scholarly journals A Model for Hypogalactia Treatment Using Electrical Acupoint to Increase Breast Milk Volume and Improve Prolactin Content

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 06020
Author(s):  
Najwatul Maula Sheyla ◽  
Nurul Widyawati Melyana ◽  
Suryono Suryono
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Prolactin Level ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
T Test ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Milk Volume ◽  
Prolactin Content ◽  
Paired T Test

Hypogalactia is one of the problems for breastfeeding mothers that accounts for 63%. Nowadays, efforts have been done to prevent hypogalactia pharmacologically. However, this approach often comes with side effects for the mothers. This research proposes the implementation of non-pharmacological electrical acupoint method via activation of neurological, bio-mechanical, and psychological systems. It is aimed at proving the method’s efficacy in improving breast milk volume and prolactin level. The model of electrical acupoint is carried out at 0. 5 watt frequency of scale 3 for 10 minutes at acupoints SI1, ST36 and SP6. Paired t-test statistical test was then conducted to differentiate the effects of electrical acupoint treatment on breastfeeding mothers. Results show significant differences (p<0. 05) after implementation of electrical acupoint. This significant difference is proven from the unpaired t-test which indicated different results of pre-and post-treatment. This means that electrical acupoint improves breast milk volume by an average of 70. 915 mL and prolactin level by around 313. 47 ng/Ml. It can then be inferred that the use of electrical acupoint readily handles the problem of hypogalactia.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN PENGETAHUAN TENTANG MAKANAN PENDAMPING ASI PADA IBU DENGAN BALITA GIZI KURANG USIA 6-24 BULAN SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH MENDAPATKAN PENYULUHAN DI DESA MUDUNG KECAMATAN KEPOHBARU BOJONEGORO

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Prasita Ayu Widyaningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Health Counseling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Improve Health

Abstract: Baby growth can be hampered if only given breast milk without getting breast milk supplementary food (MPASI) after the age of 6 months, because nutrients are not fulfilled for growth and development. However, if MPASI is given early it can cause negative problems in infants such as allergies and digestive disorders. One of the causes of malnutrition is due to the lack of knowledge of mothers about giving complementary feeding to infants. So that the mother provides complementary feeding at an earlier age and the type of food that is not suitable for the baby's age. This study aims to determine the differences in knowledge about complementary foods in mothers with underweight children aged 6-24 months before and after getting counseling in Mudung Village, Kepohbaru Bojonegoro Subdistrict. This study uses the pre-experimental method with the type of research using the one group pre test post test design. The sample in this study used a total sampling of 13 people. The data collection method used is a knowledge questionnaire. Data analysis was done by paired t test. Based on the results of the statistical test with paired t test obtained p value of (0.047) where the value of p value <0.05. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between mother's knowledge about MP ASI to children aged 6-24 months before and after getting counseling. It is expected that mothers can apply complementary feeding behavior to infants aged 6-24 months correctly and accordingly in order to improve the nutritional status of infants and follow-up health workers to further improve health counseling to further improve health counseling about complementary foods.Keyword: counseling,complementary feeding, knowledgeAbstrak: Pertumbuhan bayi dapat terhambat apabila hanya diberi Air Susu Ibu (ASI) saja tanpa mendapat Makanan Pendamping Air Susu Ibu (MPASI) setelah berusia 6 bulan, karena tidak terpenuhinya zat gizi untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan. Namun, apabila MPASI diberikan secara dini dapat menimbulkan masalah negatif pada bayi seperti alergi dan gangguan pencernaan. Salah satu penyebab masalah gizi kurang karena tingkat pengetahuan ibu yang kurang tentang pemberian MPASI pada bayi. Sehingga ibu memberikan MPASI pada usia lebih dini dan jenis makanan MPASI yang tidak sesuai dengan usia bayi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengetahuan tentang makanan pendamping asi pada ibu dengan balita gizi kurang usia 6-24 bulan sebelum dan sesudah mendapatkan penyuluhan di Desa Mudung Kecamatan Kepohbaru Bojonegoro. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pre-eksperimental dengan jenis penelitian menggunakan rancangan one grup pre test post test. Sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan total sampling sebanyak 13 orang. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah kuesioner pengetahuan. Analisis data dilakukan dengan paired t test. Berdasarkan hasil dari uji statistik dengan paires t test diperoleh p value sebesar (0.047) dimana nilai p value < 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan ibu tentang MP ASI kepada balita usia 6-24 bulan sebelum dan sesudah mendapatkan penyuluhan. Diharapkan ibu dapat menerapkan perilaku pemberian makanan pendamping ASI pada bayi umur 6-24 bulan secara benar dan sesuai agar meningkatkan status gizi bayi serta tindak lanjut petugas kesehatan untuk lebih meningkatkan penyuluhan kesehatan untuk lebih meningkatkan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang makanan pendamping ASI. Kata Kunci : Penyuluhan, MP ASI, Pengetahuan

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Brain Gym and Brain Vitalization Gym in Increasing Cognitive Function of The Elderly in Pucang Gading Social Rehabilitation Unit of Semarang

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Iwan Ardian ◽  
Nuraini Nuraini
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Rehabilitation Unit ◽  
Social Rehabilitation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Paired T Test

Cognitive function of the elderly is influenced by several factors such as age, sex, education and physical activity so that it can impact on the decreasing of progressive cognitive function. As power center of thinking, brain requires to be taken care by making a simple movement that followed by various of brain fuction component like vision, imagination, hearing and emotion. The objective of study is to find the difference of effectiveness of brain gymnastics and brain vitalization gymnastics in increasing of cognitive function of the elderly. It is quantitative study by using design of Quasi Experimental Pre and Post Test without Control Group. The data collecting is using questionnaires of MMSE. The number of respondents is 34 elderly with consecutive sampling technique by using Simple Paired T-test, Wicoxon and Mann Whitney. It indicates that the result of statistical test with Simple Paired T-test in group of brain gymnastics obtained p value 0,000 (p value < 0,050), so that it is stated that there is a significant difference between cognitive function in group of brain gymnastics before and after treatment, Wilcoxon test in group of brain vitalization gymnastics obtained p value 0,000 (p value < 0,050) so that there it is a significant difference between cognitive function in brain vitalization gymnastics group before and after treatment. The result of statistical test of Mann Whitney obtained p value or significant 0,004 (p value < 0,050), this it can be concluded that there is a significant defference between cognitive function in group of brain gymnastics and brain vitalization gymnastics. There is significant difference between cognitive function in group of brain gymnastics and brain vitalization gymnastics in Pucang Gading Social Rehabilitation Unit of Semarang (p value < 0,050).

The effect of positive thinking training on the quality of life of parents of adolescent with thalassemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeleh Sadeghloo ◽  
Parna Shamsaee ◽  
Elham Hesari ◽  
Golbanhar Akhondzadeh ◽  
Hamid Hojjati
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
T Test ◽  
World Health ◽  
Positive Thinking ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Paired T Test

Abstract Introduction Thalassemia, as the most common chronic hereditary blood disorder in humans, can impose many adverse effects on parents and their affected children. On the other hand, positive thinking is the method or the result of a positive focus on a constructive issue, so by teaching positive thinking, we can improve physical and social function, and promote emotional health and overall quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of positive thinking training on the quality of life of parents of adolescents with thalassemia. Methods This quasi-experimental study was performed on 52 parents of adolescents with thalassemia who attended Taleghani Hospital in Golestan province, Iran in 2017. Samples were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention and control. The positive thinking training (based on the theory of Martin Seligman) was carried out in the intervention group in 10 (45–60 min) sessions over a 5-week period. Data collection tools in this study were the World Health Organization (WHO) quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and a demographic information questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software using independent t-test, the paired t-test and a covariance test. Results The results of paired t-test showed a significant difference in the score of quality of life in intervention group before and after the intervention (p < 0.001). However, this test did not show any significant difference in the control group (p = 0.11). The covariance test, after removing the pre-test score, showed a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of the score of quality of life, so that 13% of the changes after the intervention were due to the intervention (p = 0.009, η = 0.13). Conclusion The positive thinking training increased the quality of life of parents of adolescents with thalassemia. Therefore, using this program can be an effective way of improving the quality of life of parents. Thus, positive thinking training is suggested to be used as an effective strategy for increasing the quality of life of parents with ill children.

scholarly journals Domperidone and maternal milk volume in mothers of premature newborns

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengku Ellya Fazilla ◽  
Guslihan Dasa Tjipta ◽  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Pertin Sianturi
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Maternal Milk ◽  
Premature Newborns ◽  
Breast Milk Production ◽  
Days Of Therapy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Milk Volume

Background Mothers of premature newborns often have difficulty giving adequate breast milk volume to their infants. Domperidone is an antagonist of peripheral dopamine receptors and believed to increase breast milk production. In Indonesia, no study has been done to date on the effect of domperidone on maternal milk production in mothers of premature newborns.  Objective To evaluate the effect of domperidone on milk production in mothers of premature newborns who failed to lactate.Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted from July to December 2012 in the Perinatology Unit, Haji Adam Malik Hospital, Medan. Mothers of premature newborns were given lactation counseling for 7 days in order to increase their milk production. Mothers who failed to lactate after that time were enrolled in the study. Fifty subjects were assigned to receive either domperidone or a placebo for 7 days. Milk volume was measured every 2 hours (from 7 am to 9 pm), in the 24 hours before starting therapy, and on the 7th and 10th days (the 10th day being 3 days after stopping therapy). Results This study involved 25 mothers in the domperidone groups and 25 others in placebo group. After 7 days of therapy, mean breast milk volume was significantly higher in the domperidone group than in the placebo group  [181.6 (SD 80.2) vs. 72.4 (SD 57.8) mL, respectively; 95%CI of differences 69.36 to 148.93; P=0.0001]. At day 10, breast milk production remained significantly higher in the domperidone group. Furthermore, in the domperidone group, no significant difference in mean breast milk volumes was noted between the 7th and 10th days (P=0.65). Conclusion In mothers of premature newborns who failed to lactate, domperidone therapy for 7 days causes significantly higher milk production compared to placebo. 

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF GLUTEAL MUSCLE STRENGTHENING ON FLAT FOOT

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Pooja A Mulchandani ◽  
Trupti Warude ◽  
Amrutkuvar Pawar
Keyword(s):  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Random Allocation ◽  
Gluteal Muscle ◽  
Flat Foot ◽  
Muscle Strengthening ◽  
Intrinsic Muscle ◽  
Navicular Drop ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Paired T Test

Objectives: To compare the effect of gluteal muscle strengthening along with conventional exercises versus conventional exercises alone on flat foot.Method: An experimental study conducted at Physiotherapy Department of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad. A total of 52 subjects were equally divided into two groups using convenient sampling with random allocation (Groups A and B). Baseline treatment was given to both groups (intrinsic muscle strengthening). Group A was given intrinsic muscle strengthening alone while Group B was given gluteal muscle strengthening along with intrinsic muscle strengthening.Result: Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test and unpaired t-test. In pre-intervention there was no statistically significant difference seen with p values for the navicular drop was 0.3563 and for Ink test was 0.7342. While on comparing the post-interventional values, the results between the two groups using paired t-test revealed that there was extremely significant difference seen with p-value for the navicular drop was <0.0001 and for Ink test was <0.0001.Conclusion: From the study, it can be concluded that there was a significant effect of gluteal muscle strengthening on the flat foot.

Agreement analysis comparing iPad LCVA and Sloan testing in multiple sclerosis patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1126-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Sattarnezhad ◽  
Samantha Farrow ◽  
Dorlan Kimbrough ◽  
Bonnie Glanz ◽  
Brian Healy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
T Test ◽  
Computerized Testing ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽  
Paired T Test

Background: Visual symptoms are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). Low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA) testing using Sloan charts has demonstrated increased sensitivity for visual deficits compared to high-contrast acuity testing. Computerized testing of visual acuity may facilitate use in the clinic setting. Objectives: To evaluate the agreement between an iPad-based and Sloan testing of LCVA in a cohort of MS patients. Methods: A total of 38 patients with relapsing-remitting MS were enrolled after providing informed written consent at Partners MS Center, Brigham and Women’s hospital. Monocular LCVA was measured using retroilluminated Sloan chart and iPad-based LogMAR chart. Number of correct letters and agreement between two measurements were assessed for each eye using Bland–Altman analysis and paired t-test. Results: For both eyes, there was no significant difference in number correct between the two measurements using a paired t-test, and there was high correlation between two measurements (oculus dextrus (OD) r = 0.89, p < 0.001; oculus sinister (OS) r = 0.78, p < 0.001). The limits of agreement were −7.9 to +8.5 letters for the right eye and −10.9 to +11.2 letters for the left eye. Conclusion: An iPad-based LCVA test shows good agreement with Sloan testing in MS patients.

scholarly journals The Impact of Moringa Leaves, Katuk Leaves and Oxytocin Massage on Quantity and Quality of Mother's Milk as Patients Health Center in Bali

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-279
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Third ◽  
Psychological Disturbances ◽  
Α Level ◽  
Postpartum Mothers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Paired T Test

The problem of breastfeeding is part of the problem of discomfort in postpartum mothers for 2 hours after giving birth. This problem often causes trauma to postpartum mothers during breastfeeding, psychological disturbances, and increases morbidity in the mother and baby due to inadequate breast milk. The practice of Oxytocin massage, Moringa leaves and Katuk leaves at the same time can improve the quantity and quality of breast milk in maternal patients with 36-40 weeks' gestation. This type of research is quantitative research. Respondents numbered 30 were selected by determining purposive sampling in each group consisting of 10 mothers. Data were analyzed using a Paired t-test and Independent sample t-test with an α level of 0.05. The results showed that there was an increase in the quantity of breastfeeding. On the 3rd day, the quantity of breast milk with volume of 45 cc. In the week I with a volume of 10.50 cc, week II 86.50 cc, week III 168.50 cc and week IV as much as 275 cc. It shows that there are differences in quality on days 3 to week IV. The results of data analysis also showed that the 3rd day the quality of breast milk is rather yellow and rather thick, then the first week to the third week rather yellow and thin. At week IV, the quality of breast milk is white and runny. There is an increase in the quality and quantity of breast milk in all three groups.

scholarly journals Association between normative and perceived esthetic results after treatment of mandibular retrognathism

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glauco André MARQUES ◽  
Carolina Carmo de MENEZES ◽  
Giovana Cherubini VENEZIAN ◽  
José Fernando Castanha HENRIQUES ◽  
Silvia Amélia Scudeler VEDOVELLO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
T Test ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Patient Perception ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Facial Profile ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mandibular Retrognathism ◽  
Mandibular Retrognathia

Abstract Introduction This cross-sectional study aimed to associate the normative cephalometric results of mandibular retrognathism treatment with patient perception on the esthetic improvement of facial profile. Objective this cross-sectional study aimed to associate the normative cephalometric results of mandibular retrognathism treatment with patient perception on the esthetic improvement of facial profile. Material and method The normative cephalometric results were obtained from lateral cephalometric radiographs of a sample of 24 Class II malocclusion patients in the pubertal growth spurt. Such patients were treated with a mandibular advancement device and evaluated by comparing pre- and post-treatment variables. The same radiographs were used to produce standardized black silhouettes that were randomly arranged. Patients were instructed to choose their preferred profile and indicate the changes perceived using a 7-point Likert scale. The data were compared with cephalometric results using a mixed-model methodology for time-repeated measures, Student’s t-test, and t-test for heterogeneous variances, at 5% significance level. Result A rate of 75% of patients preferred post-treatment silhouettes and changes were perceived regardless of the choice of either pre- or post-treatment profile. There was no significant difference between the cephalometric variables of the tracings that produced the silhouettes considered better or worse after the evaluation. Conclusion There was no association between the cephalometric results after treatment and the perception of esthetic improvement by patients treated for mandibular retrognathia.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF LASTON AC-WC BASED ON AGGREGATE GRADATION SPECIFICATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Devi Yulita Metasari ◽  
Akhmad Hasanuddin ◽  
Dewi Junita Koesoemawati
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
High Flow ◽  
T Test ◽  
Aggregate Gradation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bitumen Content ◽  
Asphalt Content ◽  
Paired T Test

Laston AC-WC is the outer layer of the pavement that is directly related to the outside, so a strong mixture is required. One of the major effects is the aggregate gradation.This experiment aims to find out the comparison of Laston AC-WC performance between mixtures used aggregat egradation above and below the restriction zone. Each mixture used 6 variations of asphalt content and there were 3 specimens on each variation of bitumen content. The asphalt contents used were 5,5%; 6%; 6,5%; 7%; 7,5% dan 8%. From the results of the experiments, the mixture with the aggregate above the restriction zone at 7% and 7.5% asphalt content had a density value of 2.13 gr / cc and 2.12 gr / cc respectively; VMA value of 15.49% and 15.91%; VFA values ​​of 80.48% and 79.98%; VIM value of 3.16% and 3.18%; stability value of 3013.58 kg and 2332.57 kg; flow value of 2.47 mm and 2.18 mm; as well as MQ values ​​of 1222.25 kg / mm and 1184.59 kg / mm. While on the mixture with the aggregate under the restriction zone in the asphalt content of 7% and 7.5% obtained density value of 2.11 gr / cc and 2.14 gr / cc; VMA value of 17.21% and 16.3%; VFA value of 71.21% and 78.65%; VIM value of 4.99% and 3.49%; stability value of 2518,75 kg and 3234,72 kg; flow values ​​of 2 mm and 2.07 mm; as well as the MQ value of 1259.37 kg / mm and 1623.54 kg / mm. From the results are analyzed Paired T test and found that the value of flow has a significant difference. The high flow rate was found in the mixture with the aggregate above the restriction zone at 7% asphalt content, so this mixture is more durable due to good flexibility. Laston AC-WC merupakan lapisan terluar perkerasan yang berhubungan langsung dengan keadaan luar, sehingga dibutuhkan campuran yang kuat. Salah satu yang berpengaruh besar adalah gradasi agregat yang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kinerja laston AC-WC antara campuran yang menggunakan gradasi di atas dengan di bawah daerah larangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap campuran laston AC-WC. Masing-masing campuran menggunakan 6 variasi kadar aspal dan terdapat 3 benda uji pada setiap kadar aspal. Kadar aspal yang digunakan adalah 5,5%; 6%; 6,5%; 7%; 7,5% dan 8%. Dari hasil penelitian, campuran dengan agregat di atas daerah larangan pada kadar aspal 7% dan 7,5% memiliki nilai density berturut-turut sebesar 2,13 gr/cc dan 2,12 gr/cc; nilai VMA sebesar 15,49% dan 15,91%; nilai VFA sebesar 80,48% dan 79,98%; nilai VIM sebesar 3,16% dan 3,18%; nilai stabilitas sebesar 3013,58 kg dan 2332,57 kg; nilai flow sebesar 2,47 mm dan 2,18 mm; serta nilai MQ sebesar 1222,25 kg/mm dan 1184,59 kg/mm. Sedangkan pada campuran dengan agregat di bawah daerah larangan pada kadar aspal 7% dan 7,5% didapatkan nilai density sebesar 2,11 gr/cc dan 2,14 gr/cc; nilai VMA sebesar 17,21% dan 16,3%; nilai VFA sebesar 71,21% dan 78,65%; nilai VIM sebesar 4,99% dan 3,49%; nilai stabilitas sebesar 2518,75 kg dan 3234,72 kg; nilai flow sebesar 2 mm dan 2,07 mm; serta nilai MQ sebesar 1259,37 kg/mm dan 1623,54 kg/mm. Dari hasil tersebut dilakukan analisa Uji T Berpasangan dan didapatkan bahwa nilai flow memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan. Nilai flow yang tinggi terdapat pada campuran dengan agregat di atas daerah larangan pada kadar aspal 7%, sehingga campuran ini lebih tahan lama dikarenakan memiliki kelenturan yang baik.

scholarly journals Comparison of Copper Level and Color Vision in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Before and After Ethambutol Treatment in Category I and II

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Febria Restissa ◽  
Ahmad Rasyid ◽  
Devi Azri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Total Error ◽  
T Test ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Copper Level ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Vision Disorder ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Paired T Test

ABSTRACT Objective : to determine the correlation between duration of ethambutol and copper levels in serum with color vision disorder examined with Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue (FM100) in patients with tuberculosis. Methods: This study was an explorative observation of 20 samples during November 2017 - January 2018 period. Comparative analysis using independent t-test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney test, while correlation analysis using Spearman's test and Pearson's test.  Results: There was a significant difference of FM100 value before and after in category I (p=0.000) with increase of total error value 11.80+5.31 or category II (p=0.000) with increase of total error value 15.00+7.41. There was significant difference of Cu2+ level before and after in category I (p=0.005) with decrease of Cu2+ level 15.57+5.04 mg/dL or category II (p=0.005) with decrease of Cu2+ level 31.66+7.35 mg/dL. There was significant correlation between color vision and duration of ethambutol (p=0.000), but there was no significant correlation of Cu2+ with color vision (p>0.05). Conclusion: The duration of Ethambutol was related to changes in color vision examined with FM100.

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