scholarly journals The Medicinal Wood-Decay Species Laricifomes officinalis in the Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park (Italian Alps): Spatial Analysis and Growth Tests of Pure Cultures

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Elena Girometta ◽  
Laura Rovelli ◽  
Francesco Bracco ◽  
Francesca Brescia ◽  
Rebecca Michela Baiguera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Gran Paradiso

Abstract Laricifomes officinalis is a wood-decay fungus that is closely associated with old individuals of Larix decidua . In the twentieth century, L. officinalis was over-harvested because of its medicinal properties; consequently, it has become very rare or almost extinct in the Alps. In this study, we investigated the population of L. officinalis in the Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park (Val d’Ossola, Italy) to assess a preliminary conservation strategy. Population consistency was estimated using field mapping, and spatial analysis was performed on host trees based on topographical and environmental variables. Mycelia were isolated from harvested basidiomata, and strain identity confirmed by molecular analysis of the ITS region. All isolated strains were tested for growth in Petri dishes containing different standard media to determine which strains had the highest growth rates; the fastest growing strains may be selected for future studies and applications. Compared to the control strains from Val Malenco and Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso, all strains from Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park had lower growth rates. There was no significant difference between the growth rates of strains from Alpe Veglia and those from Alpe Devero. The results suggest that the population consistency of L. officinalis in the Alpe Veglia–Alpe Devero Natural Park is related to two main factors: habitat preservation and harvesting prohibition. These results confirm the need to protect L. officinalis both inside and outside natural reserves, despite the apparent increase in local populations.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Fermentation Properties of Novel Galacto-Oligosaccharides by β-Galactosidases fromBifidobacterium Species

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 2526-2530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodun A. Rabiu ◽  
Andrew J. Jay ◽  
Glenn R. Gibson ◽  
Robert A. Rastall
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Transfer Reactions ◽  
Methylation Analysis ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Lactose Concentration ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Layer Chromatography

ABSTRACT β-Galactosidase enzymes were extracted from pure cultures ofBifidobacterium angulatum, B. bifidum BB-12, B. adolescentis ANB-7, B. infantis DSM-20088, andB. pseudolongum DSM-20099 and used in glycosyl transfer reactions to synthesize oligosaccharides from lactose. At a lactose concentration of 30% (wt/wt) oligosaccharide yields of 24.7 to 47.6% occurred within 7 h. Examination of the products by thin-layer chromatography and methylation analysis revealed distinct product derived spectra from each enzyme. These were found to be different to that of Oligomate 55, a commercial prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide. Fermentation testing of the oligosaccharides showed an increase in growth rate, compared to Oligomate 55, with products derived fromB. angulatum, B. bifidum, B. infantis, and B. pseudolongum. However B. adolescentis had a lower growth rates on its oligosaccharide compared with Oligomate 55. Mixed culture testing of the B. bifidum BS-4 oligosaccharide showed that the overall prebiotic effect was equivalent to that of Oligomate 55.

scholarly journals How to resolve cryptic species of polypores: an example in Fomes

IMA Fungus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Peintner ◽  
Regina Kuhnert-Finkernagel ◽  
Viana Wille ◽  
Franco Biasioli ◽  
Anton Shiryaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Rdna Its Region ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Physiological Characters

Abstract Species that cannot be easily distinguished based on morphology, but which form distinct phylogenetic lineages based on molecular markers, are often referred to as cryptic species. They have been proposed in a number of fungal genera, including the basidiomycete genus Fomes. The main aim of this work was to test new methods for species delimitation in cryptic lineages of polypores, and to define useful characters for species identification. A detailed examination of a number of different Fomes strains that had been collected and isolated from different habitats in Italy and Austria confirmed the presence of distinct lineages in the Fomes fomentarius clade. Our zero hypothesis was that the Mediterranean strains growing on Quercus represent a species which can be delimited based on morphological and physiological characters when they are evaluated in statistically relevant numbers. This hypothesis was tested based on phylogenetic analysis of the rDNA ITS region, morphological characters of basidiomes and pure cultures, growth rates and optimum growth temperature experiments, mycelial confrontation tests, enzyme activity tests and volatile organic compound (VOC) production. The Mediterranean lineage can unambiguously be delimited from F. fomentarius. A syntype of an obscure and previously synonymized name, Polyporus inzengae, represents the Mediterranean lineage that we recognize as Fomes inzengae, a distinct species. The rDNA ITS region is useful for delimitation of Fomes species. Moreover, also a variety of morphological characters including hymenophore pore size, basidiospore size, and diameter of skeletal hyphae are useful delimiting characters. The ecology is also very important, because the plant host appears to be a central factor driving speciation. Physiological characters turned also out to be species-specific, e.g. daily mycelial growth rates or the temperature range of pure cultures. The production of VOCs can be considered as a very promising tool for fast and reliable species delimitation in the future.

Overbrowsing, and decline of a population of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, in Victoria. II. Population condition

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Tract Disease

Juvenile and sub-adult koalas from a population at Walkerville, Victoria, which was severely defoliating its preferred food trees, had significantly lower growth rates than animals from a population on French Island, Victoria. Mature males from Walkerville were significantly smaller than French Island males in most age classes. There was no significant difference between the body weights of mature females of the 2 populations. Haematological tests on the females showed that nutritionally induced anaemia was significant in the Walkerville animals by Jan. 1981. Heavy tick loads probably exacerbated the effects of the food shortage on the animals' condition, but were not the cause of the anaemia. The low fertility rate of the Walkerville females appeared to be due to their poor nutritional state and to reproductive tract disease.

Phosphorus repletion of cattle previously exposed to dietary nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bortolussi ◽  
J. H. Ternouth ◽  
N. P. McMeniman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Bone Thickness ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Significant Difference

This work reports the effects on growth and metabolic performance of steers fed 2 levels of phosphorus (P) during their repletion from a 15-week depletion period when they were fed diets containing various levels of nitrogen (N) and P. The repletion diets containing either 5·6 g P/day (marginal) or 8·3 g P/day (high) were fed to steers for a period of 12 weeks and were based on barley straw, molasses, sorghum grain, urea, and formaldehyde-treated gluten [mean dry matter (DM) digestibility of 0·62 and 14·6 g N/kg DM]. These repletion diets were formulated to simulate the dietary regimens of cattle grazing wet-season pastures in northern Australia and other tropical and subtropical regions. Food intake, liveweight gain, plasma metabolites, and P kinetics were measured. There was no significant difference between the repletion marginal- and high-P treatments in the mean liveweight (LW) gains and DM intakes (g/kg LW) of the steers. However, for both P treatments, the steers that had been fed a suboptimal level of N during depletion had marked increases (>60%) in feed intake throughout the repletion period. Within the marginal-P treatment, the growth rates of steers that had been fed a suboptimal level of N during depletion were higher than for those that had been fed higher N levels, and were similar to those of the high-P groups. Plasma inorganic P, bone thickness, and bone P concentration remained lower for the marginal-P treatment at the end of the repletion period. Furthermore, within the marginal-P treatment, steers that had been fed the high-N diet during depletion were unable to increase bone thickness and had lower growth rates than anticipated for the quality of the diet. Although N balance was positive and similar for both P treatments, the apparent P balance for the marginal-P treatment of 7·6 mg/kg LW was only about half that of the high-P treatment. It was concluded that the requirement for dietary P in steers that had been exposed to a dietary P deficiency, particularly when in association with high N, was higher than the 5·6 g/day provided.

The Importance of Comparative Growth Rates in Determining the Canopy Composition of Tasmanian Rainforest

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Read
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Canopy Composition ◽  
Study Sites

Growth rates of the rainforest canopy species Atherosperma moschatum Labill., Eucryphia lucida (Labill.) Baill., Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst., Athrotaxis selaginoides D.Don and Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (Labill.) Hook.f. were measured in naturally-occurring seedlings and in seedlings grown in glasshouse pot trials. The highest field growth rates were recorded in N. cunninghamii on lowland sites on fertile, well-drained soils. On poorer soils, growth rates of N. cunninghamii were lower and there was little difference in growth rates between species. On the most acidic and probably infertile soil, the growth rate of P. aspleniifolius was 1.4 times higher than that of N. cunninghamii, although not significantly different at the 95% level. Similar trends in growth rates were recorded in pot trials. High growth rates were recorded in N. cunninghamii and E. lucida on fertile, well-drained soils, with generally lower growth rates in A. moschatum, P. aspleniifolius and A. selaginoides. No significant difference in growth rate was recorded among N. cunninghamii, E. lucida, A. moschatum and P. aspleniifolius when grown in poor soils or in low nutrient treatments. The trends in comparative growth rates correlate with the measured canopy composition of the study sites. Nothofagus cunninghamii dominates forest stands on sites where it has a clearly superior growth rate compared with co-occurring light-demanding species. Mixed canopies occur on sites where there is little or no difference between species' growth rates. However, not all patterns of canopy dominance can be explained by comparative growth rates alone. For example, P. aspleniifolius commonly dominates forest stands at low to mid-altitude where growth rates of all species are very low, but without necessarily a higher growth rate in P. aspleniifolius than in co-occurring species. The results of the growth rate studies are integrated with some other aspects of the biology of these species in a discussion of the mechanisms determining canopy composition of Tasmanian rainforests.

Growth and movement of the South African abalone Haliotis midae: A reassessment

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJQ Tarr
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
The South ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Haliotis Midae

Growth rates of a number of Haliotis midae populations around the South African coast were studied by means of tagging. These populations ranged from the cool waters of the western coast to the more temperate environment of the eastern Cape. Standard von Bertalanffy growth curves were fitted and growth parameters derived. These ranged from 0.19 to 0.25 for K, the average rate at which L∞ is approached, and from 156 to 173 for L∞, the average theoretical maximum length. These indicate far higher growth rates than were previously published for this commercially fished species, and the reasons for this difference are discussed. The expectation that growth rates would be fastest in the warmer eastern Cape waters was not realized, there being no significant difference in growth between the Bird Island population on the eastern coast and the Robben Island population on the western coast. These new growth parameters indicate that H. midae in the commercial fishery grounds is attaining sexual maturity some four years earlier, and the minimum legal size some five years earlier, than previously considered. This has considerable significance for modelling studies presently underway. Movement of a small population of adult H. midae was studied over a three-year period, after which 47% of the original abalone were still present on the study site. Of these, 81.5% still occupied exactly the same position on the rocks. This indicates that H. midae that have located an optimum habitat, and that are not disturbed, tend not to move.

Effects of lice infestation on the growth of beef heifers in Victoria

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Bailey ◽  
WAD Carroll ◽  
B Knee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Main Species ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Linognathus Vituli

Ten experiments were carried out to examine some of the effects of lice infestation on heifers grazing on six commercial properties in the high rainfall areas of Victoria. In all experiments, famphur, a pour-on lousicide, effectively controlled lice populations (main species Linognathus vituli). Lice infestation was associated with lower growth rates in only two experiments. Significant correlations between lice infestation and liveweight gain of untreated heifers were found in three of ten experiments, but infestation accounted for only 23-30% of the variation in liveweight gain. The results support other studies conducted in Western Victoria, and the need for routine whole herd treatment against lice is questioned.

scholarly journals First Report of Root and Stem Rot Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae on Peperomia tetraphylla in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 1171-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. X. Zeng ◽  
X. L. Wu ◽  
Y. H. Li
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Its Sequence ◽  
First Report ◽  
Pure Cultures

Peperomia tetraphylla, an evergreen herb, is becoming increasingly popular as a potted ornamental plant in southern China. In the summer of 2008, in some commercial flower nurseries in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, P. tetraphylla showed extensive black stem and root rot, with leaves dropping from the rotten stem. Small pieces (approximately 3 mm2) of stems and leaves were excised from the margins of the black lesions, surface disinfected for 30 s to 1 min in 0.1% HgCl2, plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C in the dark. All the plated samples yielded Phytophthora, and microscopic examination of pure cultures grown on PDA plates showed arachnoid colonies with abundant aerial mycelium, chlamydospores, and a few sporangia. Numerous sporangia were formed in sterile soil extract. Sporangia were ovoid or obpyriform, noncaducous, with prominent solitary papillae, and measured 31 to 52 μm (average 38 μm) × 21 to 34 μm (average 27 μm). Chlamydospores were spherical and 21 to 34 μm in diameter (average 28 μm). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of a single isolate was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS5 and sequenced (2). The ITS sequence, when submitted for a BLAST search in the NCBI database, showed 100% homology with the sequences of two reference isolates of Phytophthora nicotianae (Accession Nos. AY833526 and EU433396) and the consensus ITS sequence was deposited in the NCBI as Accession No. GQ499373. The isolate was identified as Phytophthora nicotianae on the basis of morphological and molecular characteristics (1). Pathogenicity of the isolate was confirmed by inoculating 1-year-old plants of P. tetraphylla growing in pots. The isolate was grown for 7 days on PDA plates and mycelial plugs, 5 mm in diameter and taken from the advancing margins of the colonies, were buried approximately 1 cm deep near the base of the stem in such a way that the mycelium on the plugs was in contact with the surface of the stem, which had been wiped earlier with 70% ethanol and gently wounded with a needle. Plants treated the same way but inoculated with sterile PDA plugs served as control plants. Three plants in each pot were inoculated and there were five replications each for the treatment and the control. All plants were kept in a greenhouse at 22 to 32°C. After 6 to 7 days, the inoculated plants showed black lesions around the mycelial plugs; symptoms of root and stem rot developed rapidly thereafter and the plants collapsed within 2 weeks. All symptoms on the inoculated plants were identical to those observed in naturally diseased plants, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The same fungus was consistently reisolated from the inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Phytophthora nicotianae on P. tetraphylla in China. References: (1) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1996. (2) J. B. Ristaino et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:948, 1998.

Do abiotic mechanisms determine interannual variability in length-at-age of juvenile Arcto-Norwegian cod?

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Ottersen ◽  
Kristin Helle ◽  
Bjarte Bogstad
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dependent Growth

For the large Arcto-Norwegian stock of cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Barents Sea, year-to-year variability in growth is well documented. Here three hypotheses for the observed inverse relation between abundance and the mean length-at-age of juveniles (ages 1–4) are suggested and evaluated. Based on comprehensive data, we conclude that year-to-year differences in length-at-age are mainly determined by density-independent mechanisms during the pelagic first half year of the fishes' life. Enhanced inflow from the southwest leads to an abundant cohort at the 0-group stage being distributed farther east into colder water masses, causing lower postsettlement growth rates. We can not reject density-dependent growth effects related to variability in food rations, but our data do not suggest this to be the main mechanism. Another hypothesis suggests that lower growth rates during periods of high abundance are a result of density-dependent mechanisms causing the geographic range of juveniles to extend eastwards into colder water masses. This is rejected mainly because year-to-year differences in mean length are established by age 2, which is too early for movements over large distances.

Spatial Analysis of Residents’ Response to Fear of Crime in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Seyi Oloyede Farodoye ◽  
Peter O. Olawuni ◽  
Gbenga John Oladehinde ◽  
Olumuyiwa Sola Atoyebi ◽  
Lukuman Opeyemi Ayoola
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Alarm System ◽  
Insurance Scheme ◽  
Surveillance Camera ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
The Core ◽  
Significant Difference

The study investigated spatial pattern of residents' response to the fear of crime in Osogbo Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. Primary data was collected by stratifying the Osogbo into three residential neighborhoods, namely; core, transition, and suburban areas. Systematic sampling was used in selecting 112 respondents across residential neighborhoods. The level of Crime Occurrence Index (LCOI) in the core area was 5.03 while 5.90 and 5.31 were indices for transition and suburban areas. The study recorded that religion, police patrol, lightning, membership/ support of vigilante and use of joint community responses were the commonly used strategy in responding to fear of crime while insurance scheme, burglary alarm system, closed-circuit television (CCTV), and surveillance camera were the least strategies used in responding to fear of crime in the study area. The study concludes that there is a significant difference in the responses of residents to fear of crime in the various residential neighborhoods.   Received: 21 December 2020 / Accepted: 18 February 2021 / Published: 7 March 2021

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