Is the Tubular Nervous System Related with the Development of Skeletal Muscle in Chordates? – A Review

AbstractMany theories and arguments have been proposed regarding the ancestors of the vertebrates and the factors that lead to the evolution of the tubular nervous system. Invertebrates had simpler smooth muscles. Vertebrates acquired additional skeletal muscles. The skeletal muscles were found to be associated with a new type of tubular nervous system. There were three stages in the evolution of the nervous system. The most primitive was the network type, in which there was neither a polarization nor a centralization of neurons. The second stage was characterized by the evolution of a ganglionic nervous system. Then, the tubular type of nervous system appeared for the first time in chordates. Therefore, the author hypothesizes that the skeletal muscle developed simultaneously with the tubular nervous system. The chorda mesoderm and, thereby, the skeletal muscle, induced the formation of a tubular nervous system in chordates. In the present article, the author aims to analyze the nervous system, starting from invertebrates and moving on to chordates.

Download Full-text

Humoral regulation of neuromuscular transmission and neurotrophic control of skeletal muscle fiber

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj84034 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 82 (5) ◽

pp. 321-325

Author(s):

G. I. Poletaev

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Nervous System ◽

Muscle Fiber ◽

Neuromuscular Transmission ◽

Chemical Nature ◽

Focus Of Attention ◽

Skeletal Muscle Fiber ◽

Neurotrophic Control ◽

First Time ◽

Humoral Regulation

The mechanism of nerve-to-muscle transmission, as well as the trophic influence of the nervous system on effector organs, have always been in the focus of attention of scientists of the Kazan physiological school. Suffice it to recall the famous physiologist A.F. Samoilov, who in 1924 for the first time established the chemical nature of neuromuscular transmission.

Download Full-text

Architecture of the sarcomere matrix of skeletal muscle: immunoelectron microscopic evidence that suggests a set of parallel inextensible nebulin filaments anchored at the Z line.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.107.6.2199 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 107 (6) ◽

pp. 2199-2212 ◽

Cited By ~ 166

Author(s):

K Wang ◽

J Wright

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Smooth Muscles ◽

Psoas Muscle ◽

Immunoblot Analysis ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Wide Range ◽

Determining Factors ◽

Myosin Filaments ◽

In Series

Nebulin, a giant myofibrillar protein (600-800 kD) that is abundant (3%) in the sarcomere of a wide range of skeletal muscles, has been proposed as a component of a cytoskeletal matrix that coexists with actin and myosin filaments within the sarcomere. Immunoblot analysis indicates that although polypeptides of similar size are present in cardiac and smooth muscles at low abundance, those proteins show no immunological cross-reactivity with skeletal muscle nebulin. Gel analysis reveals that nebulins in various skeletal muscles of rabbit belong to at least two classes of size variants. A monospecific antibody has been used to localize nebulin by immunoelectron microscopy in a mechanically split rabbit psoas muscle fiber preparation. Labeled split fibers exhibit six pairs of stripes of antibody-imparted transverse densities spaced at 0.1-1.0 micron from the Z line within each sarcomere. These epitopes maintain a fixed distance to the Z line irrespective of sarcomere length and do not exhibit the characteristic elastic stretch-response of titin epitopes within the I band domain. It is proposed that nebulin constitutes a set of inextensible filaments attached at one end to the Z line and that nebulin filaments are in parallel, and not in series, with titin filaments. Thus the skeletal muscle sarcomere may have two sets of nonactomyosin filaments: a set of I segment-linked nebulin filaments and a set of A segment-linked titin filaments. This four-filament sarcomere model raises the possibility that nebulin and titin might act as organizing templates and length-determining factors for actin and myosin respectively.

Download Full-text

A new type of bionic grid plate—The compressive deformation and mechanical properties of the grid beetle elytron plate

Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials ◽

10.1177/1099636221993872 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 109963622199387 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ning Hao ◽

Jinxiang Chen ◽

Yiheng Song ◽

Xiaoming Zhang ◽

Tidong Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Deformation Mode ◽

Absorption Capacity ◽

Compressive Deformation ◽

Compressive Properties ◽

New Type ◽

Grid Plate ◽

Three Stages ◽

First Time ◽

Deformation Modes

To develop lightweight and biomimetic structural materials, in this paper, the compressive deformation and mechanical properties of the grid beetle elytron plate (GBEP) with the same core volume as the end-trabecular beetle elytron plate (EBEP) under compression were investigated for the first time. (1) The B-type deformation mode of trabeculae is clarified, which is a higher stage of independent deformation than the Φ-type deformation mode in the beetle elytron plate (BEP). Additionally, the four deformation modes of the BEP are divided into three stages in succession from easy to difficult: C-type, Φ-type and S (B)-type deformation. This paper verifies that the compressive strength and energy absorption capacity of the GBEP increase by 35% and 87%, respectively, relative to those of the grid plate (GP) with the same volume. (2) Although the number of trabeculae of the GBEP is significantly less than that of the EBEP, each trabecula in the GBEP has one more honeycomb wall constraint than each trabecula in the EBEP. The increase range of the compressive properties of the GBEP relative to the GP is greater than that of the EBEP relative to the honeycomb plate (HP). This confirms the prediction that the compressive properties can be effectively improved by appropriately increasing the constraints on the trabeculae. This paper deepens and enriches the knowledge regarding the biomimetic application system of BEPs, lays the foundation for GBEPs, whose preparation is convenient, and accelerates the applications of GBEPs.

Download Full-text

PELATIHAN DAN PENDAMPINGAN PEMBUATAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN INTERAKTIF BERBASIS MACROMEDIA FLASH

SELAPARANG Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan ◽

10.31764/jpmb.v4i1.3143 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 396

Author(s):

Baihaqi Siddik Lubis ◽

Eko Febri Syahputra Siregar

Keyword(s):

Interactive Media ◽

Community Services ◽

Active Media ◽

Second Stage ◽

The Third ◽

Third Stage ◽

Teacher Competences ◽

Service Activity ◽

Three Stages ◽

First Time

ABSTRAKPengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan kompetensi guru dalam mengajar di dalam kelas dengan menggunakan media interaktif berbasis macromedia flash bagi guru SD Muhammadiyah Kota Medan. Pelatihan dan pendampingan tersebut dalam bentuk training and workshop. Pengabdian diikuti oleh 12 orang guru dari 2 sekolah, SD Muhammadiyah 29 Sei Mencirim dan SD Muhammadiyah 38 Medan Krio. Kegiatan pengabdian ini terdiri dari tiga tahapan, yaitu tahapan pertama sosialisasi dengan mengadakan observasi dan wawancara kepada kepala sekolah, tahap kedua pelatihan dan pendampingan dan tahap ketiga evaluasi. Hasil pelatihan dan pendampingan ini menunjukkan bahwa 10 guru (83,33%) guru mampu membuat media pembelajaran interaktif berbasis macromedia flash dan 2 guru (16,7%) belum mampu membuat media pembelajaran berbasis macromedia flash. Hal ini terjadi karena guru baru pertama kali menggunakan software macromedia flash untuk membuat media pembelajaran. Kata Kunci: media interaktif; macromedia flash; kompetensi guru. ABSTRACTThis community services activity aims to develop teacher competences in teaching in the class by using Interactive Media based on macromedia flash for teachers’ of SD Muhammadiyah Medan City. Training and mentoring take the form training and workshop. The service is followed by 12 teachers’ from two schools, SD Muhammadiyah 29 Sei Mencirim and SD Muhammadiyah 38 Medan Krio. This service activity consists of three stages, namely the first stage of socialization by conducting observations and interviews with the head master, the second stage of training and mentoring and the third stage of evaluation. The results of training and mentoring show that 10 teachers’ (83,33%) have been able to create learning active media based on macromedia flash dan 2 teachers’ (16,7%) have not been able to create learning interactive media based on macromedia flash. This thing occours as teachers’ have just used Macromedia flash software for the first time to create learning media. Keywords: interactive media; macro media flash; teacher competences.

Download Full-text

A Novel Approach for Detection of Fake News on Social Media Using Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms

Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika ◽

10.5755/j01.eie.25.4.23972 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 62-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Feyza Altunbey Ozbay ◽

Bilal Alatas

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Social Media ◽

Fake News ◽

Second Stage ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Three Stages ◽

Last Stage ◽

Real World Datasets ◽

First Time ◽

Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms

Deceptive content is becoming increasingly dangerous, such as fake news created by social media users. Individuals and society have been affected negatively by the spread of low-quality news on social media. The fake and real news needs to be detected to eliminate the disadvantages of social media. This paper proposes a novel approach for fake news detection (FND) problem on social media. Applying this approach, FND problem has been considered as an optimization problem for the first time and two metaheuristic algorithms, the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Salp Swarm Optimization (SSO) have been adapted to the FND problem for the first time as well. The proposed FND approach consists of three stages. The first stage is data preprocessing. The second stage is adapting GWO and SSO for construction of a novel FND model. The last stage consists of using proposed FND model for testing. The proposed approach has been evaluated using three different real-world datasets. The results have been compared with seven supervised artificial intelligence algorithms. The results show GWO algorithm has the best performance in comparison with SSO algorithm and the other artificial intelligence algorithms. GWO seems to be efficiently used for solving different types of social media problems.

Download Full-text

Immobilization-induced activation of key proteolytic systems in skeletal muscles is prevented by a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00471.2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 115 (4) ◽

pp. 529-538 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

Erin E. Talbert ◽

Ashley J. Smuder ◽

Kisuk Min ◽

Oh Sung Kwon ◽

Hazel H. Szeto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Atrophy ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽

Skeletal Muscle Atrophy ◽

Muscle Disuse ◽

Mitochondrial Ros ◽

Disuse Muscle Atrophy ◽

Muscle Fiber Atrophy ◽

First Time

Long periods of skeletal muscle disuse result in muscle fiber atrophy, and mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) appears to be a required signal for the increase in protein degradation that occurs during disuse muscle atrophy. The experiments detailed here demonstrate for the first time in limb muscle that the inactivity-induced increases in E3 ligase expression and autophagy biomarkers result from increases in mitochondrial ROS emission. Treatment of animals with a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant also prevented the disuse-induced decrease in anabolic signaling (Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling) that is normally associated with prolonged inactivity in skeletal muscles. Additionally, our results confirm previous findings that treatment with a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant is sufficient to prevent casting-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of the proteases calpain and caspase-3. Collectively, these data reveal that inactivity-induced increases in mitochondrial ROS emission play a required role in activation of key proteolytic systems and the downregulation of important anabolic signaling molecules in muscle fibers exposed to prolonged inactivity.

Download Full-text

The Absorption of Fluid from the Tracheal System of Mosquito Larvae at Hatching and Moulting

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.15.2.248 ◽

1938 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 248-254

Author(s):

V. B. WIGGLESWORTH

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

Tracheal System ◽

Active Absorption ◽

Second Stage ◽

First Time ◽

Do So

At the hatching and moulting of Aedes aegypti the fluid present in the tracheal system is removed, apparently throughout the whole system, by an active absorption which takes place only when the respiratory siphon is open at the surface so that air can enter. The nervous system is apparently concerned in the initiation of this absorption. First-stage larvae kept under water can retain fluid in the tracheal system for several days and absorb it when they get access to the air. This ability is gradually lost if filling is deferred for more than 3 days. The tracheal system then becomes filled with air for the first time after moulting to the next stage. Second-stage larvae must absorb the fluid within a few minutes of moulting or they are unable to do so.

Download Full-text

Fusaria and other fungi taxa associated with rhizosphere and rhizoplane of lentil and sesame at different growth stages

Acta Mycologica ◽

10.5586/am.2012.005 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 35-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sobhy I. Abdel-Hafez ◽

Mady A. Ismail ◽

Nemmat A. Hussein ◽

Nivien A. Abdel-Hameed

Keyword(s):

Growth Stage ◽

Common Species ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Second Stage ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Three Stages ◽

First Time ◽

Different Growth Stages ◽

Isolated Species

Density and diversity of Fusarium species and other fungi associated with rhizosphere and rhizoplane of lentil and sesame plants at three different growth stages were investigated. Sixteen species of Fusarium were isolated from rhizosphere (13 species) and rhizoplane (11) of both plants studied. In lentil, 11 species were recorded from its rhizosphere (9 species) and rhizoplane (8). Fusarium species associated with lentil rhizoplane gave highest number of propagules at the first stage of plant growth while the ones of Fusarium associated with the rhizosphere produced the highest number at the second stage of growth. F. solani was the most common in the three growth stages. In addition, of two growth stages, F. culmorum and F. tricinctum were isolated from the rhizosphere while F. nygamai and F. verticillioides from the rhizoplane. The other species were recorded from only one growth stage of lentil plant. In sesame plants, rhizosphere yielded nine Fusarium species while rhizoplane gave only six from the three stages investigated. Stage I of sesame rhizosphere possessed the highest colony forming units of Fusarium. As the case for lentil, F. solani was the most common species in sesame rhizospere and rhizoplane. F. verticillioides and F. nygamai (in three different growth stages) followed by F. oxysporum and F. tricinctum (in two growth stages) were recorded using the dilution-plate and/or soil-plate methods from sesame rhizosphere soils. Rhizoplane Fusarium species of sesame plants were isolated at the three different growth stages with almost equal number of colony forming units. F. poae came after F. solani in its frequency since it was recovered from two growth stages. Several of the isolated species are well-known as pathogens to many cultivated plants. To the best of our knowledge, three species are recorded here for the first time in Egypt from the rhizosphere (F. acutatum), rhizoplane of sesame plants (F. longipes) and from rhizosphere of both lentil and sesame and rhizoplane of lentil (F. nygamai).

Download Full-text

The Effect of Long-Lasting Swimming on Rats Skeletal Muscles Energy Metabolism after Nine Days of Dexamethasone Treatment

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms23020748 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 748

Author(s):

Damian Jozef Flis ◽

Emilia Gabriela Bialobrodzka ◽

Ewa Aleksandra Rodziewicz-Flis ◽

Zbigniew Jost ◽

Andzelika Borkowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Energy Metabolism ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Long Duration ◽

Activity Of Enzymes ◽

The Common ◽

Lipid Metabolites ◽

First Time ◽

Aerobic And Anaerobic

This study investigates the effect of Dexamethasone (Dex) treatment on blood and skeletal muscle metabolites level and skeletal muscle activity of enzymes related to energy metabolism after long-duration swimming. To evaluate whether Dex treatment, swimming, and combining these factors act on analyzed data, rats were randomly divided into four groups: saline treatment non-exercise and exercise and Dex treatment non-exercised and exercised. Animals in both exercised groups underwent long-lasting swimming. The concentration of lipids metabolites, glucose, and lactate were measured in skeletal muscles and blood according to standard colorimetric and fluorimetric methods. Also, activities of enzymes related to aerobic and anaerobic metabolism were measured in skeletal muscles. The results indicated that Dex treatment induced body mass loss and increased lipid metabolites in the rats’ blood but did not alter these changes in skeletal muscles. Interestingly, prolonged swimming applied after 9 days of Dex treatment significantly intensified changes induced by Dex; however, there was no difference in skeletal muscle enzymatic activities. This study shows for the first time the cumulative effect of exercise and Dex on selected elements of lipid metabolism, which seems to be essential for the patient’s health due to the common use of glucocorticoids like Dex.

Download Full-text

The Coherence of Mary Barton: Romance, Realism, and Utopia

Victoriographies ◽

10.3366/vic.2015.0194 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 185-200

Author(s):

Robert Z. Birdwell

Keyword(s):

Thomas Carlyle ◽

The Novel ◽

Second Stage ◽

The Third ◽

Third Stage ◽

Three Stages ◽

Mode Of Production

Critics have argued that Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton (1848), is split by a conflict between the modes of realism and romance. But the conflict does not render the novel incoherent, because Gaskell surpasses both modes through a utopian narrative that breaks with the conflict of form and gives coherence to the whole novel. Gaskell not only depicts what Thomas Carlyle called the ‘Condition of England’ in her work but also develops, through three stages, the utopia that will redeem this condition. The first stage is romantic nostalgia, a backward glance at Eden from the countryside surrounding Manchester. The second stage occurs in Manchester, as Gaskell mixes romance with a realistic mode, tracing a utopian drive toward death. The third stage is the utopian break with romantic and realistic accounts of the Condition of England and with the inadequate preceding conceptions of utopia. This third stage transforms narrative modes and figures a new mode of production.

Download Full-text