A cost–effective and eco-friendly treatment technology to remove realistic levels of mercury by means of the unmodified rice husk

Synthetic gas generated from the gasification of biomass feedstocks is one of the clean and sustainable energy sources. In this work, a fixed-bed downdraft gasifier was used to perform the gasification on a lab-scale of rice husk, sawdust, and coconut shell. The aim of this work is to find and compare the synthetic gas generation characteristics and prospects of sawdust and coconut shell with rice husk. A temperature range of 650–900 °C was used to conduct gasification of these three biomass feedstocks. The feed rate of rice husk, sawdust, and coconut shell was 3–5 kg/h, while the airflow rate was 2–3 m3/h. Experimental results show that the highest generated quantity of methane (vol.%) in synthetic gas was achieved by using coconut shell than sawdust and rice husk. It also shows that hydrogen production was higher in the gasification of coconut shell than sawdust and rice husk. In addition, emission generations in coconut shell gasification are lower than rice husk although emissions of rice husk gasification are even lower than fossil fuel. Rice husk, sawdust, and coconut shell are cost-effective biomass sources in Bangladesh. Therefore, the outcomes of this paper can be used to provide clean and economic energy sources for the near future.

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Inhibition of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulphide Using Plant Waste Materials for Faecal Sludge Odour Control in Dry Sanitation Toilet Facilities

10.21203/rs.3.rs-659004/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bernice Mawumenyo Senanu ◽

Patrick Boakye ◽

Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng ◽

Divine Damertey Sewu ◽

Esi Awuah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Hydrogen Sulphide ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Open Defecation ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Sanitation Systems ◽

S Peak ◽

Faecal Sludge ◽

Peak Value

Abstract On-site dry sanitation facilities, although cheaper than wet sanitation systems, suffer from high malodour and insect nuisance as well as poor aesthetics. The high odour deters users from utilizing dry sanitation toilet as an improved facility leading to over 20% open defecation in Sub-Saharan Africa. To address this malodour concern, this study first assessed odour levels, using hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) as indicators, on two (2) dry sanitation facilities (T1 and T2). The potential of using biomass (sawdust, rice husk, moringa leaves, neem seeds), ash (coconut husk, cocoa husk) or biochar (sawdust, rice husk, bamboo) as biocovers to remove or suppress odour from fresh faecal sludge (FS) over a 12-day period was investigated. Results showed high odour levels, beyond and below the threshold limit for unpleasantness for humans on H2S (peak value: T1 = 3.17 ppm; T2 = 0.22 ppm > 0.05 ppm limit) and NH3 (peak value: T1 = 6.88 ppm; T2 = 3.16 ppm < 30 ppm limit), respectively. The biomasses exhibited low pH (acidic = 5-7) whereas the biochars and ashes had higher pHs (basic = 8-13). Acidic biocovers generally reduced NH3 emission significantly (12.5% to 64.8%) whereas basic biocovers were more effective at H2S emission reduction (80.9% to 96.2%). In terms of H2S and NH3 removal, sawdust biochar was the most effective biocover with odour abatement values of 96.2% and 74.7%, respectively. The results suggest that locally available waste plant-based materials, like sawdust, when converted to biochar can serve as a cost-effective and sustainable way to effectively combat odour-related issues associated with dry sanitation facilities to help stop open defecation.

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Industrial Wastes in Soil Improvement

ISRN Civil Engineering ◽

10.5402/2011/138149 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

G. V. Rama Subbarao ◽

D. Siddartha ◽

T. Muralikrishna ◽

K. S. Sailaja ◽

T. Sowmya

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soil Improvement ◽

Geotechnical Properties ◽

Point Of View ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Engineering Structures

Soil existing at a particular site may not be appropriate for construction of engineering structures. The present study made an attempt to enhance the geotechnical properties of a soil replaced with industrial wastes having pozzolanic value like rice husk ash (RHA) and fly ash (FA). Soil is replaced with RHA in 2%, 4%, and 6% to dry weight of soil. It is observed that soil replaced with 4% RHA is the optimum for the soil used in this study from geotechnical point of view. To know the influence of fly ash, soil is further replaced with 4% FA along with 4% RHA. It is found that results of soil replacement by both RHA and FA proved to be soil modification and not the improvement. Hence, a cost-effective accelerator like lime is used for further replacing the above soil-4%, RHA-4% FA mix. The optimum lime content is found to be 4%.

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The Experimental Research on the Bag-Grouting-Pile Composite Foundation in Coastal Soft Foundation Treatment

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1411 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 275-277 ◽

pp. 1411-1414

Author(s):

Dong Wang ◽

Jia Cao

Keyword(s):

Experimental Research ◽

Soft Soil ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Horizontal Displacement ◽

Composite Foundation ◽

Soil Reinforcement ◽

Treatment Technology ◽

Ground Treatment ◽

Foundation Treatment ◽

Soft Foundation

As a new ground treatment technology, the bag-grouting-pile composite foundation is used in railway soft soil reinforcement. In this paper, the application effect of bag-grouting-pile in coastal soft foundation treatment was studied in this experimental research; the deep settlement and the deep horizontal displacement of embankment edge in bag-grouting-pile composite foundation are tested in the research. The results of research show that the bag-grouting-pile composite foundation is a cost-effective ground treatment technology using in coastal soft foundation treatment.

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A contribution to solve the arsenic problem in groundwater of Ganges Delta by in-situ treatment

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2008.751 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 58 (10) ◽

pp. 2009-2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

U. Rott ◽

H. Kauffmann

Keyword(s):

Arsenic Removal ◽

Low Cost ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Treatment Technology ◽

Manganese Removal ◽

Arsenic In Groundwater ◽

Cost Effective Treatment ◽

Removal Of Arsenic

Arsenic in groundwater is a huge problem in numerous regions of the world. Many people are exposed to high arsenic concentrations and consequently risk getting ill or even die as a result of arsenic poisoning. There are several efficient technologies for the removal of arsenic but often these methods have disadvantages, e.g. high costs for installation and/or operation, the need for chemicals or the production of arsenic contaminated filter sludge. These disadvantages can make the application difficult, especially in poor regions. Under suitable ancillary conditions the subterranean (in-situ) treatment, which is often used for iron and manganese removal from groundwater, can also be applied for the removal of arsenic and can be a cost-effective treatment technology. A field trial was carried out with a low-cost in-situ treatment plant in West Bengal/India which is described in this paper, in order to investigate whether this treatment technology is also applicable under the boundary conditions there. As for the in-situ treatment technology besides oxygen no additives are required and no arsenic contaminated filter sludge is produced this technology could be a suitable method for arsenic removal especially in poor regions.

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Assessment of the Durability Dynamics of High-Performance Concrete Blended with a Fibrous Rice Husk Ash

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst12010075 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

David O. Nduka ◽

Babatunde J. Olawuyi ◽

Olabosipo I. Fagbenle ◽

Belén G. Fonteboa

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

High Performance ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

High Performance Concrete ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Attenuated Total Reflection ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

X Ray ◽

Durability Properties ◽

Chemical Attack

The present study examines the durability properties of Class 1 (50–75 MPa) high-performance concrete (HPC) blended with rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement of CEM II B-L, 42.5 N. Six HPC mixes were prepared with RHA and used as 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% of CEM II alone and properties are compared with control mix having only CEM II. The binders (CEM II and RHA) were investigated for particle size distribution (PSD), specific surface area (SSA), oxide compositions, mineralogical phases, morphology, and functional groups using advanced techniques of laser PSD, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflection (FTIR/ATR), respectively, to understand their import on HPC. Durability properties, including water absorption, sorptivity, and chemical attack of the HPC samples, were investigated to realise the effect of RHA on the HPC matrix. The findings revealed that the durability properties of RHA-based HPCs exhibited an acceptable range of values consistent with relevant standards. The findings established that self-produced RHA would be beneficial as a cement replacement in HPC. As the RHA is a cost-effective agro-waste, a scalable product of RHA would be a resource for sustainable technology.

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Inhibition of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide as faecal sludge odour control in dry sanitation toilet facilities using plant waste materials

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-97016-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bernice Mawumenyo Senanu ◽

Patrick Boakye ◽

Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng ◽

Divine Damertey Sewu ◽

Esi Awuah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Hydrogen Sulphide ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Open Defecation ◽

Threshold Limit ◽

Odour Control ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Sanitation Systems ◽

Faecal Sludge

AbstractOn-site dry sanitation facilities, although cheaper than wet sanitation systems, suffer from high malodour and insect nuisance as well as poor aesthetics. The high odour deters users from utilizing dry sanitation toilets as an improved facility leading to over 20% open defecation in Sub-Saharan Africa. To address this malodour concern, this study first assessed odour levels, using hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) as indicators, on two dry sanitation facilities named T1 and T2. The potential of using biomass (sawdust, rice husk, moringa leaves, neem seeds), ash (coconut husk, cocoa husk) or biochar (sawdust, rice husk, bamboo) as biocovers to remove or suppress odour from fresh faecal sludge (FS) over a 12-day period was investigated. Results showed that the odour levels for H2S in both T1 (3.17 ppm) and T2 (0.22 ppm) were above the threshold limit of 0.05 ppm, for unpleasantness in humans and vice versa for NH3 odour levels (T1 = 6.88 ppm; T2 = 3.16 ppm; threshold limit = 30 ppm limit). The biomasses exhibited low pH (acidic = 5–7) whereas the biochars and ashes had higher pHs (basic = 8–13). Basic biocovers were more effective at H2S emission reduction (80.9% to 96.2%) than acidic biocovers. The effect of pH on suppression of NH3 was determined to be statistically insignificant at 95% confidence limit. In terms of H2S and NH3 removal, sawdust biochar was the most effective biocover with odour abatement values of 96.2% and 74.7%, respectively. The results suggest that biochar produced from locally available waste plant-based materials, like sawdust, can serve as a cost-effective and sustainable way to effectively combat odour-related issues associated with dry sanitation facilities to help stop open defecation.

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SELECTING THE MOST COST-EFFECTIVE HIGH-RATE CSO TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation ◽

10.2175/193864705783812990 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2005 (6) ◽

pp. 8357-8375

Author(s):

Oliver Schraa ◽

Mike Newbigging ◽

Philip Cheung ◽

Cindy Toth ◽

Tim Marotta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effective ◽

High Rate ◽

Treatment Technology

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Bioremediation of Oil Contaminated Soil and Water

Handbook of Research on Uncovering New Methods for Ecosystem Management through Bioremediation - Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-8682-3.ch010 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 222-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chandrika Malkanthi Nanayakkara ◽

Ayoma Witharana

Keyword(s):

Oil Pollution ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Future Research ◽

Treatment Technology ◽

Polluted Sites ◽

Degradation Activity ◽

Promising Treatment

Pollution from petroleum, plant and animal origin oils, which are released via oil production and shipping operations, refineries, accidental spills, effluents of different industries such as hotels, restaurants, food processing, etc. is ubiquitous in the environment. This necessitates the need for cost effective and efficient remediation technologies. Dealing with the problem chemically and physically is known to generate secondary pollutants and incurs high cost. Expediting natural attenuation via stimulating pollutant degradation activity of residential microbial community and/or introducing competent microflora in to polluted sites has been identified as the most successful and cost effective technology and is termed bioremediation. Phytoremediation, an emerging branch of bioremediation, has also been recognized as a promising treatment technology. Chapter examines the extent of work carried out in in situ and ex situ bioremediation strategies to mitigate oil pollution, the validity of such practices in terms of efficiency of the process and the future research directives.

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Model test study on the effect of dynamic compaction under low water content

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0253981 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0253981

Author(s):

Xiaoshuang Zhang ◽

Min Wang ◽

Yunshan Han

Keyword(s):

Energy Level ◽

Water Content ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Dynamic Compaction ◽

Western China ◽

Treatment Technology ◽

Optimal Energy ◽

Test Study ◽

Η Value

Dynamic compaction is a cost-effective foundation treatment technology, that is widely used in various types and conditions of foundations. However, due to the limitation of natural conditions (water content between 3% and 8%) in north-western China, it is difficult to meet the requirements of the optimal water content during dynamic compaction. To better treat a foundation with a low water content, a series of model tests were carried out by using homemade test equipment to study the influence of the ramming energy and η value on the efficiency of dynamic compaction under a low water content. The results showed that the improvement of the energy level could compensate for the poor effect of dynamic compaction caused by a low water content in arid regions. Compared with that at the optimal water content, the efficiency of dynamic compaction was 58.1% to 66.2% at a low water content and excited the optimal energy level. Increasing the η value was also beneficial to improving the effect of dynamic compaction. Hence, the optimal energy level combined with the appropriate η value is of great merit in treating the foundation of arid regions by using the dynamic compaction method, which provides new parameter suggestions and engineering guidance for dynamic compaction construction in arid areas.

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