Household Income, Pandemic-Related Income Loss, and the Probability of Anxiety and Depression

Abstract Background: Studies on anxiety and depression after treatment via endovascular intervention for unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) patients are rare and controversial. We aimed to explore the prevalence of anxiety and depression among Chinese UIA patients treated by endovascular intervention and to identify which factors contribute to the development of these symptoms.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of anxiety and depression in patients who underwent endovascular treatment for UIAs using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The demographic, clinical and radiological data for all patients were retrospectively collected from the aneurysm database and medical records. Moreover, we utilized a large sample data and logistic regression analysis to investigate the risk factors for the anxiety and depression for these patients. Results: Two hundred patients returned a completed questionnaire in this study. Of the 200 patients, 34 (17.0%) suffered from anxiety, and 31 (15.5%) suffered from depression after being discharged for 30.67±8.6 months. The multivariate analysis results indicated that treatment cost exceeding the annual household income was statistically significantly associated with anxiety (OR= 2.42, p= 0.03). Patients with shorter sleep time was statistically significantly associated with anxiety (OR= 1.51, p= 0.02) and depression (OR= 1.62, p= 0.007).Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression in the UIA patients treated by endovascular intervention was 17.0% and 15.5% respectively. Treatment cost exceeding the annual household income was statistically significantly associated with anxiety. Patients with shorter sleep time was statistically significantly associated with anxiety and depression. Our findings provide valuable evidence for the clinical and psychological management of these patients.

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Income loss among the self-employed: implications for individual wellbeing and pandemic policy measures

Review of Economics of the Household ◽

10.1007/s11150-021-09583-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stefan Schneck

Keyword(s):

Economic Crisis ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Household Income ◽

The Self ◽

Living Standards ◽

Standard Of Living ◽

Full Time ◽

Minimum Level ◽

Income Loss ◽

Policy Measures

AbstractDue to the pandemic-induced economic crisis, self-employed individuals are currently suffering considerable income losses. The self-employed and the members in their households usually form an economic unit. As a consequence, the income cuts not only affect the self-employed themselves but also the rest of their household. We used the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) to calculate how much income the self-employed are able to sacrifice to achieve a subjective barely sufficient household income, which we interpret as the minimum level to maintain the standard of living. Our results suggest that full-time self-employed are typically the bread-earners in their households and that, as a consequence, even moderate income losses of the self-employed often lead to problems in maintaining the living standards of their households. Conditional on individual and household characteristics, the self-employed with employees are found to live in households that are less resilient to income losses. Furthermore, a negative correlation between falling short of the barely adequate household income and wellbeing was discovered. Self-employed in households with less than adequate incomes also reported higher concerns about social cohesion. These results have implications for policy - especially in light of the economic crisis induced by the pandemic.

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Prospective evaluation of the impact of stress, anxiety, and depression on household income among young women with early breast cancer from the Young and Strong trial

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-09562-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Erin E. Cook ◽

Shoshana M. Rosenberg ◽

Kathryn J. Ruddy ◽

William T. Barry ◽

Mary Greaney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Young Women ◽

Household Income ◽

The United States ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Link Type ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Household Incomes ◽

Prospective Longitudinal ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Young women with breast cancer tend to report lower quality of life and higher levels of stress than older women with breast cancer, and this may have implications for other psychosocial factors including finances. We sought to determine if stress, anxiety, and depression at diagnosis were associated with changes in household income over 12-months in young women with breast cancer in the United States. Methods This study was a prospective, longitudinal cohort study comprised of women enrolled in the Young and Strong trial. Of the 467 women aged 18–45 newly diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer enrolled in the Young and Strong trial from 2012 to 2013, 356 (76%) answered income questions. Change in household income from baseline to 12 months was assessed and women were categorized as having lost, gained, maintained the same household income <$100,000, or maintained household income ≥$100,000. Patient-reported stress, anxiety, and depression were assessed close to diagnosis at trial enrollment. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression models were used to compare women who lost, gained, or maintained household income ≥$100,000 to women who maintained the same household income <$100,000. Results Although most women maintained household income ≥$100,000 (37.1%) or the same household income <$100,000 (32.3%), 15.4% lost household income and 15.2% gained household income. Stress, anxiety, and depression were not associated with gaining or losing household income compared to women maintaining household incomes <$100,000. Women with household incomes <$50,000 had a higher risk of losing household income compared to women with household incomes ≥$50,000. Women who maintained household incomes ≥$100,000 were less likely to report financial or insurance problems. Among women who lost household income, 56% reported financial problems and 20% reported insurance problems at 12 months. Conclusions Baseline stress, anxiety, and depression were not associated with household income changes for young women with breast cancer. However, lower baseline household income was associated with losing household income. Some young survivors encounter financial and insurance problems in the first year after diagnosis, and further support for these women should be considered. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01647607; date registered: July 23, 2012.

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Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Anxiety and Depression in Chinese Patients With Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Treated by Endovascular Intervention

10.21203/rs.2.23096/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiao-Dong Zhai ◽

Jia-Xing Yu ◽

Yong-Jie Ma ◽

Si-Shi Xiang ◽

Gui-Lin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Household Income ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Endovascular Intervention ◽

Chinese Patients ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽

Annual Household Income

Abstract Background: Studies on anxiety and depression in unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) patients after treatment via endovascular intervention are rare and controversial. We aimed to explore the prevalence of anxiety and depression among Chinese patients with UIAs treated by endovascular intervention and to identify which factors contribute to the development of these symptoms.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on anxiety and depression in patients who underwent endovascular treatment for UIAs using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The demographic, clinical and radiological data for all patients were retrospectively collected from the aneurysm database and medical records. Moreover, we utilized data from a large sample of 200 UIA patients and multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate the risk factors for anxiety and depression in these patients. Candidate variables with P values less than 0.20 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results: Two hundred patients returned completed questionnaires in this study. Of these 200 patients, 34 (17.0%) suffered from anxiety and 31 (15.5%) suffered from depression 30.67±8.6 months after being discharged. The multivariate analysis results indicated that treatment costs exceeding the annual household income was significantly associated with anxiety (AOR = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.08~5.41, P= 0.03). Shorter sleep times were significantly associated with anxiety (AOR= 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06~2.14, P= 0.02) and depression (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.14~2.29, P= 0.007).Conclusion: The prevalences of anxiety and depression in UIA patients treated by endovascular intervention were 17.0% and 15.5%, respectively. Treatment costs exceeding the annual household income was significantly associated with anxiety. Shorter sleep times were significantly associated with anxiety and depression. Our findings provide valuable evidence for the clinical and psychological management of these patients.

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Job Displacement, Family Dynamics, and Spousal Labor Supply

American Economic Journal Applied Economics ◽

10.1257/app.20180671 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 253-287

Author(s):

Martin Halla ◽

Julia Schmieder ◽

Andrea Weber

Keyword(s):

Labor Supply ◽

Household Income ◽

Married Couples ◽

Job Displacement ◽

Short Term ◽

Income Loss ◽

Earnings Losses ◽

Public Transfers ◽

Spousal Labor ◽

Important Form

We study the effectiveness of intrahousehold insurance among married couples when the husband loses his job due to a mass layoff or plant closure. Empirical results based on Austrian administrative data show that husbands suffer persistent employment and earnings losses, while wives’ labor supply increases moderately due to extensive margin responses. Wives’ earnings gains recover only a tiny fraction of the household income loss, and in the short-term, public transfers and taxes are a more important form of insurance. We show that the presence of children in the household is a crucial determinant of the wives’ labor supply response. (JEL D13, J12, J16, J22, J31, J63)

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The cost of illness for childhood clinical pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in Nigeria

10.1101/2021.08.02.21261497 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aishatu L Adamu ◽

Boniface Karia ◽

Musa M Bello ◽

Mahmoud G Jahun ◽

Safiya Gambo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Pneumococcal Disease ◽

Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽

Resource Utilisation ◽

Income Loss ◽

Poor Households ◽

Costs Of Treatment ◽

Household Costs ◽

Utilisation Data ◽

The Impact

Background: Pneumococcal disease contributes significantly to childhood morbidity and mortality and treatment is costly. Nigeria recently introduced the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) to prevent pneumococcal disease. The aim of this study is to estimate health provider and household costs for the treatment of pneumococcal disease in children aged <5 years (U5s), and to assess the impact of these costs on household income. Methods: We recruited U5s with clinical pneumonia, pneumococcal meningitis or pneumococcal septicaemia from a tertiary and a secondary level hospital in Kano, Nigeria. We obtained resource utilisation data from medical records to estimate costs of treatment to provider, and household expenses and income loss data from caregiver interviews to estimate costs of treatment to households. We defined catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) as household costs exceeding 25% of monthly household income and estimated the proportion of households that experienced it. We compared CHE across tertiles of household income (from the poorest to least poor). Results: Of 480 participants recruited, 244 had outpatient pneumonia, and 236 were hospitalised with pneumonia (117), septicaemia (66) and meningitis (53). Median (IQR) provider costs were US$17 (US$14-22) for outpatients and US$272 (US$271-360) for inpatients. Median household cost was US$51 (US$40-69). Overall, 33% of households experienced CHE, while 53% and 4% of the poorest and least poor households, experienced CHE respectively. The odds of CHE increased with admission at the secondary hospital, a diagnosis of meningitis or septicaemia, higher provider costs, and caregiver having a non-salaried job. Conclusion: Provider costs are substantial, and households incur treatment expenses that considerably impact on their income and this is particularly so for the poorest households. Sustaining the PCV programme and ensuring high and equitable coverage to lower disease burden will reduce the economic burden of pneumococcal disease to the healthcare provider and households.

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Investigating the Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Different Demographics

Journal of Student Research ◽

10.47611/jsrhs.v10i3.1554 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Melissa Wu ◽

Emily Yu ◽

Aditi Kodali ◽

Kevina Wang ◽

Ray Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Demographic Variable ◽

Economic Impacts ◽

Census Bureau ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Income Loss ◽

Demographic Groups ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Chi Squared ◽

The U.S

With increases in unemployment and individuals experiencing mental health symptoms, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have become a prevalent issue in society. The purpose of this paper is to educate communities about the current effects of COVID-19 on the economy as well as mental health. We aim to establish connections between economic hardships and patterns of depression and anxiety across different demographic groups within the U.S. labor force participation pool aged 18 or older. We analyzed existing literature on past recessions, past pandemics, and the current pandemic’s impacts. The findings from past literature suggest that the pandemic has caused various economic impacts which in turn affect mental health, particularlyanxiety and depression rates. We used data from the U.S. Census Bureau Household Pulse Survey (HPS) to conduct chi-squared tests of independence on employment income loss and symptoms of anxiety and depression over 12 weeks of the pandemic. For each demographic variable (race, income level, gender, and age), we found an association between each categoryand experienced employment income loss. The tests yielded the same conclusions for the data of the symptoms of anxiety and depression.

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The wealth gradient and the effect of COVID-19 restrictions on income loss, food insecurity and health care access in four sub-Saharan African geographies

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0260823 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. e0260823

Author(s):

Elizabeth Gummerson ◽

Carolina Cardona ◽

Philip Anglewicz ◽

Blake Zachary ◽

Georges Guiella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Household Income ◽

Access To Health Care ◽

Economic Effects ◽

African Countries ◽

Income Loss ◽

Access To Health ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Representative Samples

Introduction While there has been considerable analysis of the health and economic effects of COVID-19 in the Global North, representative data on the distribution and depth of social and economic impacts in Africa has been more limited. Methods We analyze household data collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and during the first wave of COVID in four African countries. We evaluate the short-term changes to household economic status and assess women’s access to health care during the first wave of COVID-19 in nationally representative samples of women aged 15–49 in Kenya and Burkina Faso, and in sub-nationally representative samples of women aged 15–49 in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo and Lagos, Nigeria. We examine prevalence and distribution of household income loss, food insecurity, and access to health care during the COVID-19 lockdowns across residence and pre-pandemic wealth categories. We then regress pre-pandemic individual and household sociodemographic characteristics on the three outcomes. Results In three out of four samples, over 90% of women reported partial or complete loss of household income since the beginning of the coronavirus restrictions. Prevalence of food insecurity ranged from 17.0% (95% CI 13.6–20.9) to 39.8% (95% CI 36.0–43.7), and the majority of women in food insecure households reported increases in food insecurity during the COVID-19 restriction period. In contrast, we did not find significant barriers to accessing health care during COVID restrictions. Between 78·3% and 94·0% of women who needed health care were able successfully access it. When we examined pre-pandemic sociodemographic correlates of the outcomes, we found that the income shock of COVID-19 was substantial and distributed similarly across wealth groups, but food insecurity was concentrated among poorer households. Contrary to a-priori expectations, we find little evidence of women experiencing barriers to health care, but there is significant need for food support.

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IMPACT OF SALINE INTRUSION ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN VINH THUAN DISTRICT, KIEN GIANG PROVINCE, VIETNAM

Scientific Journal of Tra Vinh University ◽

10.35382/18594816.1.34.2019.192 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (34) ◽

pp. 60-68

Author(s):

Tham Thi Nguyen ◽

Giao Thanh Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Current Status ◽

Saline Intrusion ◽

Aquatic Species ◽

Government Officials ◽

Income Loss ◽

Production Models ◽

Main Production ◽

The Impact

This study aimed to survey the current status of saline intrusion in Vinh Thuan district, to assess the understanding of the local people on saline intrusion, review the impact of saline intrusion on agricultural production. Salinity was measured continuously for seven months wherein 60 households and six government officials were interviewed in Vinh Binh Bac and Vinh Phong communes, Vinh Thuan district, Kien Giang province, Vietnam. The results showed that salinity was higher than 4 parts per thousand in both communes during thedry season affecting local farming models in which rice in the combined shrimp-rice model was seriously damaged resulting in household income loss by 30%. Of the 60 households interviewed, 96.7% knew aboutsaline intrusion, of which 26.7% knew about saltwater intrusion through workshops held by agrochemical sellers. At the survey site, there were three main production models, including a rice-shrimp model (58.3%), shrimp combined with other aquatic species (33.4%), and pineapple farming (8.3%). Farmers understood that saline intrusion seriously affects agricultural production (accounting for 100% of interviewed households). In terms of adaptive capacity, the interview results showed that the rice-shrimp and pineapple models are more adaptable than the shrimp and aquatic species integrated models. Based on the results, some measures are proposed to minimize the damage caused by saline intrusion as well as improve the adaptability of the farmers of Vinh Thuan district to the effects of saline intrusion.

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Anxiety, Depression, Traumatic Stress, and COVID-19 Related Anxiety in the UK General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

10.31234/osf.io/hb6nq ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Mark Shevlin ◽

Orla McBride ◽

Jamie Murphy ◽

Jilly Gibson Miller ◽

Todd K. Hartman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Household Income ◽

Health Conditions ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Trauma Symptoms ◽

Income Loss ◽

Personal Risk ◽

The Uk ◽

Anxiety Depression ◽

At Home

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented global crisis necessitating drastic changes to living conditions, social life, personal freedom and economic activity. No study has yet examined the presence of psychiatric symptoms in the UK population in similar conditions.AimsWe investigated the prevalence of COVID-19 related anxiety, generalised anxiety, depression and trauma symptoms in a representative sample of the UK population during an early phase of the pandemic, and estimated associations with variables likely to influence these symptoms.MethodBetween March 23rd and March 28th 2020, a quota sample of 2025 UK adults 18 years and older, stratified by age, sex and household income, was recruited by online survey company Qualtrics. Participants completed measures of depression (PHQ9), generalised anxiety (GAD7), and trauma symptoms relating to the pandemic (ITQ). Bivariate and multivariate associations were calculated for age, gender, rural vs urban environment, presence of children in the household, income, loss of income, pre-existing health conditions in self and someone close, infection in self and someone close, and perceived risk of infection over the next month.ResultsHigher levels of anxiety, depression and trauma symptoms were reported compared to previous population studies, but not dramatically so. Meeting the criteria for either anxiety or depression, and trauma symptoms was predicted by young age, presence of children in the home, and high estimates of personal risk. Anxiety and depression symptoms were also predicted by low income, loss of income, and pre-existing health conditions in self and other. Specific anxiety about COVID-19 was greater in older participants.Conclusions The UK population, especially older citizens, were largely resilient in the early stages of the pandemic. However, several specific COVID-related variables are associated with psychological distress: particularly having children at home, loss of income because of the pandemic, as well as having a pre-existing health condition, exposure to the virus and high estimates of personal risk. Further similar surveys, particularly of those with children at home, are required as the pandemic progresses.

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