Modern Contradictions and Prospects for the Development of Non-Urban (Rural) Territories

The article is devoted to the problems of the current state and prospects for the development of rural areas of the Russian Federation. The issues of the integrated development of rural areas are currently acquiring special relevance. The main factors in the development of non-urban areas are associated with the political, economic and social development strategy of the country. Considering the dynamics of changes in the number of municipalities, we observe a decrease in the number of rural settlements. The main reasons of this situation are considered: a decrease in the rural population, a decrease in the number of births in the countryside, an annual decline in natural population growth, an increase in deaths in rural areas. The existence of many problems of life in villages and villages is confirmed by a sociological survey of rural residents. The existing system for managing the development of rural areas definitely has positive results, but mainly where production has been preserved and operates. Enterprises that perform production activities in the countryside are most often city-forming. They help the municipality to solve economic and social problems. These organizations participate in program projects for the development of the territory with their own share of co-financing. They are primarily interested in creating decent living conditions in the countryside, an influx of population into rural areas, an increase in the number of ablebodied people and jobs. We have identified the main contradictions that hinder the integrated development of non-urban areas, contribute to the outflow of rural residents and the extinction of villages. But it is the “Population” indicator that is one of the determining ones when calculating subsidies in the territory for equalizing the budget, for solving issues of local importance related to the construction and repair of schools, maintenance of roads, maintenance of housing and communal services, provision of drinking water, etc. The article identifies the main directions for the further development of rural areas in order to enhance the socio - economic situation in the countryside.

Download Full-text

Water for the Displaced Population's Health: An Urban-Rural Dichotomy Revisited

Refuge ◽

10.25071/1920-7336.22047 ◽

2000 ◽

pp. 16-21

Author(s):

Alpaslan Özerdem ◽

Sultan Barakat

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Health Impacts ◽

Water Quantity ◽

Rural Settlements ◽

Displaced Populations ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Unsafe Water ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

This paper is a review and analysis of the health impacts of inadequate and unsafe water supplies on displaced populations. The investigation focuses on the overall health implications of the current praxis of water supply recovery and reconstruction, which is often biased towards urban areas, neglecting the water needs of those living in rural areas. Having explored a series of water quantity and quality issues, and their inter-relationship to public health, by comparing urban and rural settlements in the Tuzla Region of Bosnia-Herzegovina, this paper concludes that the overall strategy of responding to water needs of displaced populations requires equal attention and care to both urban and rural areas.

Download Full-text

Transitions between Centralization and Metapolization: From City Development Strategy (CDS) to Peri-Urban Development Strategy (PDS)

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su122410653 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 10653

Author(s):

Sedigheh Asefi ◽

João Matias ◽

Carlos Gonçalves

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Urban Development ◽

Development Strategy ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Development Strategies ◽

City Development ◽

Analytic Hierarchy ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Urban Rural

The elaboration of City Development Strategies (CDS) helps cities to harness the potential of urbanization through strategic planning, and consequently to contribute to promoting development, balancing city growth, and empowering citizens. Continuous and sprawling development along with peri-urban areas has offered a vast and almost limitless nexus of villages–towns upon which the intensifying needs of development, initiatives, and infrastructures can be grafted. Considering the significant role of constructed nexuses in growth and resilience, and thus in planning for the sustainable development of such urban–rural areas, this study will advance the development of a model of the Urban–Rural Reef ecosystem through discovering its main attributes. In doing so, Aveiro has been distinguished as an urban–rural reef to describe such a case study’s characteristics and to extract the indicators of peri-urban sustainable development strategies. In the next step, the assessment of the peri-urban development strategy (PDS) has been accomplished by using the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDM) method and applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. Finally, a conclusion has been presented based on the findings for Aveiro urban–rural reefs containing the analysis results and offering some solutions.

Download Full-text

CVD risk factors and surrogate markers - Urban-rural differences

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1403494819869816 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (7) ◽

pp. 752-761

Author(s):

Joel Nuotio ◽

Lauri Vähämurto ◽

Katja Pahkala ◽

Costan G. Magnussen ◽

Nina Hutri-Kähönen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Surrogate Markers ◽

Rural Residents ◽

Urban Rural

Aims: Disparity in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and risk factor levels between urban and rural regions has been confirmed worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine how living in different community types (urban–rural) in childhood and adulthood are related to cardiovascular risk factors and surrogate markers of CVD such as carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and left ventricular mass (LVM). Methods: The study population comprised 2903 participants (54.1% female, mean age 10.5 years in 1980) of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study who had been clinically examined in 1980 (age 3–18 years) and had participated in at least one adult follow-up (2001–2011). Results: In adulthood, urban residents had lower systolic blood pressure (–1 mmHg), LDL-cholesterol (–0.05 mmol/l), lower body mass index (–1.0 kg/m2) and glycosylated haemoglobin levels (–0.05 mmol/mol), and lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (19.9 v. 23.7%) than their rural counterparts. In addition, participants continuously living in urban areas had significantly lower IMT (–0.01 mm), LVM (1.59 g/m2.7) and pulse wave velocity (–0.22 m/s) and higher carotid artery compliance (0.07%/10 mmHg) compared to persistently rural residents. The differences in surrogate markers of CVD were only partially attenuated when adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions: Participants living in urban communities had a more favourable cardiovascular risk factor profile than rural residents. Furthermore, participants continuously living in urban areas had less subclinical markers related to CVD compared with participants living in rural areas. Urban–rural differences in cardiovascular health might provide important opportunities for optimizing prevention by targeting areas of highest need.

Download Full-text

Geographic Information Systems and the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas

Land ◽

10.3390/land10010006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Krystyna Kurowksa ◽

Renata Marks-Bielska ◽

Stanisław Bielski ◽

Audrius Aleknavičius ◽

Cezary Kowalczyk

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Spatial Dimension ◽

Geographic Information ◽

Spatial Analyses ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Main Research ◽

Current State ◽

Gis Tools ◽

Political Economic

Sustainable development is socioeconomic growth that integrates political, economic, and social measures alongside environmental protection to meet the needs of communities and citizens without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The sustainable development concept was initially based on three main pillars: environment, economy, and society. In successive years, this concept has been expanded to include new pillars. The awareness of these changes has influenced our research interests. The main research objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of geographic information system (GIS) tools (data, tools, and multidimensional analyses) to the implementation of sustainable development principles in rural areas. The study covered rural and nonurbanized areas in Poland, especially farmland, forests, fisheries, and farms. The study presents the results of our research into environmental, economic, and social determinants of growth in the spatial dimension. GIS tools continue to evolve, which improves access to information and increases database managers’ awareness that highly accurate data are needed for spatial analyses. GIS systems allow us to formulate, in a structured and formal way, models that reflect both the current state and forecast changes that will occur in space. It is a very useful tool in the sustainable development of rural areas.

Download Full-text

Urban–Rural Dichotomy in Planning: Review of Legal Framework in Four States of India

Indian Journal of Public Administration ◽

10.1177/00195561211001610 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001955612110016

Author(s):

Anurima Mukherjee Basu ◽

Rutool Sharma

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Planning Process ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Quantum Jump ◽

Class 1 ◽

Urban Settlements ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Territorial Approach ◽

Sizeable Number

Current urbanisation trends in India show a quantum jump in number of ‘census towns’, which are not statutorily declared as urban areas, but have acquired all characteristics of urban settlements. Sizeable number of such census towns are not located near any Class 1 city. Lack of proper and timely planning has led to unplanned growth of these settlements. This article is based on a review of planning legislations, institutional framework and planning process of four states in India. The present article analyses the scope and limitations of the planning process adopted in the rapidly urbanising rural areas of these states. The findings reveal that states are still following a conventional approach to planning that treats ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ as separate categories and highlights the need for adopting an integrated territorial approach to planning of settlements.

Download Full-text

Urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, 2008–2012: a cross-sectional analysis of data from 36 cancer registers

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042762 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e042762

Author(s):

Shuai Yuan ◽

Shao-Hua Xie

Keyword(s):

Cancer Incidence ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Cancer Type ◽

Anatomic Site ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban Rural

ObjectiveThe substantial differences in socioeconomic and lifestyle exposures between urban and rural areas in China may lead to urban–rural disparity in cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China.MethodsUsing data from 36 regional cancer registries in China in 2008–2012, we compared the age-standardised incidence rates of cancer by sex and anatomic site between rural and urban areas. We calculated the rate difference and rate ratio comparing rates in rural versus urban areas by sex and cancer type.ResultsThe incidence rate of all cancers in women was slightly lower in rural areas than in urban areas, but the total cancer rate in men was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The incidence rates in women were higher in rural areas than in urban areas for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower for cancers of thyroid and breast. Men residing in rural areas had higher incidence rates for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower rates for prostate cancer, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer, and colorectal cancer.ConclusionsOur findings suggest substantial urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, which varies across cancer types and the sexes. Cancer prevention strategies should be tailored for common cancers in rural and urban areas.

Download Full-text

RURAL–URBAN MIGRATION AND CHILD SURVIVAL IN URBAN BANGLADESH: ARE THE URBAN MIGRANTS AND POOR DISADVANTAGED?

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932007002271 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 83-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

M. MAZHARUL ISLAM ◽

KAZI MD ABUL KALAM AZAD

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Poor ◽

Child Survival ◽

Childhood Mortality ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Under Five ◽

Urban Migrants ◽

Urban Rural

SummaryThis paper analyses the levels and trends of childhood mortality in urban Bangladesh, and examines whether children’s survival chances are poorer among the urban migrants and urban poor. It also examines the determinants of child survival in urban Bangladesh. Data come from the 1999–2000 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The results indicate that, although the indices of infant and child mortality are consistently better in urban areas, the urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality have diminished in recent years. The study identifies two distinct child morality regimes in urban Bangladesh: one for urban natives and one for rural–urban migrants. Under-five mortality is higher among children born to urban migrants compared with children born to life-long urban natives (102 and 62 per 1000 live births, respectively). The migrant–native mortality differentials more-or-less correspond with the differences in socioeconomic status. Like childhood mortality rates, rural–urban migrants seem to be moderately disadvantaged by economic status compared with their urban native counterparts. Within the urban areas, the child survival status is even worse among the migrant poor than among the average urban poor, especially recent migrants. This poor–non-poor differential in childhood mortality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The study findings indicate that rapid growth of the urban population in recent years due to rural-to-urban migration, coupled with higher risk of mortality among migrant’s children, may be considered as one of the major explanations for slower decline in under-five mortality in urban Bangladesh, thus diminishing urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality in Bangladesh. The study demonstrates that housing conditions and access to safe drinking water and hygienic toilet facilities are the most critical determinants of child survival in urban areas, even after controlling for migration status. The findings of the study may have important policy implications for urban planning, highlighting the need to target migrant groups and the urban poor within urban areas in the provision of health care services.

Download Full-text

Seasonal variation and spatial distribution of carbonaceous aerosols in Taiwan

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-10-9563-2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (19) ◽

pp. 9563-9578 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

C. C.-K. Chou ◽

C. T. Lee ◽

M. T. Cheng ◽

C. S. Yuan ◽

S. J. Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Southern Taiwan ◽

Northern Taiwan

Abstract. To investigate the physico-chemical properties of aerosols in Taiwan, an observation network was initiated in 2003. In this work, the measurements of the mass concentration and carbonaceous composition of PM10 and PM2.5 are presented. Analysis on the data collected in the first 5-years, from 2003 to 2007, showed that there was a very strong contrast in the aerosol concentration and composition between the rural and the urban/suburban stations. The five-year means of EC at the respective stations ranged from 0.9±0.04 to 4.2±0.1 μgC m−3. In rural areas, EC accounted for 2–3% of PM10 and 3–5% of PM2.5 mass loadings, comparing to 4–6% of PM10 and 4–8% of PM2.5 in the urban areas. It was found that the spatial distribution of EC was consistent with CO and NOx across the network stations, suggesting that the levels of EC over Taiwan were dominated by local sources. The measured OC was split into POC and SOC counterparts following the EC tracer method. Five-year means of POC ranged from 1.8±0.1 to 9.7±0.2 μgC m−3 among the stations. It was estimated that the POM contributed 5–17% of PM10 and 7–18% of PM2.5 in Taiwan. On the other hand, the five-year means of SOC ranged from 1.5±0.1 to 3.8±.3 μgC m−3. The mass fractions of SOM were estimated to be 9–19% in PM10 and 14–22% in PM2.5. The results showed that the SOC did not exhibit significant urban-rural contrast as did the POC and EC. A significant cross-station correlation between SOC and total oxidant was observed, which means the spatial distribution of SOC in Taiwan was dominated by the oxidant mixing ratio. Besides, correlation was also found between SOC and particulate nitrate, implying that the precursors of SOA were mainly from local anthropogenic sources. In addition to the spatial distribution, the carbonaceous aerosols also exhibited distinct seasonality. In northern Taiwan, the concentrations of all the three carbonaceous components (EC, POC, and SOC) reached their respective minima in the fall season. POC and EC increased drastically in winter and peaked in spring, whereas the SOC was characterized by a bimodal pattern with the maximal concentration in winter and a second mode in summertime. In southern Taiwan, minimal levels of POC and EC occurred consistently in summer and the maxima were observed in winter, whereas the SOC peaked in summer and declined in wintertime. The discrepancies in the seasonality of carbonaceous aerosols between northern and southern Taiwan were most likely caused by the seasonal meteorological settings that dominated the dispersion of air pollutants. Moreover, it was inferred that the Asian pollution outbreaks could have shifted the seasonal maxima of air pollutants from winter to spring in the northern Taiwan, and that the increases in biogenic SOA precursors and the enhancement in SOA yield were responsible for the elevated SOC concentrations in summer.

Download Full-text

Agriculture Biomaterial Industry in Romania

International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management ◽

10.4018/ijsem.2021010103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 32-44

Author(s):

Irina Bancescu

Keyword(s):

Rural Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Rural Poverty ◽

Value Added ◽

Poverty Rate ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Income Gap ◽

Rural Income ◽

Urban Rural

Rural areas in Romania are underdeveloped, with the main economic activity being agriculture. Urban-rural income gap and poverty levels are indicative of an underdeveloped rural area. Urban-rural absolute income gap for average monthly income increased from 352 RON in 2007 to 663 RON in 2017. Moreover, the work poverty rate is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Economic rural development can be achieved by improvements of the labour market and introduction of new value-added products. Agricultural and non-agricultural activities are dependent on each other for a successful rural development leading to poverty alleviation. An industry that combines the two types of economic activities is agriculture biomaterial industry. In this paper, the authos investigates the factors influencing rural poverty and analyses the current stage of the bioplastics market in Romania and its economic implications. Bioplastics industry can reduce urban-rural income gaps and poverty in rural areas.

Download Full-text

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences ◽

10.22394/2071-2367-2021-16-4-148-162 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 148-162

Author(s):

O.D. PRITULA ◽

◽

S.G. DAVYDOVA ◽

A.V. KOSTYUKOV ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Administration ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Analytical Study ◽

Development Program ◽

Rural Settlements ◽

Integrated Development ◽

Municipal Administration ◽

Degree Of Satisfaction ◽

Social Demographic ◽

Territorial Systems

Currently, the analysis of the causes and consequences of differences in territorial systems (municipalities, regions) by individual social, demographic and economic indicators, as well as by the totality of their interaction, is becoming more and more significant and relevant. Achieving sustainable and integrated development of rural areas is an important task of state and municipal administration. In the study, the authors focus on the effectiveness of public administration in terms of meeting the needs of the population of rural areas, and describe the tools that provide a link between the basic conditions and the final result of management decisions. The basis of the analytical study was the degree of satisfaction of the population of the municipalities of the Novgorod region with the set of implemented measures in the context of the program of integrated development of rural settlements. The authors used the approach of constructing structural groupings to characterize and justify the composition of the municipalities of the Novgorod region in the directions (spheres) and the degree of actualization of needs. The article presents the results of the ranking of municipalities in the region in order to determine the most significant territories for the implementation of the measures of the integrated development program. Thus, the authors touch upon the aspect of assessing the potential of the territory to improve the effectiveness of using public administration tools.

Download Full-text