Phosphorus repletion of cattle previously exposed to dietary nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bortolussi ◽  
J. H. Ternouth ◽  
N. P. McMeniman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Bone Thickness ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Significant Difference

This work reports the effects on growth and metabolic performance of steers fed 2 levels of phosphorus (P) during their repletion from a 15-week depletion period when they were fed diets containing various levels of nitrogen (N) and P. The repletion diets containing either 5·6 g P/day (marginal) or 8·3 g P/day (high) were fed to steers for a period of 12 weeks and were based on barley straw, molasses, sorghum grain, urea, and formaldehyde-treated gluten [mean dry matter (DM) digestibility of 0·62 and 14·6 g N/kg DM]. These repletion diets were formulated to simulate the dietary regimens of cattle grazing wet-season pastures in northern Australia and other tropical and subtropical regions. Food intake, liveweight gain, plasma metabolites, and P kinetics were measured. There was no significant difference between the repletion marginal- and high-P treatments in the mean liveweight (LW) gains and DM intakes (g/kg LW) of the steers. However, for both P treatments, the steers that had been fed a suboptimal level of N during depletion had marked increases (>60%) in feed intake throughout the repletion period. Within the marginal-P treatment, the growth rates of steers that had been fed a suboptimal level of N during depletion were higher than for those that had been fed higher N levels, and were similar to those of the high-P groups. Plasma inorganic P, bone thickness, and bone P concentration remained lower for the marginal-P treatment at the end of the repletion period. Furthermore, within the marginal-P treatment, steers that had been fed the high-N diet during depletion were unable to increase bone thickness and had lower growth rates than anticipated for the quality of the diet. Although N balance was positive and similar for both P treatments, the apparent P balance for the marginal-P treatment of 7·6 mg/kg LW was only about half that of the high-P treatment. It was concluded that the requirement for dietary P in steers that had been exposed to a dietary P deficiency, particularly when in association with high N, was higher than the 5·6 g/day provided.

Dietary nitrogen and phosphorus depletion in cattle and their effects on liveweight gain, blood metabolite concentrations and phosphorus kinetics

1996 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bortolussi ◽  
J. H. Ternouth ◽  
N. P. McMeniman
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Bone Thickness ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Phosphorus ◽  
N Deficiency ◽  
Animal House

SUMMARYIn a 15-week animal-house experiment, 24 steers were offered one of six diets based on molasses and ad libitum barley straw. Three levels of dietary nitrogen (N) and three levels of dietary phosphorus (P), in factorial combination, were formulated by the addition of urea, formaldehyde-treated wheat gluten and monosodium orthophosphate. Food intake, liveweight gain, plasma metabolites and P kinetics were measured under dietary regimens similar to those experienced by cattle grazing Australia's northern semi-arid rangelands.The adverse effect of the low dietary N on both liveweight change and feed intake was greater and more immediate than that of the dietary P deficiency. The reduction in feed intake due to the P deficiency approached that caused by the N deficiency after 10 weeks. Under conditions of adequate dietary N, there was a trend for the effects of P deficiency on liveweight gain to be exacerbated. Dietary N and P deficiency reduced the concentrations of plasma urea-N and inorganic P respectively. Dietary N deficiency had no effect on cortical rib bone thickness but P deficiency markedly decreased bone thickness. Faecal endogenous loss of P and P absorption efficiency ranged from 9 to 21 mg/kg LW and 0·63 to 0·82 respectively for P intakes from 6 to 41 mg·kg LW. Faecal endogenous losses were closely related to dry matter intake and plasma inorganic P together. Dietary N deficiency affected the efficiency of absorption of P.The results of this experiment indicate that cattle consuming diets containing low levels of N and P require supplementary N and P in combination to avoid severe depletion since an increase in N intake alone exacerbated the P deficiency. The results are also discussed in relation to the published findings regarding P metabolism and the implications for the calculation of P requirements.

scholarly journals The Medicinal Wood-Decay Species Laricifomes officinalis in the Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park (Italian Alps): Spatial Analysis and Growth Tests of Pure Cultures

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Elena Girometta ◽  
Laura Rovelli ◽  
Francesco Bracco ◽  
Francesca Brescia ◽  
Rebecca Michela Baiguera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Gran Paradiso

Abstract Laricifomes officinalis is a wood-decay fungus that is closely associated with old individuals of Larix decidua . In the twentieth century, L. officinalis was over-harvested because of its medicinal properties; consequently, it has become very rare or almost extinct in the Alps. In this study, we investigated the population of L. officinalis in the Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park (Val d’Ossola, Italy) to assess a preliminary conservation strategy. Population consistency was estimated using field mapping, and spatial analysis was performed on host trees based on topographical and environmental variables. Mycelia were isolated from harvested basidiomata, and strain identity confirmed by molecular analysis of the ITS region. All isolated strains were tested for growth in Petri dishes containing different standard media to determine which strains had the highest growth rates; the fastest growing strains may be selected for future studies and applications. Compared to the control strains from Val Malenco and Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso, all strains from Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park had lower growth rates. There was no significant difference between the growth rates of strains from Alpe Veglia and those from Alpe Devero. The results suggest that the population consistency of L. officinalis in the Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park is related to two main factors: habitat preservation and harvesting prohibition. These results confirm the need to protect L. officinalis both inside and outside natural reserves, despite the apparent increase in local populations.

Overbrowsing, and decline of a population of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, in Victoria. II. Population condition

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Tract Disease

Juvenile and sub-adult koalas from a population at Walkerville, Victoria, which was severely defoliating its preferred food trees, had significantly lower growth rates than animals from a population on French Island, Victoria. Mature males from Walkerville were significantly smaller than French Island males in most age classes. There was no significant difference between the body weights of mature females of the 2 populations. Haematological tests on the females showed that nutritionally induced anaemia was significant in the Walkerville animals by Jan. 1981. Heavy tick loads probably exacerbated the effects of the food shortage on the animals' condition, but were not the cause of the anaemia. The low fertility rate of the Walkerville females appeared to be due to their poor nutritional state and to reproductive tract disease.

scholarly journals Tree growth rates in north Australian savanna habitats: seasonal patterns and correlations with leaf attributes

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Prior ◽  
D. Eamus ◽  
D. M. J. S. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Eucalypt Woodland ◽  
Monsoon Rainforest

We demonstrate a significant relationship between leaf attributes and growth rates of mature trees under natural conditions in northern Australia, a pattern that has not been widely reported before in the literature. Increase in diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured every 3 months for 2 years for 21 tree species from four habitats near Darwin: Eucalyptus open forest, mixed eucalypt woodland, Melaleuca swamp and dry monsoon rainforest. Assimilation rates and foliar chlorophyll, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were positively correlated with growth rate and negatively correlated with leaf mass per area. For most species, increases in DBH were confined to the wet-season (summer) period between November and May. Average annual increases in DBH were larger in the dry monsoon rainforest (0.87 cm) and the Melaleuca swamp (0.65 cm) than in the woodland (0.20 cm) and the open forest (0.16 cm), and were larger in non-Myrtaceous species (0.53 cm) than in Myrtaceous species (0.25 cm). These results are discussed in relation to the frequent fire regime prevailing over much of northern Australia which causes the marked contrast between the small pockets of fire-tender closed monsoon rainforest and large expanses of fire-tolerant savanna.

The Importance of Comparative Growth Rates in Determining the Canopy Composition of Tasmanian Rainforest

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Read
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Canopy Composition ◽  
Study Sites

Growth rates of the rainforest canopy species Atherosperma moschatum Labill., Eucryphia lucida (Labill.) Baill., Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst., Athrotaxis selaginoides D.Don and Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (Labill.) Hook.f. were measured in naturally-occurring seedlings and in seedlings grown in glasshouse pot trials. The highest field growth rates were recorded in N. cunninghamii on lowland sites on fertile, well-drained soils. On poorer soils, growth rates of N. cunninghamii were lower and there was little difference in growth rates between species. On the most acidic and probably infertile soil, the growth rate of P. aspleniifolius was 1.4 times higher than that of N. cunninghamii, although not significantly different at the 95% level. Similar trends in growth rates were recorded in pot trials. High growth rates were recorded in N. cunninghamii and E. lucida on fertile, well-drained soils, with generally lower growth rates in A. moschatum, P. aspleniifolius and A. selaginoides. No significant difference in growth rate was recorded among N. cunninghamii, E. lucida, A. moschatum and P. aspleniifolius when grown in poor soils or in low nutrient treatments. The trends in comparative growth rates correlate with the measured canopy composition of the study sites. Nothofagus cunninghamii dominates forest stands on sites where it has a clearly superior growth rate compared with co-occurring light-demanding species. Mixed canopies occur on sites where there is little or no difference between species' growth rates. However, not all patterns of canopy dominance can be explained by comparative growth rates alone. For example, P. aspleniifolius commonly dominates forest stands at low to mid-altitude where growth rates of all species are very low, but without necessarily a higher growth rate in P. aspleniifolius than in co-occurring species. The results of the growth rate studies are integrated with some other aspects of the biology of these species in a discussion of the mechanisms determining canopy composition of Tasmanian rainforests.

Avaliação da Eficácia da Administração de Dexametasona ou Metilprednisolona para Produzir Osteoporose em Ratas/ Evaluating the Effectiveness of Dexamethasone or Methylprednisolone to Produce Osteoporosis in Rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Nilo César do Vale Baracho ◽  
Alexandre Mata de Paula ◽  
Roberto Franzini Junior ◽  
Rogério Mariotto Bitetti da Silva ◽  
Bruno Appolari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Bone Thickness ◽  
Good Marker ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Control ◽  
Successful Induction ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
De Medicina

Introdução: A osteoporose é considerada um grave problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo. No Brasil ainda não há dados estatísticos sobre a real incidência desta doença. Os glicocorticóides representam uma classe de drogas muito usada, sendo que podem influenciar significativamente a massa óssea. Entretanto, após tratamento com glicocorticóides em ratos, esses podem ou não apresentar alterações na massa óssea. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da administração de dexametasona ou metilprednisolona em produzir osteoporose em ratas. Métodos: Vinte e quatro ratas, oriundas do biotério da Faculdade de Medicina de Itajubá, foram utilizadas e divididas em três grupos: controle, metilprednisolona e dexametasona. Foram avaliados íons e proteínas totais sanguíneos e feita a análise histopatológica de tecido ósseo. Resultados e conclusão: Pela análise histológica da espessura trabecular óssea, houve redução da massa óssea dos grupos tratados com glicocorticóides em comparação com o grupo controle, evidenciando o sucesso da indução de osteoporose. Além disso, houve uma maior redução da massa óssea no grupo tratado com dexametasona, em comparação com o grupo tratado com metilprednisolona. A análise bioquímica de cálcio, fósforo, magnésio e proteínas totais não sofreram diferença significativa entres os grupos, não sendo um bom marcador para remodelamento ósseo e para diagnóstico de osteoporose.Evaluating the Effectiveness of Dexamethasone or Methylprednisolone to Produce Osteoporosis in RatsIntroduction: Osteoporosis is considered a serious public health problem in worldwide. In Brazil we do not have statistics on the real disease incidence. Glucocorticoids are a class of drugs widely used, and can significantly influence bone mass. However, after treatment with glucocorticoids in rats, these may or may not show changes in bone mass. Objective: Evaluating the effectiveness of dexamethasone or methylprednisolone to produce osteoporosis in rats. Methods: Twenty-four rats, originated from the vivarium of the Faculty of Medicine Itajubá were used and divided into three groups: control, methylprednisolone and dexamethasone. Ions was evaluated blood and histopathology of bone tissue. Results and conclusion: by histologic analysis of trabecular bone thickness, a reduction of the mass bone in the groups treated with glucocorticoids compared with the group control, demonstrating the successful induction of osteoporosis. Furthermore, there was a greater reduction in bone mass in the group treated with dexamethasone compared with the group treated with methylprednisolone. The analysis biochemistry of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and total protein did not undergo significant difference among the groups, there is a good marker for bone remodeling and osteoporosis diagnosis.

scholarly journals Evidence of Phosphate Mining and Agriculture Influence on Concentrations, Forms, and Ratios of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Florida River

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1064
Author(s):  
Shuiwang Duan ◽  
Kamaljit Banger ◽  
Gurpal S. Toor
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Total N ◽  
Phosphate Mining ◽  
Molar Ratios

Florida has a long history of phosphate-mining, but less is known about how mining affects nutrient exports to coastal waters. Here, we investigated the transport of inorganic and organic forms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) over 23 sampling events during a wet season (June–September) in primary tributaries and mainstem of Alafia River that drains into the Tampa Bay Estuary. Results showed that a tributary draining the largest phosphate-mining area (South Prong) had less flashy peaks, and nutrients were more evenly exported relative to an adjacent tributary (North Prong), highlighting the effectiveness of the mining reclamation on stream hydrology. Tributaries draining > 10% phosphate-mining area had significantly higher specific conductance (SC), pH, dissolved reactive P (DRP), and total P (TP) than tributaries without phosphate-mining. Further, mean SC, pH, and particulate reactive P were positively correlated with the percent phosphate-mining area. As phosphate-mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed, the SC, pH, DRP, and TP concentrations increased downstream along the mainstem. For example, the upper watershed contributed 91% of TP compared to 59% water discharge to the Alafia River. In contrast to P, the highest concentrations of total N (TN), especially nitrate + nitrite (NOx–N) occurred in agricultural tributaries, where the mean NOx–N was positively correlated with the percent agricultural land. Dissolved organic N was dominant in all streamwaters and showed minor variability across sites. As a result of N depletion and P enrichment, the phosphate-mining tributaries had significantly lower molar ratios of TN:TP and NOx–N:DRP than other tributaries. Bi-weekly monitoring data showed consistent increases in SC and DRP and a decrease in NOx–N at the South Prong tributary (highest phosphate-mining area) throughout the wet season, and different responses of dissolved inorganic nutrients (negative) and particulate nutrients (positive) to water discharge. We conclude that (1) watersheds with active and reclaimed phosphate-mining and agriculture lands are important sources of streamwater P and N, respectively, and (2) elevated P inputs from the phosphate-mining areas altered the N:P ratios in streamwaters of the Alafia River.

Growth and movement of the South African abalone Haliotis midae: A reassessment

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJQ Tarr
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
The South ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Haliotis Midae

Growth rates of a number of Haliotis midae populations around the South African coast were studied by means of tagging. These populations ranged from the cool waters of the western coast to the more temperate environment of the eastern Cape. Standard von Bertalanffy growth curves were fitted and growth parameters derived. These ranged from 0.19 to 0.25 for K, the average rate at which L∞ is approached, and from 156 to 173 for L∞, the average theoretical maximum length. These indicate far higher growth rates than were previously published for this commercially fished species, and the reasons for this difference are discussed. The expectation that growth rates would be fastest in the warmer eastern Cape waters was not realized, there being no significant difference in growth between the Bird Island population on the eastern coast and the Robben Island population on the western coast. These new growth parameters indicate that H. midae in the commercial fishery grounds is attaining sexual maturity some four years earlier, and the minimum legal size some five years earlier, than previously considered. This has considerable significance for modelling studies presently underway. Movement of a small population of adult H. midae was studied over a three-year period, after which 47% of the original abalone were still present on the study site. Of these, 81.5% still occupied exactly the same position on the rocks. This indicates that H. midae that have located an optimum habitat, and that are not disturbed, tend not to move.

scholarly journals Growth, leaf and stomatal traits of crabwood (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) in central Amazonia

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 07-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Angelo Branco Camargo ◽  
Ricardo Antonio Marenco
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Leaf Thickness ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Carapa Guianensis ◽  
Rainfall Seasonality

Crabwood (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) is a fast growing tree species with many uses among Amazonian local communities. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of seasonal rainfall pattern on growth rates, and seasonal and diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange and leaf water potential (ΨL) in crabwood. To assess the effect of rainfall seasonality on growth and physiological leaf traits an experiment was conducted in Manaus, AM (03º 05' 30" S, 59º 59' 35" S). In this experiment, six 6-m tall plants were used to assess photosynthetic traits and ΨL. In a second experiment the effect of growth irradiance on stomatal density (S D), size (S S) and leaf thickness was assessed in 0.8-m tall saplings. Stomatal conductance (g s) and light-saturated photosynthesis (Amax) were higher in the wet season, and between 09:00 and 15:00 h. However, no effect of rainfall seasonality was found on ΨL and potential photosynthesis (CO2-saturated). ΨL declined from -0.3 MPa early in the morning to -0.75 MPa after midday. It increased in the afternoon but did not reach full recovery at sunset. Growth rates of crabwood were high, and similar in both seasons (2 mm month-1). Leaf thickness and S D were 19% and 47% higher in sun than in shade plants, whereas the opposite was true for S S. We conclude that ΨL greatly affects carbon assimilation of crabwood by reducing g s at noon, although this effect is not reflected on growth rates indicating that other factors offset the effect of g s on Amax.

scholarly journals A proton NMR study of the effect of a new intravasal injectable male contraceptive RISUG on seminal plasma metabolites

Reproduction ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Sharma ◽  
K Chaudhury ◽  
NR Jagannathan ◽  
SK Guha
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Obstructive Azoospermia ◽  
Male Contraceptive ◽  
Nmr Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Styrene Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Prostatic Diseases

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to quantify citrate, glucose, lactate, glycerophosphorylcholine and choline in seminal plasma from subjects injected with a new male contraceptive RISUG, a copolymer of styrene maleic anhydride dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide, and in seminal plasma from normal ejaculates. No significant difference in the concentration of citrate was observed between the groups, indicating that the prostate is not affected by the contraceptive. The concentrations of glucose, lactate, glycerophosphorylcholine and choline were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in subjects injected with RISUG compared with controls. In addition, metabolite ratios such as choline:citrate, citrate:lactate, choline:lactate and glycerophosphorylcholine:choline were calculated. Citrate:lactate and glycerophosphorylcholine:choline ratios were significantly lower in RISUG-injected subjects than in controls (P < 0.01), thereby indicating the occurrence of partial obstructive azoospermia. The most important finding of the present study was that the intervention of RISUG in the vas deferens even for a period as long as 8 years is absolutely safe and does not lead to prostatic diseases.

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