and Halomonas alkaliphila improves survival, growth, and vibriosis resistance in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) post-larval culture

The high losses in shrimp production due to mortality caused by Vibrio opportunistic pathogens still constitute a significant challenge in the shrimp industry. Synbiotic feed supplementation appears to be a promising control strategy to maintain healthy shrimp stock. In this study, the effects of synbiotic-containing prebiotic seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii and Spirulina sp. as well as probiotic Halomonas alkaliphila were evaluated on the survival, growth, and vibriosis of Litopenaeus vannamei during the post-larval stage. Five different feeds were tested: commercial feed, prebiotics K. alvarezii and Spirulina sp.-supplemented feed, and synbiotic-supplemented feed using K. alvarezii, Spirulina sp. and probiotic H. alkaliphila with different concentrations of 108, 109, and 1010 CFU.kg−1. Following 14 days after the feeding test, the highest shrimp survival (91.46 ± 0.05%) was obtained in the treatment group fed with synbiotic-supplemented feed containing 0.375% K. alvarezii, 0.125% Spirulina sp., and H. alkaliphila at 109 CFU.kg−1 (p < 0.05). A 7-day challenge test against opportunistic bacteria Vibrio harveyii was then performed using three treatment groups: (1) synbiotic, containing 0.375% K. alvarezii, 0.125% Spirulina sp., and H. alkaliphila at 109 CFU.kg−1; (2) prebiotic, with 0.375% K. alvarezii, 0.125% Spirulina sp.; and (3) control, using commercial feed. The highest shrimp survival of (79.9 ± 0.05%) was found in the synbiotic treatment group, followed by the prebiotic and control treatment groups (p < 0.05). Overall results suggested that synbiotic-supplemented feed containing 0.375% K. alvarezii, 0.125% Spirulina sp., and H. alkaliphila at 109 CFU.kg−1 significantly improved shrimp survival even when challenged with V. harveyii. Thus, this synbiotic can be potentially applied as an alternative biocontrol strategy against vibriosis in intensive shrimp post-larval culture.

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Experimental Manipulation of Dispersal Ability in A Neotropical Butterfly Anartia fatima (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects9030107 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 107 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Robert Srygley

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Flight Muscle ◽

Experimental Manipulation ◽

Group Differences ◽

Dispersal Ability ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Mark Release Recapture ◽

And Control ◽

Mass Allocation ◽

Flight Muscle Ratio

Research on endangered British butterflies has found that butterfly populations in small refuges evolve to allocate more mass to the thorax (flight muscle) and less to the abdomen than populations in large refuges. The observed change in mass allocation affects two morphological features relevant to flight: the flight muscle ratio (FMR) and the position of center of body mass (cmbody). The author tested whether a decrease in FMR or a change in cmbody reduced the ability to disperse by experimentally weight-loading Neotropical Anartia fatima butterflies. In one treatment group, FMR was decreased but cmbody was not altered, whereas in the second group FMR was decreased and cmbody was repositioned further posterior. In one mark–release–recapture (MRR) experiment, butterflies dispersed relatively slowly, and treatment groups did not differ significantly. In a replicate experiment, butterflies dispersed more quickly, and control butterflies dispersed more rapidly than either treatment group. Differences in dispersal were consistent with a causal relationship between FMR and movement. A more posterior cmbody had little effect on dispersal beyond that due to the change in FMR. These results support the hypothesis that an increase in mass allocation to the thorax in small, dispersed refugia is due to selection on the ability to disperse.

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EVALUATION OF TWO DRY PROTEIN SOURCES IN RATIONS FOR GROWING-FURRING MINK

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas70-046 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 311-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. C. SEIER ◽

R. J. KIRK ◽

T. J. DEVLIN ◽

R. J. PARKER

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Control Diet ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Period 2 ◽

Priming Phase ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Frozen Fish ◽

And Control

Forty-five male Sapphire mink kits were allotted to three treatment groups and fed for approximately 100 days (August 1–November 7). The control diet (treatment 1) consisted of horse-meat 10%, cooked chicken by-products 15%, raw cereal 25%, and whole frozen fish 50%. The frozen fish was replaced by either herring meal or soybean meal on an equivalent dry matter basis for treatments 2 and 3. Average mink weights on November 7 were 1.78, 1.87, and 1.92 kg for the soybean meal, herring meal, and control treatment groups, respectively, and were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The feeding period was divided into a growing phase (period 1), a growing and furring phase (period 2), and a maintenance and a priming phase (period 3). The average daily weight gains during these periods were: period 1: 15.2, 18.0 and 11.8 g; period 2: 6.1, 6.7 and 7.8 g; period 3: +0.8, −2.6 and −0.7 g, for the control, herring- and soybean meal-fed mink, respectively. Digestibility trials were carried out during each period. Dry matter and energy digestibilities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the herring-fed and control kits than for the soybean meal-fed kits. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in nitrogen balance among treatments. Skin biopsies were taken at pelting time to compare fur density, with values of 19.6, 20.6, and 19.5 hairs per pore, for the soybean-, herring-fed and control kits, respectively.

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The Effect of Quercetin on Plasma Interleukin-5, Blood Eosinophil Absolute, %FEV1, and Clinical Improvement of Asthma Alergy Patient

Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia ◽

10.36497/jri.v40i1.98 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 16-23

Author(s):

Hesti Nila Mayasari ◽

Suradi Suradi ◽

Ana Rima Setijadi

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Lung Function ◽

Airway Inflammation ◽

Clinical Improvement ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Control Group ◽

Blood Eosinophil ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Act Score ◽

And Control

Backgrounds: Asthma is a chronic airway inflammation which is a manifestation of complex interactions between cells and moleculer mediators. The aims asthma management is to reach asthma in controlled state. Providing an additional therapy in these circumstances is necessary to control asthma. Quercetin as an adjunctive therapy in asthma therapy may improve clinical symptoms and lung function. Methods: Experimental clinical trials of pretest of and postest design were conducted on 34 patient’s asthma at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta in 6 October–10 December 2018. Subject of treatment group (n= 17) was given quercetin 500 mg per day within 28 days, the control group (n=17) received only standar therapy asthma. Decreased airway inflammation was assessed based on the percentage of blood eosinophil and IL-5. Clinical improvement was assessed by ACT score while lung function used FEV1. Results: Quercetin decreased the inflammatory airways in patients with asthma evidenced by significant decrease in plasma IL-5 of treatment groups but no significant differences between treatment and control group, the mean decrease of blood eosinophil in the treatment group was significant. Querectin improved lung function with decrease FEV1 of treatment groups but no significant differences between treatment and control group and there was a clinical improvement with significant ACT score enhancement in the treatment group. Conclusion: The administration of quercetin significantly reduced inflammation based on decreased levels of eosinophils. There are improvement of lung function and clinical symptoms after quercetin. (J Respir Indo. 2020; 40(1): 16-23)

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Effect of environmental enrichment for piglets in the nursery phase

Animal Bioscience ◽

10.5713/ajas.20.0222 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 154-160

Author(s):

Joselaine Bortolanza Padilha-Boaretto ◽

Priscila Michelin Groff-Urayama ◽

Suelen Maria Einsfeld ◽

Cleverson de Souza ◽

Angélica Signor Mendes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Environmental Enrichment ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Video Camera ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Bonferroni Test ◽

Parametric Analyses ◽

Control Treatment Group

Objective: The effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of piglets in the nursery phase was evaluated.Methods: A total of 450 hybrid pigs (21 day old), including both females and uncastrated males, weighing approximately 6 kg, were distributed in a completely randomised design with 3 treatments and 3 replicates of 50 animals each. The treatments were: i) pen without environmental enrichment (control), ii) treatment consisting of continuous environmental enrichment (CEE) with rubber balls throughout the experimental period, and iii) treatment consisting of environmental enrichment with washed balls (EEWB) during the whole experimental period which were removed daily for washing. For the behavioural evaluation, 10 animals were randomly selected per replicate. The behavioural assessments were performed once a week, from 8 am to 6 pm, using images captured with a video camera. The data were submitted to non-parametric analyses, the means were compared using the Bonferroni test, and Person’s correlations were also calculated.Results: A statistical difference (p = 0.001) was observed in the B5 (playful) behaviour; the animals in the EEWB treatment group had a higher frequency of this behaviour than animals in the control treatment group. The animals in the control group showed a higher frequency of B7 behaviour (lying down) (p = 0.026) than those in the EEWB and CEE treatment groups. The animals in the control group had a higher frequency of the B9 (belly nosing) behaviour than those in the EEWB group (p = 0.015). There was a tendency towards a higher frequency of behaviour B3 (walking in the pen) (p = 0.067) when the animals received the control treatment than treatments EEWB or CEE.Conclusion: The use of an enriching object improved the animal welfare and altered the correlation between the evaluated behaviours compared to the animals that did not have environmental enrichment.

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Efficacy of flumethrin pour on against Haematobia exigua infesting cattle under field conditions

10.21203/rs.3.rs-806106/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Periyasamy Anbarasi ◽

Gurusamy Ponnudurai ◽

Kandasamy Senthilvel ◽

Kuppannan Sukumar ◽

Palani Sriniva

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Treatment Intensity ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

And Control ◽

Cattle Farms

Abstract The efficacy of flumethrin 1% pour-on (1% w/v, Flumitas) was evaluated against Haematobia exigua on cattle farms in Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu from November 2019 to February 2020. In this study, five farms, which had fly menace, selected randomly were divided as treatment (F1, F2, F3 and F4) and control (Fc) groups. Flies collected from the farms were identified as Haematobia exigua and a mean pre-treatment intensity was 195.56 ± 14.07. In the treatment groups (F1,F2,F3 and F4) flumethrin 1% pour on was applied to the back of cattle at the rate of 1 ml/10 kg body weight and fly intensity was recorded for a period of 2 months. The fly intensity reduced to zero within 30 minutes of application and the same trend continued till 28 DPT in F2 and F3, while it was effective 35 DPT in F1 and F4. A highly significant difference in the mean H. exigua fly counts between control and treatment group (P < 0.0001) was observed.

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Tissue metabolic changes for effects of pirfenidone in rats of acute paraquat poisoning by GC-MS

Toxicology and Industrial Health ◽

10.1177/0748233717731959 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (12) ◽

pp. 887-900 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jianshe Ma ◽

Fa Sun ◽

Bingbao Chen ◽

Xiaoting Tu ◽

Xiufa Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Control Group ◽

Rat Tissues ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Metabolic Alterations ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Rat Tissue ◽

And Control

We developed a metabolomic method to evaluate the effect of pirfenidone on rats with acute paraquat (PQ) poisoning, through the analysis of various tissues (lung, liver, kidney, and heart), by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-eight rats were randomly divided into a control group, an acute PQ (20 mg kg−1) poisoning group, a pirfenidone (20 mg kg−1) treatment group, and a pirfenidone (40 mg kg−1) treatment group. Partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) revealed metabolic alterations in rat tissue samples from the two pirfenidone treatment groups after acute PQ poisoning. The PLS-DA 3D score chart showed that the rats in the acute PQ poisoning group were clearly distinguished from the rats in the control group. Also, the two pirfenidone treatment groups were distinguished from the acute PQ poisoning group and control group. Additionally, the pirfenidone (40 mg kg−1) treatment group was separated farther than the pirfenidone (20 mg kg−1) treatment group from the acute PQ poisoning group. Evaluation of the pathological changes in the rat tissues revealed that treatment with pirfenidone appeared to decrease pulmonary fibrosis in the acute PQ poisoning rats. The results indicate that pirfenidone induced beneficial metabolic alterations in the tissues of rats with acute PQ poisoning. Rats with acute PQ poisoning exhibited a certain reduction in biochemical indicators after treatment with pirfenidone, indicating that pirfenidone could protect liver and kidney function. Accordingly, the developed metabolomic approach proved to be useful to elucidate the effect of pirfenidone in rats of acute PQ poisoning.

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Acute effects of an anionic diet on bone mineral homeostasis in the bovine

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v68i3.879 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D.E. Beighle ◽

P.A. Boyazoglu ◽

R.W. Hemken

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Control Diet ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Sparing Effect ◽

And Control ◽

Ca:P Ratio

ABSTRACT Fifteen Friesian oxen between 12 and 18 months of age with a mean body mass of 240.7 kg were randomly assigned to diets containing 0.25 % phosphorus (P) or less, to evaluate the acute effects of an acidiogenic diet of -11.1 meq/100 g of diet dry matter, compared with a basiogenic diet of +25.6 meq/100 g or a control diet of +16.5 meq/100 g of diet dry matter calculated as (Na + K) - (Cl + S), on blood, bone and faecal P, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) for a period of 9 weeks. Blood, bone and faecal responses to an anionic diet are described. An inverse relationship existed between bone and blood Ca, in which there was resorption from bone with increased blood Ca in response to the anionic diet. The anionic treatment group demonstrated simultaneous increases in bone, blood and faecal P concentrations at various stages of the experiment compared to the cationic and control treatment groups. Results indicate independent absorption and resorption of Ca and P into and out of bone. There was wide variation in the bone Ca:P ratio between 2.02 and 1.51 among animals fed the anionic diet, with the Ca:P ratio following Ca values and not bone P values. Bone and blood P had a linear relationship with dietary cation:anion balance (DCAB), increasing as the diet became more anionic in nature, but faecal P was curvilinear with highest concentrations at -11.1 and +25.6 meq/100 g compared to +16.5 meq/100 g. Concurrent blood, bone and faecal P increases at some stages of the experiment indicate a P-sparing effect of the anionic diet and warrants further research into the long-term effects of anions in the diet, leading to their use as a possible addition to improved licks in P-deficient areas.

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Effectiveness of sinbiotic at different doses in Pacific white shrimp pond culture

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.14.1-8 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

, Sukenda ◽

Rizki Praseto ◽

, Widanarni

Keyword(s):

Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽

Culture System ◽

Pacific White Shrimp ◽

White Shrimp ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Intensive Culture ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Ratio Size ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

And Control

ABSTRACT The increasing demand of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei requires the application of intensive culture system. However, intensive culture system of white shrimp could increase the risk of disease outbreak. The application of sinbiotic may provide solution to the problem. This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of technical sinbiotic on the survival and growth of white shrimp in ponds. This study consisted of four treatments; treatment K (control), treatment A (probiotic 0.5% and prebiotic 1%), treatment B (probiotic 1% and prebiotic 2%), and treatment C (probiotic 2% and prebiotic 4%). The results showed that administration of sinbiotic had no significant differences on survival rate, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, size, and biomass of shrimp (P>0.05). However, based on analysis of business, sinbiotic A provided higher profits to the farmer (Rp10.230) compared to other symbiotic treatments and control. Keywords: Litopenaeus vannamei, sinbiotic, technical media ABSTRAK Permintaan terhadap udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei yang semakin meningkat membuat sistem budidaya udang sebaiknya menggunakan sistem budidaya intensif. Namun demikian sistem intensif pada budidaya udang vaname dapat meningkatkan risiko timbulnya penyakit. Penggunaan sinbiotik diharapkan dapat memberikan solusi dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas penggunaan sinbiotik teknis terhadap sintasan, pertumbuhan, dan keuntungan usaha udang vaname yang dipelihara di tambak. Penelitian ini terdiri atas empat perlakuan, yaitu perlakuan K (kontrol), perlakuan A (probiotik 0,5% dan prebiotik 1%), perlakuan B (probiotik 1% dan prebiotik 2%), dan perlakuan C (probiotik 2% dan prebiotik 4%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian sinbiotik tidak berbeda nyata dalam nilai sintasan, laju pertumbuhan, rasio konversi pakan, size, dan biomassa udang (P>0,05). Namun demikian, berdasarkan analisis usaha perlakuan A memberikan keuntungan lebih tinggi (Rp10.230) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan sinbiotik lainnya serta kontrol. Kata kunci: Litopenaeus vannamei, sinbiotik, media teknis

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Purple Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) Petal Extract Prevents Hepatocyte Degeneration in Wistar Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

Folia Medica Indonesiana ◽

10.20473/fmi.v54i2.8857 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 96

Author(s):

Arya Ulilalbab ◽

Bambang Wiratmadi ◽

Merryana Adriani

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Day Treatment ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Liver Histopathology

Currently, the number of smokers in Indonesia is still high. Cigarette smoke contains free radicals. This study aimed to analyze the effects of purple rosella petal extract on the prevention of hepatocyte degeneration in Wistar rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Twenty male rats were divided into four groups: negative control, positive control, treatment group receiving 270 mg/kg BW purple rosella petal extract, and treatment group receiving 540 mg/kg BW purple rosella calyx extract. Negative control was only given with standard feed. Positive control was given with standard feed and exposed to 2 cigarettes a day. Treatment groups were fed with standard feed and administered with rosella extract in the morning then exposed to 2 cigarettes every day. This study was conducted for 28 days. At the end of the study, hepatocyte degeneration was observed in liver histopathology stained with hematoxilin eosin. The administration of purple rosella petal extracts in the doses of 540 mg/kgBW and 270 mg/kgBW significantly (p<0.05) prevented hepatocyte degeneration. Purple rosella petal extract is able to prevent hepatocyte degeneration in Wistar rats exposed to cigarette smoke.

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11 CALF REMOVAL IMPROVES CO-SYNCH + CONTROLLED INTERNAL DRUG-RELEASE PREGNANCY RATES IN BEEF COWS

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv21n1ab11 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 105 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D. J. Kesler ◽

D. B. Faulkner ◽

F. A. Ireland ◽

J. Dahlquist ◽

S. Z. El-Zarkouny ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Pregnancy Rate ◽

Estrous Cycle ◽

Beef Cows ◽

Pregnancy Rates ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Research Station ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Calf Removal

Improving AI pregnancy rates in beef cattle will enhance the profitability of beef herds during these current times of increasing cost inputs by enhancing the quality of the calf crop. This experiment was aimed at determining the effect of calf removal (from CIDR removal to timed AI) during estrous cycle synchronization on AI pregnancy rates. This experiment was conduced at the Dixon Springs Research Station (Simpson, IL) during the fall 2007 breeding season. The beef cows used for this research project were crossbred Angus cows between 2 and 8 years of age that had calved in August to October of 2007. Cows were at least 45 days postpartum at the timed AI (November 2007). All cows were randomly divided into 1 of 2 treatment groups: cows in treatment group 1 (control group, n = 284) were allowed to keep their calves for the entire estrous cycle synchronization and AI program (except during brief times of treatment administration), whereas cows allotted to treatment group 2 (n = 258) had their calves removed at the time of CIDR implant removal/PGF2α treatment and returned following AI. The calves were maintained on creep feed out of sight and sound of their dams. All cows were synchronized by using the CO-Synch + CIDR protocol [CIDR (1.38 g) + GnRH (100 μg) on Day 0 and CIDR removal on Day 7 + PGF2α (25 mg)] and were inseminated at a predetermined time of 60 to 66 h post PGF2α with semen from proven bulls. At AI, cows also received an injection of GnRH (100 μg). All cows were pregnancy checked 50 to 65 days after timed AI via ultrasonography. Statistical comparisons were performed by using the chi-square test of SAS. The pregnancy rate for cows in the control treatment group was 47% (132 of 284) and was 57% (147 of 258) for the calf-removal treatment group. There was a significant increase in pregnancy rate in the treatment group (P < 0.02) that resulted in 10 more calves per 100 synchronized AI breedings. Although excellent facilities are needed to maintain calves away from their dams during this 60 to 66 h and there are additional costs for the feedings required for the calves, there is a savings in time (one calf separation from the cow is eliminated). In conclusion, removing the calves at the onset of estrous cycle synchronization can improve pregnancy rates to synchronized timed AI and can increase the ease of cattle handling during this process by reducing the number of calf removals during routine cow workings. Table 1.Pregnancy rates to single synchronized timed AI for control and calf removal treatment groups

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