A City is Not a Semilattice Either

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Harary ◽  
J Rockey
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Theoretical Terms ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Mathematical Definition ◽  
Christopher Alexander ◽  
Structural Configurations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

In 1965 Christopher Alexander took the original step of analysing the city in graph theoretical terms and concluded that its historical or natural form is a semilattice and that urban planners of the future should adhere to this model. The idea was well received in architectural circles and has passed without serious challenge. In this paper, the value of such analysis is once again emphasized, although some of Alexander's arguments and his conclusions are refuted. Beginning with an exposition of the relationship between the graph theoretical concept of a tree, and the representation of a tree by a family of sets, we present a mathematical definition of a semilattice and discuss the ‘points’ and ‘lines’ of a graph in terms of a city, concluding that it is neither a tree nor a semilattice. This clears the ground for future graphical analysis. It seems that even general structural configurations, such as graphs or digraphs with certain specified properties, will fail to characterize a city, whose complexity, at this stage, may well continue to be understood more readily through negative rather than positive descriptions.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF THE CAPITAL OF UKRAINE - THE HERO CITY OF KYIV AS A GUARANTEE OF THE RIGHTS OF CITIZENS OF UKRAINE AND THE TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY OF THE CITY

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksii Chepov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
City Councils ◽  
The Social ◽  
District Management ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The qualitative and clear definition of the legal regime of the capital of Ukraine, the hero city of Kyiv, is influenced by its legislative enshrinement, however, it should be noted that discussions are ongoing and one of the reasons for the unclear legal status of the capital is the ambiguity of current legislation in this area. Separation of the functions of the city of Kyiv, which are carried out to ensure the rights of citizens of Ukraine and the functions that guarantee the rights of the territorial community of the city of Kyiv. In the modern world, in legal doctrine and practice, the capital is understood as the capital of the country, which at the legislative level received this status and, accordingly, is the administrative and political center of the state, which houses the main state bodies and diplomatic missions of other states. It is the identification of the boundaries of the relationship between the competencies of state administrations and local self-government, in practice, often raises questions about their delimitation and ways of regulatory solution. Peculiarities of local self-government in Kyiv city districts are defined in the provisions of the Law on the Capital, which reveal the norms of the Constitution in these legal relations, according to which the issue of organizing district management in cities belongs to city councils. Likewise, it is unregulated by law to lose the particularity of the legal status of the territory of the city. It should be emphasized that the subject of administrative-legal relations is not a certain administrative-territorial entity, but the social group is designated - the territorial community of the city of Kiev, kiyani. Thus, the provisions on the city of Kyiv partially ignore the potential of the territorial community.

Footpaths of the Late-Soviet Environmental Turn: The “Forest City” of Novosibirsk’s Akademgorodok as a Sociotechnical Imaginary

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-313
Author(s):  
Roman Bugaev ◽  
Mikhail Piskunov ◽  
Timofey Rakov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
Garden City ◽  
Soviet Science ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Green Ideas ◽  
Human Flora ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Abstract The founding of Akademgorodok near Novosibirsk in the late 1950s features prominently in the historiography of the Thaw and the general turn of Soviet science to the eastern parts of the country. This article puts this story into the context of the formation of modern “green” ideas in the late Soviet Union and reconsiders the relationship between humans and nature, along with the definition of nature itself. Akademgorodok produced a telling visual perspective: the architectural plan for the city dictated that its scientific, industrial, and living zones were drowned deep in the taiga. Architects named this type of urban planning “diffusive,” and memoirists described it as a “Forest City.” Using the term of Sheila Jasanoff, we designate this “Forest City” as a sociotechnical imaginary of Akademgorodok. Our aim is to study the historical roots of the “Forest City” and how it became a collective imaginary. How did it happen that in the 1950s and 1960s, when the “faces” of Soviet cities were defined by districts of standard panel houses, that a city was built near Novosibirsk in which so much attention was given to pre-human flora, fauna, and landscapes? What ideas and intellectual contexts composed the concept of Akademgorodok as a “Forest City”? Our answer possesses two dimensions. First, the rejection of the use of decorative elements in housing construction in the post-Stalin epoch stimulated architects to pay more attention to the greening of cities. They revived the concept of a “garden city” proposed by Ebenezer Howard on a new level. Second, the evolution of the ideas of Mikhail Lavrentyev, the founder of Akademgorodok, who upon arrival in Siberia applied the productivist program manifested in the slogan “Siberia is a treasure of resources,” but later changed his opinion to more “green” views under the influence of the so-called “Baikal Discussion.” The viewpoints of Lavrentyev influenced the design of this “center” of Siberian science, and then he formulated the idea of a “Forest City.” These contexts enable the utopian horizons and the search for models of a constructed future that were typical of the Thaw era to reflect upon the important challenges of the contemporary Anthropocene.

scholarly journals "Building Today for the Womanhood of Tomorrow": Businessmen, Boosters, and the YWCA, 1890-1930

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Fund Raising ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Women Reformers ◽  
Progressive Movement ◽  
Young Women's Christian Association ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Cities ◽  
The City

Women's organizations played an active part in the Progressive movement for the reform of North American cities in the early twentieth century. Women reformers could and did cooperate with men but had their own distinct perception of the city and their own definition of urban reform. Lacking capital and political power, however, women were forced to depend on the support of male reformers and had to address themselves to the men's concerns. This study examines the relationship between the Young Women's Christian Association and Canadian businessmen as it was manifested in a number of successful fund-raising campaigns for YWCA buildings in Canadian cities between 1890 and 1930. YWCA women "sold" their building to the business community as a sound investment and an asset that would reflect well on the reputations of enterprising business leaders and a modern progressive community.

scholarly journals Urban Planning and Socioenvironmental Disasters: The Myth of Urban Expansion in Blumenau/SC

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Ludwig ◽  
Marcos Antonio Mattedi ◽  
Maria Roseli Avila
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Urban And Regional Planning ◽  
The North ◽  
Social Markers ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This text aims to address the relationship between social-environmental disasters and the Urban Planning in the definition of urban expansion strategies from Blumenau to the North Region of the city. It is argued that the city was modified from two processes: 1) The effects of urban planning (generated by the idea of an ideal city); 2) the disaster effects (generated by the actual city). From these two processes, this text evidences that the strategies of the Urban and Regional Planning of Blumenau constitute social markers of the segregating effect of disasters. In order to develop this argument the text is structured in three main sections: 1) The formation and urban development of Blumenau; 2) disasters and the myth of urban expansion to the Northern Region; 3) the relationship between disasters and the limits of Urban Planning.

scholarly journals ENSINANDO E APRENDENDO HISTÓRIA: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA COM A HISTÓRIA PÚBLICA NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO GONÇALO. TEACHING AND LEARNING HISTORY: AN EXPERIENCE WITH THE PUBLIC HISTORY IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SÃO GONÇALO.

RevistAleph ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosana Do Nascimento Ramôa
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
Public History ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
History Teaching ◽  
The Public ◽  
Learning History ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

O presente artigo pretende abordar a experiência em acompanhar um professor de história da cidade de São Gonçalo, idealizador de diversos cursos no campo da História da Arte no município, cujo projeto “Historiando as artes” será o foco de nossa investigação. Temos por objetivo, pois, analisar as práticas envolvidas no Ensino de História e na atuação docente que possibilitam a produção de presença, conceito teórico relacionado à materialidade dos corpos, dos objetos e do mundo. Mediante esse entendimento, traçaremos uma narrativa das aulas, que foram ministradas a uma turma bastante heterogênea, partindo do entrecruzamento entre História Pública e Ensino de História para pensar as possibilidades e potencialidades da relação entre essas duas áreas.The present article aims to approach the experience of accompanying a history teacher located in the city of São Gonçalo, idealizer of many courses in the area of Art History in the town, whose project “Historizing arts” will be the focus of our investigation. Our objective is, thus, to analyze the practices involved in the history teaching and in teacher performance, which allow the presence production, theoretical concept related to the materiality of bodies, objects and the world. Through this understanding, we will draw a narrative of the classes, taught to a very heterogeneous group, considering the intersection between Public History and History Teaching to think about the possibilities and potentialities of the relationship between these two fields.

Think like a forest. Diluting the boundaries between nature and city

ZARCH ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 14-31
Author(s):  
Richard Ingersoll
Keyword(s):  
Gilles Deleuze ◽  
Aldo Leopold ◽  
The Past ◽  
Christopher Alexander ◽  
Natural Boundaries ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Selection Of

To make the city biomimetic does not mean necessarily to copy nature, but rather to pursue processes analogous to natural ones, diluting the boundaries between nature and cit. Thinking like a forest when approaching urbanism, might lead to sympathize with natural boundaries. The title of this paper reprises a short chapter, “Thinking like a Mountain”, by the great American ecologist Aldo Leopold, published in The Sand County Almanac in 1949. The first part of the paper recall how the relationship between nature and architecture has been understood in the past, quoting some theories, from Abbé Laugier to Christopher Alexander, to Gilles Deleuze, to Peter Wohlleben. In the second part of the paper some reflections are made on a selection of projects that since the 1970s have sought to mitigate the destructive effects of the city on the ecology proposing a closer relationship with nature.

scholarly journals Landscape Features of Costal Waterfronts: Historical Aspects and Planning Issues

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2378
Author(s):  
Donatella Cialdea
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Regional Landscape ◽  
Landscape Quality ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Resource System ◽  
Sea Coast

This paper investigates the relationship between different factors that impose on the productive and settlement structures on coastal areas through an analysis carried out on the Italian Adriatic Sea coast. In the panorama of medium- and small-size cities, the relationship between the city, the territory, and the sea very often plays an important role. The main issue of this article is to expose a methodology developed for the definition of landscape quality objectives in the planning of the coast of a region in Southern Italy, Molise. Effort was concentrated on the creation of a territorial survey matrix that could be exploited by local authorities. In drawing up the criteria on which to base the New Regional Landscape Plan, this study provided for the recognition of the identifying matrices for landscape interpretation, creating a database organized in five resource systems. For each resource system, three basic grids were created: each of them collects and processes different information series. These three grids were useful for defining the new protection that is proposed for the sample area. Different conditions emerge in this area, in which two coastal strips have been identified, to the east and to the west of the historical centre.

scholarly journals Fiction et réalité dans Pays sans chapeau de Dany Laferrière: Entre autobiographie, autofiction et au-delà

Literator ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Mukenge ◽  
Emmanuel Kayembe
Keyword(s):  
Nous Allons ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Dany Laferriere ◽  
Autobiographical Texts ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Sheer Number

En architecte, le narrateur monte en épingle l’histoire d’ici et d’ailleurs : après vingt années passées à Montréal, il fait un rebond chez lui, à Port-au-Prince (cfr Pays sans chapeau). À première vue, Haïti demeure le même ; c’est le statu quo que le narrateur observe : l’odeur du café est la même, la pauvreté aussi crue que violente affecte la population, les amis du narrateur sont restés fidèles à leur jeunesse. Par la même occasion, le roman relance le débat sur la pertinence de la migration, qui, du coup, semble moins centrée à une ère où l’imaginaire se situe au-delà des pays « réel » et « imaginaire » ; cette dichotomie donne une vraie valeur intrinsèque à Pays sans chapeau et démontre, de ce fait, la belle forme technique et esthétique du roman. Ainsi, nous allons chercher à démontrer comment Pays sans chapeau constitue un corpus stratégique qui se situe entre l’autobiographie, l’autofiction au delà …Fiction and reality in Pays sans chapeau (A country without a hat) by Dany Laferrière: Between autobiography autofiction and beyond. Pays sans chapeau (a country without hat) is one of the novels written by Dany Laferrière and published in 2007. This book deals with the return of the narrator, Vieux Os, to Port-au-Prince after many decades spent abroad in exile. It is also based on the painting or description of the Haitian society in which the narrator is horrified by the sheer number of the dead people or ghosts walking around together with the living in the streets of the city. He realises that the city of Port-au-Prince is overcrowded, yet he cannot distinguish the living from the dead amongst the bodies. The article aims to research the perpetual problem of the relationship between reality and fiction in autobiographical texts. An attempt will be made to determine to which category the novel Pays sans chapeau belongs. Consequently, it also analyses the dichotomy between the fictional and the real. This article will take as its theoretical point of departure Philppe Lejeune and Isabelle Grell’s definitions of autobiography and Jenny Laurent’s definition of autofiction.

scholarly journals Le Corbusier. Arquitectura urbana: Millowners Association Building y Carpenter Center

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Pia Fontana ◽  
Miguel Mayorga
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Le Corbusier ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Element ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Resumen: La obra de Le Corbusier es una amplia exploración de soluciones urbanas y arquitectónicas que plantean relaciones de continuidad entre edificio y ciudad, arquitectura y entorno, espacio interior y espacio exterior: rampas, cuerpos bajos, entrantes y salientes, plantas libres y fachadas con espesor, son algunos de los elementos de integración y/o de mediación utilizados por el maestro suizo. El Millowners Association Building de 1954 ubicado en la ciudad de Almedabad en la India, y el Carpenter Center for Visual Arts de la Graduate School of Design of Harvard de 1961-1964 en la ciudad de Cambridge, en Estados Unidos, son dos edificios que presentan rasgos característicos en común: una volumetría básica, uso del hormigón armado visto, uso de similares elementos de fachada y una rampa que sobresale del edificio y que confiere a ambos un carácter reconocible y peculiar. Los dos edificios ya han sido puestos en relación por diferentes críticos como Giedion 1967, o Frampton 1975, e incluso se ha considerado uno como antecedente del otro. Sin embargo, un análisis comparativo permite verificar que aunque la rampa es el elemento común más evidente, éste juega un papel muy diferente en la definición de las relaciones urbanas de cada uno de los edificios con su entorno inmediato y con la ciudad. Y además que también, en la relación del edificio con la ciudad entran en juego otros elementos y soluciones arquitectónicas, que de manera solidaria, son determinantes definidores de su relación con el entorno y su carácter urbano. Abstract: The work of Le Corbusier is a comprehensive exploration of urban and architectural solutions which show continuity relationships between city and building, architecture and environment, interior and exterior space throughout elements of integration and / or mediation used by the Swiss master like ramps, lower volumes, incoming and outgoing, open floor plans and thick facades. The Association Millowners Building (1954) located in the city of Almedabad in India, and the Carpenter Center for Visual Arts at the Graduate School of Design of Harvard (1961 to 1964) located in the city of Cambridge, in the United States, are two buildings that have some characteristics in common, like a basic volume, use of reinforced concrete, using similar facade elements and a projected ramp gives a recognizable and distinctive character of both buildings. Different authors compared the two buildings as Giedion 1967 or 1975 Frampton, and have stated that one has been based on the other. However, a comparative analysis verifies that although the ramp is the most obvious common element, it plays a very different role in the definition of urban relationships of each of the buildings with their immediate environment and the city. Moreover other elements configure crucial aspects in the relationship between the buildings and the urban space creating architectural solutions and interesting relations that are crucial for the definition of the relationship with the environment and the urban character of every building.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier, Millowners Association Building, Carpenter Center for Visual Arts, Urban Architecture. Keywords: Le Corbusier, Millowners Association Building, Carpenter Center for Visual Arts, Arquitectura Urbana. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.972

scholarly journals "Último round" de Cortázar, cumbre de un proceso

2015 ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Izara Batres Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Julio Cortazar ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
Personal Process ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Ontological Ground ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Julio Cortázar

Desde su llegada a París, Julio Cortázar comienza un proceso de interpenetración creativa con la ciudad. Este proceso literario, que hace que el espíritu poético de París quede reflejado en las obras de Cortázar, al mismo tiempo que él escribe París desde una mirada poética, es también un proceso personal, ya que las fases en que se divide se corresponden con los estadios vitales de Cortázar.Todo ello queda recogido en la síntesis heterogénea de Último round, pero, para comprender la conformación de este centro del mandala, antes debemos distinguir las fases en las que se divide el proceso (las hemos sintetizado en tres etapas) que vienen determinadas por la relación con París y que generarán cinco giros principales en el plano literario y vital de Cortázar, los cuales, como si fueran trayectos iniciáticos, llevan al escritor de la teoría poética a la práctica poética, de la indefinición de su identidad y su ideal humano a la definición de ambos, de la idea de posesión a la idea de amor, de la pasividad a la acción, y del terreno estético al ontológico. From his arrival in Paris, Julio Cortázar begins a process of creative inter-penetration with the city. In this literary process, what makes the poetic spirit of Paris is reflected in the works of Cortázar, at the same time that he writes from Paris from a poetic viewpoint, it is also a personal process, since the phases that divide them correspond with the life studies of Cortázar.All of this has been gathered in the varied synthesis of Último round, but, in order to understand how this conforms with the center of the mandala, first we should clearly distinguish the phases into which we can divide the process (we have synthesized them into three stages) that are determined by the relationship with Paris and that generate five principal shifts in the literature and life of Cortázar. These shifts are like initiation trajectories which take the writer from the theory of poetry to the practice of poetry, from the indefinition of his identity and his ideal human to the definition of both, from the idea of possession to the idea of love, from passivity to action, and from aesthetic ground to ontological ground. 

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