Effect of Bleaching Gels on Surface Roughness of Nanofilled Composite Resins

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the superficial texture of composite restorations after different bleaching protocols. Methods: Filtek Supreme (S), Filtek Z350 (F), and Grandio (G) were compared to Opallis (O) and Filtek Z250 (Z) (control microhybrid composites) and to bovine enamel using three different bleaching agents: 35% hydrogen peroxide Whiteness HP (WHP), 35% Whiteness HP MAXX (WMAXX) and 16% carbamide peroxide Whiteness Standard (WS). Six specimens from each composite were treated using each bleaching agent, according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Three random sites were measured for superficial roughness (Hommel Tester T 1000) weekly for each sample. Data were analyzed for each bleaching system using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests at 5% significance level. Results: WHP treatment significantly altered the Filtek Supreme composite over time. When WMAXX was used, Grandio displayed the most significant alterations in surface roughness throughout the evaluation period, which was not observed for the other nanocomposites. Using WS, Filtek Z250 presented significant surface alterations over time, which was not seen in the nanofilled materials. Conclusions: Surface roughness alteration was material and time-dependent. The bleaching gels affected nanofilled and microhybrid composite resins. Enamel was the surface less affected by bleaching. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:173-179)

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Effects of 16% Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching on the Surface Properties of Glazed Glassy Matrix Ceramics

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/1864298 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Necla Demir ◽

Muhammet Karci ◽

Mutlu Ozcan

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Surface Properties ◽

Glassy Matrix ◽

Bleaching Agent ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Ceramic Restorations ◽

Bleaching Gels ◽

Scanning Electron

Objective. To determine the influence of the home bleaching agent, Opalescence PF, on the surface roughness and microhardness of glazed glassy matrix CAD-CAM ceramics. Materials and Methods. The 28 sintered leucite- and lithium disilicate-reinforced ceramic specimens (IPS Empress CAD and IPS e.max CAD) were divided into control and bleached groups. The home bleaching agent was applied to specimens of bleached groups for 7 days. The surface roughness and microhardness of all specimens were measured. A scanning electron microscope was used to evaluate the surface properties. The data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA. Results. The control e.max CAD showed the lowest surface roughness values. For both Empress and e.max CAD, surface roughness was significantly higher for the bleached group (p<0.05). No significant differences in microhardness were observed. Conclusions. According to our study, patients should be careful when using home bleaching agents because whitening agents can affect the mechanical properties of full ceramic restorations like e.max CAD and Empress CAD. Ceramic polishing may be required in clinical situations where ceramic restorations are accidentally exposed to bleaching gels.

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Brushing Effect of Abrasive Dentifrices during At-home Bleaching with 10% Carbamide Peroxide on Enamel Surface Roughness

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jcdp-7-1-25 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 25-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Luís Roberto Marcondes Martins ◽

Claudia Cia Worschech ◽

José Augusto Rodrigues ◽

Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Tooth Bleaching ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Human Enamel ◽

Over Time ◽

At Home

Abstract During tooth bleaching abrasive dentifrices might change the outer superficial enamel. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the roughness of human enamel exposed to a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent at different times and submitted to different superficial cleaning treatments. The study consisted of 60 sound human enamel slabs, randomly assigned to different treatment groups: G1 - not brushed; G2 - brushed with a fluoride abrasive dentifrice; G3 - brushed with a non-fluoride abrasive dentifrice; and G4 - brushed without a dentifrice. There were 15 enamel slabs per group. Slabs of molar teeth were obtained and sequentially polished with sandpaper and abrasive pastes. A perfilometer was used to obtain the mean of Ra value on the surface of each specimen to initial and experimental times. Bleaching was performed on the enamel surface for six hours daily. After that, each slab received a cleaning surface treatment and was stored in artificial saliva. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's HSD hoc analysis (α =0.05) revealed significant differences in roughness values over time for enamel bleached and treated with different superficial cleaning methods. G1 and G4 showed no significant differences in roughness over time, G2 and G3 showed a significant increase in the surface roughness values. This in vitro investigation showed the sole use of 10% carbamide peroxide did not alter the enamel surface roughness, but the cleaning treatments that employed the use of brushing with abrasive dentifrices resulted in a significant increase of enamel surface roughness. Citation Worschech CC, Rodrigues JA, Martins LRM, Ambrosano GMB. Brushing Effect of Abrasive Dentifrices during At-home Bleaching with 10% Carbamide Peroxide on Enamel Surface Roughness. J Contemp Dent Pract 2006 February;(7)1:025-034.

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Enamel Surface Changes After Exposure to Bleaching Gels Containing Carbamide Peroxide or Hydrogen Peroxide

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/15-010-l ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. E39-E47 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

B Cvikl ◽

A Lussi ◽

A Moritz ◽

S Flury

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Elastic Modulus ◽

Color Change ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Bleaching Gels ◽

Bleaching Treatment

SUMMARY Objective This study evaluated the differences in enamel color change, surface hardness, elastic modulus, and surface roughness between treatments with four bleaching gels containing carbamide peroxide (two at 10% and one each at 35%, and 45%) and two bleaching gels containing hydrogen peroxide (two at 40%). Methods Enamel specimens were bleached and color changes were measured. Color change was calculated using either ΔE or the Bleaching Index (BI). Then, surface hardness, elastic modulus, and surface roughness of the enamel specimens were evaluated. All measurements were performed at baseline and directly after the first bleaching treatment for all carbamide peroxide– and hydrogen peroxide–containing bleaching gels. In addition, final measurements were made 24 hours after each of a total of 10 bleaching treatments for carbamide peroxide bleaching gels, and 1 week after each of a total of three bleaching treatments for hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels. Results After the last bleaching treatment, respective ΔE scores were 17.6 and 8.2 for the two 10% carbamide peroxide gels, 12.9 and 5.6 for the 45% and 35% carbamide peroxide gels, and 9.6 and 13.9 for the two 40% hydrogen peroxide gels. The respective BI scores were −2.0 and −2.0 for the two 10% carbamide peroxide gels, −3.5 and −1.5 for the 45% and 35% carbamide peroxide gels, and −2.0 and −3.0 for the two 40% hydrogen peroxide gels. Each bleaching gel treatment resulted in significant whitening; however, no significant difference was found among the gels after the last bleaching. Whitening occurred within the first bleaching treatments and did not increase significantly during the remaining treatments. Surface hardness significantly decreased after the last bleaching treatment, when 10% carbamide peroxide was used. Furthermore, significant changes in the elastic modulus or surface roughness occurred only after treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide. Conclusion All six bleaching gels effectively bleached the enamel specimens independent of their concentration of peroxide. Gels with low peroxide concentration and longer contact time negatively affected the enamel surface.

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Changes in surface roughness and color stability of two composites caused by different bleaching agents

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402012000600006 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 659-666 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Anna Paula Kalix França Mendes ◽

Marcos de Oliveira Barceleiro ◽

Rodrigo Sant'anna Aguiar dos Reis ◽

Lucilei Lopes Bonato ◽

Kátia Regina Hostílio Cervantes Dias

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Color Stability ◽

Color Condition ◽

Evaluation Period ◽

Significance Level ◽

Surface Polishing ◽

Nanohybrid Composite

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two bleaching agents (10% and 35% hydrogen peroxide) on the color stability and surface roughness of two composites, one nanohybrid and one nanoparticle. Specimens were polished, aged, stained, bleached and polished again. The action of the bleaching agents on the composites was analyzed using a profilometer (surface roughness) and a spectrophotometer (color stability). The effect of polishing the composites on the surface roughness and the resumption of the composite color was also evaluated. The results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% significance level. The analysis indicated that the nanohybrid composite was more affected by staining. The bleaching agents were not able to promote bleaching of either composite over the evaluation period. Surface polishing returned nanohybrid composite to its original color condition, which did not occur for the nanoparticle composite. Additionally, polishing did not return the surface roughness of either composite to its original value. It may be concluded that polishing surface after bleaching should not be the treatment of choice, as it was not possible to reverse the roughness of the composites to their original values, suggesting that a more extensive and irreversible degradation might have occurred.

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Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Microhybrid and Nanofilled Composites after pH-Cycling and Simulated Toothbrushing

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jcdp-11-6-17 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 17-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Josealdo Tonholo ◽

Roberta Alves Pinto Moura Penteado ◽

José Ginaldo Júnior ◽

Milton Fernando de Andrade Silva ◽

Celso da Silva Queiroz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Composite Material ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Atomic Force Microscope ◽

Composite Resins ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

Significance Level ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Ph Cycling ◽

Plot Design

Abstract Aim This study evaluated the surface roughness patterns of two resin-based composite restorative materials, a microhybrid (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE) and a nanofilled (Filtek Supreme, 3M ESPE), subjected to a regimen that simulated dynamic pH-cycling and toothbrushing. Methods and Materials Twelve standardized cylindrical specimens of each resin-based composite material were prepared, finished, and mechanically polished. The experimental units were submitted to a pH-cycling regimen followed by 50,000 toothbrushing cycles, after which the surface roughness was measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM). AFM surface roughness was evaluated at three intervals: (1) immediately after specimen preparation (baseline), (2) after pH-cycling, and (3) after simulated toothbrushing. The results were then analyzed using a split-plot design and followed by linear regression and a Tukey's test at a significance level of p<0.05. Results The results obtained indicated that simulated toothbrushing provoked a remarkable increase in surface roughness for both types of composite resins tested (p=0.0031). However, pH-cycling did not alter the surface of the composite under the conditions of this experiment. Conclusions Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that simulated toothbrushing was capable of increasing the surface roughness of the microhybrid (Filtek Z250) and the nanofilled (Filtek Supreme) composites tested. Clinical Significance Surface roughness of nanofilled and microhybrid composites is significantly increased after toothbrushing, although pH-cycling, as tested in this study, does not appear to affect the morphology of either composite material. Citation Penteado RAPM, Tonholo J, Ginaldo Júnior J, Silva MFA, Queiroz CS, Cavalli V, Rego MA, Liporoni PCS. Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Microhybrid and Nanofilled Composites after pH-Cycling and Simulated Toothbrushing. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2010 December; 11(6):017-024. Available from: http://www.thejcdp.com/journal/view/volume11- issue6-liporoni

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Influence of pH Value of Bleaching Gels on Surface Roughness of Bovine Enamel

Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences ◽

10.15517/ijds.2020.39733 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 311-321

Author(s):

Jocelyn G. Lugo-Varillas DDS ◽

Pedro L. Tinedo-López DDS,MSc ◽

Gustavo Watanabe Oshiro DDS,MSc ◽

Alberth Correa Medina DDS,MSc,PhD ◽

Evelyn Álvarez Vidigal DDS,MSc,PhD ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Ph Value ◽

Tooth Enamel ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Ph Values ◽

Bovine Enamel ◽

Spearman Test ◽

Bleaching Gels

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the pH levels of three in-office bleaching gels on the surface roughness of bovine enamel, after the bleaching protocol. Materials and methods: 36 samples of bovine enamel were obtained, which were cut and divided into three groups (n=12): 40%hydrogen peroxide (Opalescence Boost40%), 35% hydrogen peroxide (Whiteness HP AutoMixx) and 35% hydrogen peroxide (Whiteness HP Blue), receiving a 40-minute application of bleaching. The average pH values were determined using a pH meter during the initial and final application of the gel. A roughness meter was used to assess surface roughness (Ra) before and after bleaching. Data were analyzed with the Friedmann and wilcoxon test (difference between groups); the Kruskall Wallis and U Mann test (difference in each group), as well as Pearson or Spearman test for correlation. Results: There is an increase in pH values from the beginning to the end of bleaching in all groups, except for the 35% hydrogen peroxide group (Whiteness HP Automixx). For surface roughness results there is an increase in all groups. No correlation was found between pH values of the bleaching gels and the surface roughness of the enamel after bleaching. Conclusions: Hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels with high concentrations that have a high or low pH could cause alterations in the surface of the tooth enamel, such as increase in surface roughness.

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Effect of Spondias mombin L. extract on the wettability, roughness, color and morphology of bovine enamel

Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences ◽

10.20396/bjos.v20i00.8663736 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

pp. e213736

Author(s):

Franciara Maria Gomes Alves ◽

Thaís Oliveira Cordeiro ◽

Ana Margarida Dos Santos Melo ◽

Larissa Sgarbosa de Araújo Matuda ◽

Daniela Lopes da Silva Amorieli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Sessile Drop ◽

Color Change ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Contact Angles ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Sem Images ◽

Significance Level ◽

Spondias Mombin ◽

Bovine Enamel

Although Spondias mombin L. extract has an excellent antimicrobial effect against oral microorganisms, it should be clarified how it affects enamel surface properties. Aim: To evaluate the color change, wettability/contact angle, surface roughness and morphology of bovine enamel submitted to the Spondias mombin L. extract. Methods: Thirty bovine teeth were distributed into the following groups: 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, 1:32 Spondias mombin L. extract and distilled water. Color change (CC) was evaluated after immerging specimens into the solutions for 14 days. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a roughness meter; wettability/contact angles (CA) were determined by the sessile drop method, and scanning electron microscopy images were obtained to characterize the morphology (SMA). The pH of the solutions was evaluated using a pHmeter. The Ra, CA, and CC data were parametric (Kolmogorov-Smirnov; p>0.05). Two-way ANOVA (for Ra and CA) and one-way ANOVA (for CC) with Tukey’s posthoc tests at a significance level of 5% were used. SMA was analyzed descriptively. Results: The Spondias mombin L. extract revealed an acidic pH, and when in contact with the bovine teeth, it increased the wettability, but it did not cause statistically significant differences in the Ra. Spondias mombin L. extract caused the highest color change. The SEM images showed differences in the specimens’ surface submitted to the extract compared to the other groups. Conclusion: Spondias mombin L. extract provided negative effects on bovine enamel’s surface, including a high color change and a more wettable substrate.

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Comparison of time-dependent changes in the surface hardness of different composite resins

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.4103/1305-7456.119059 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 07 (S 01) ◽

pp. S020-S025 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suat Ozcan ◽

Ihsan Yikilgan ◽

Mine Betul Uctasli ◽

Oya Bala ◽

Zeliha Gonca Bek Kurklu

Keyword(s):

Composite Resin ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Multiple Comparisons ◽

Composite Resins ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Bottom Surface ◽

Significance Level ◽

Hardness Tester ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Hardness Values

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in surface hardness of silorane-based composite resin (Filtek Silorane) in time and compare the results with the surface hardness of two methacrylate-based resins (Filtek Supreme and Majesty Posterior). Materials and Methods: From each composite material, 18 wheel-shaped samples (5-mm diameter and 2-mm depth) were prepared. Top and bottom surface hardness of these samples was measured using a Vicker′s hardness tester. The samples were then stored at 37°C and 100% humidity. After 24 h and 7, 30 and 90 days, the top and bottom surface hardness of the samples was measured. In each measurement, the rate between the hardness of the top and bottom surfaces were recorded as the hardness rate. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance, multiple comparisons by Tukey′s test and binary comparisons by t-test with a significance level of P = 0.05. Results: The highest hardness values were obtained from each two surfaces of Majesty Posterior and the lowest from Filtek Silorane. Both the top and bottom surface hardness of the methacrylate based composite resins was high and there was a statistically significant difference between the top and bottom hardness values of only the silorane-based composite, Filtek Silorane (p < 0.05). The lowest was obtained with Filtek Silorane. The hardness values of all test groups increased after 24 h (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Although silorane-based composite resin Filtek Silorane showed adequate hardness ratio, the use of incremental technic during application is more important than methacrylate based composites.

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Press-On Force Effect on the Efficiency of Composite Restorations Final Polishing—Preliminary In Vitro Study

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11060705 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 705

Author(s):

Anna Lehmann ◽

Kacper Nijakowski ◽

Natalia Potempa ◽

Paweł Sieradzki ◽

Mateusz Król ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Composite Resins ◽

Major Influence ◽

Composite Surface ◽

Significance Level ◽

Subsequent Step ◽

Optical Profilometer ◽

Applied Forces

The surface texture of dental restorations has a major influence on plaque accumulation and aesthetical appearance. The study aimed to evaluate the surface roughness of composite resins depending on the varying polishing sequences and applied forces. A total of 60 samples from two composite resins (Boston and Charisma) were polymerized using a lamp with 1200 mW/cm2 intensity and covering celluloid strip. The polishing sequence consisted of 12.6 mm OptiDisc (Kerr) – with increased disc per each subsequent step. Half of the samples were polished at 1N force, with the other half at 2N. The surface roughness examination was performed using a WYKO NT930 (Veeco) optical profilometer. The selected roughness parameters were compared by ANOVA with the significance level α = 0.05. The more complex polishing sequence affected on the composite smoothness. Higher roughness was identified in Charisma samples as compared to Boston. The specimens polished with 2N force contained a slightly rougher surface than those polished with 1N. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Despite the satisfactory visual effect obtained by polishing the composite samples, the profilometric examination revealed the roughness. Finishing is crucial for providing a smooth composite surface, allowing it to function properly in the oral environment.

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Surface Roughness of Different Composite Resins After Application of 15% Carbamide Peroxide and Brushing with Toothpaste: An In-Vitro Study

Frontiers in Dentistry ◽

10.18502/fid.v16i1.1109 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Elmira Jafari Navimipour ◽

Amir Ahmad Ajami ◽

Siavash Savadi Oskoee ◽

Mehdi Abed Kahnamou ◽

Mahmoud Bahari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Study Groups ◽

Composite Resins ◽

Initial Surface ◽

Mixed Design ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Anova Model ◽

Electric Toothbrush

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of toothbrushing after application of 15% carbamide peroxide (CP) on the surface roughness of three types of composite resins. Materials and Methods: Twenty samples, measuring 4 mm in height and diameter, were fabricated of three composite resins namely microfilled (MF) Heliomolar HB, nanohybrid (NH) IPS Empress Direct and microhybrid (MH) Tetric Ceram HB. After polishing, the initial surface roughness was measured with a profilometer. The tray technique was used to apply 15% CP gel for 6 hours. Then, cleaning was carried out with an Oral-B electric toothbrush for 3 minutes in a tank containing a freshly mixed toothpaste. These procedures were repeated for 21 days. Then, the surface roughness was measured again and compared with the initial values. A mixed-design ANOVA model was used for the analysis of data (P<0.05). Results: The baseline roughness was significantly lower in MF compared to the NH and MH composites (P<0.001). Roughness increased in all study groups during the intervention period; however, this increase was not significant in the MH group (P=0.17). Furthermore, the increase in roughness in MF was smaller than that in NH (P<0.001) and MH (P=0.02) groups. Conclusions: The effect of intervention was more pronounced on NH and MH groups. Surface roughness changes were minor in MF composite resin.

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