Improvements in diagnosis of disease caused by Mycoplasma bovis in cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeeka K. Wawegama ◽  
Glenn F. Browning
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Appropriate Treatment

The major disease problems associated with Mycoplasma bovis are contagious mastitis and respiratory disease in cattle. Its importance has increased worldwide due to its increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents and the lack of an effective vaccine. Chronically infected silent carriers introduce infection to naïve herds and M. bovis diseases can cause significant economic losses to the affected herds. Availability of a suitable diagnostic tool for extensive screening will improve the ability to determine the appropriate treatment and the full impact of M. bovis in both beef and dairy cattle industries. The present review focuses on the past and present improvements in the diagnosis of disease caused by M. bovis in cattle.

scholarly journals Comparison of efficacy of CT scan and ultrasound in patients with blunt abdominal trauma

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
M. L. Ravindernath ◽  
G. Mahender Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Abdominal Trauma ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Blunt Abdominal Trauma ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Patient Needs ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Past ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Life Threatening

Background: Trauma has become one of the most common cause of hospitalization. The main reason for imaging and screening the patients is to identify the life-threatening injuries as soon as possible so that appropriate treatment can be given immediately.  In the past few years, both USG and CT have been widely used to detect the abdominal trauma and have replaced the older methods. This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of CT scans and Ultrasound in the patients with blunt abdominal trauma.Methods: Patients who had come to our hospital with blunt abdominal trauma and who were stable enough to undergo both USG and CT scans were included into the study. Apart from routine tests, both USG and CT scans were performed for all the patients.Results: The most common cause of trauma was road or vehicular accidents (58.9%) followed by fall from heights (32.1%). Of the organs which were affected, the most one was liver (73.2%), followed by spleen (51.8%), 46.4% of kidneys and 12.5% of the pancreas. Hemoperitoneum was identified in all the 56 patients with CT scan while the same was identified only in 47 cases (83.9%) with USG.Conclusions: CT scan is a superior diagnostic tool for the detection of Blunt abdominal trauma compared to USG. However, the patient needs to be hemodynamically stable for CT to be performed.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Mycoplasma bovis Isolates from Veal, Dairy and Beef Herds

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
Jade Bokma ◽  
Linde Gille ◽  
Koen De Bleecker ◽  
Jozefien Callens ◽  
Freddy Haesebrouck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Genomic Clusters ◽  
Genomic Cluster

Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen causing mostly pneumonia in calves and mastitis in dairy cattle. In the absence of an effective vaccine, antimicrobial therapy remains the main control measure. Antimicrobial use in veal calves is substantially higher than in conventional herds, but whether veal calves also harbor more resistant M. bovis strains is currently unknown. Therefore, we compared antimicrobial susceptibility test results of M. bovis isolates from different cattle sectors and genomic clusters. The minimum inhibitory concentration of nine antimicrobials was determined for 141 Belgian M. bovis isolates (29 dairy, 69 beef, 12 mixed, 31 veal farms), and was used to estimate the epidemiological cut-off. Acquired resistance was frequently observed for the macrolides, while no acquired resistance to oxytetracycline and doxycycline, minimal acquired resistance to florfenicol and tiamulin, and a limited acquired resistance to enrofloxacin was seen. M. bovis isolates from beef cattle or genomic cluster III had higher odds of being gamithromycin-resistant than those from dairy cattle or genomic clusters IV and V. In this study, no cattle industry could be identified as source of resistant M. bovis strains. A single guideline for antimicrobial use for M. bovis infections, with a small remark for gamithromycin, is likely sufficient.

Section A. Physiology of dairy cattle: I. Reproduction and lactation

1945 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 195-224 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Dairy Farmer ◽  
Pregnancy Diagnosis ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

Some years ago the annual wastage of cows in dairy herds in Britain was estimated by Wright(1) to be approximately 22%, and of this about one-quarter was due to sterility. Recent figures(2) from Shropshire, Staffordshire and Warwickshire suggest that this position has not changed in the past few years. Thus in forty-eight herds containing 1925 cows there were 620 disposals in the 12 months ending September 1940. 23% of the disposals were due to sterility. The annual losses from bovine sterility in Britain have been calculated to be equivalent to £7,000,000 in milk alone. This fact is cited by Day(3) in a concise article on the control of sterility in which he discusses various factors which contribute to the problem. Some of these factors, such as contagious abortion and trichomonas infection, are pathological, but many others are functional or physiological. The present review is concerned only with the latter. Mackintosh (4), in an article on breeding and rearing to maintain the milk supply, summarizes for the practical dairy farmer many of the methods by which the incidence of functional sterility can be reduced. Both Day and Mackintosh emphasize the importance of pregnancy diagnosis, of detecting the short winter oestrus and of testing the fertility of the bull. They also mention that hormone therapy can frequently be used to great advantage for inducing oestrus. Knowledge of these factors and how best to deal with them has greatly increased during the past few years as a result of the work carried out in many research stations throughout the world.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma bovis in Spanish Cattle Herds: Two Groups of Multiresistant Isolates Predominate, with One Remaining Susceptible to Fluoroquinolones

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana García-Galán ◽  
Laurent-Xavier Nouvel ◽  
Eric Baranowski ◽  
Ángel Gómez-Martín ◽  
Antonio Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Detection Of Mutations ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments

Mycoplasma bovis is an important bovine pathogen causing pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis and is responsible for major economic losses worldwide. In the absence of an efficient vaccine, control of M. bovis infections mainly relies on antimicrobial treatments, but resistance is reported in an increasing number of countries. To address the situation in Spain, M. bovis was searched in 436 samples collected from beef and dairy cattle (2016–2019) and 28% were positive. Single-locus typing using polC sequences further revealed that two subtypes ST2 and ST3, circulate in Spain both in beef and dairy cattle, regardless of the regions or the clinical signs. Monitoring of ST2 and ST3 isolates minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to a panel of antimicrobials revealed one major difference when using fluoroquinolones (FQL): ST2 is more susceptible than ST3. Accordingly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) further identified mutations in the gyrA and parC regions, encoding quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) only in ST3 isolates. This situation shows the capacity of ST3 to accumulate mutations in QRDR and might reflect the selective pressure imposed by the extensive use of these antimicrobials. MIC values and detection of mutations by WGS also showed that most Spanish isolates are resistant to macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines. Valnemulin was the only one effective, at least in vitro, against both STs.

scholarly journals Alternative Screening Approaches for Discovery of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Inhibitors

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 4251-4252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. LaFemina
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Screening Approaches

ABSTRACTTwo coronaviruses causing severe respiratory disease and high mortality rates emerging within the past dozen years reinforces the need for clinically efficacious antivirals targeting coronaviruses. Alternative screening approaches for antivirals against the recently emergent Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) may provide lead compounds to address this need. TwoAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy(AAC) papers screened libraries of approved compounds that may potentially be repurposed as MERS-CoV antivirals. A third AAC paper showed that a previously described severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) helicase inhibitor also has activity against MERS-CoV.

An Assessment of a Low-Cost Wastewater Disposal System after Twenty-Five Years of Operation

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 701-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Reidy ◽  
G. W. Samson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Industrial Wastewaters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Coal Resource

A low-cost wastewater disposal system was commissioned in 1959 to treat domestic and industrial wastewaters generated in the Latrobe River valley in the province of Gippsland, within the State of Victoria, Australia (Figure 1). The Latrobe Valley is the centre for large-scale generation of electricity and for the production of pulp and paper. In addition other industries have utilized the brown coal resource of the region e.g. gasification process and char production. Consequently, industrial wastewaters have been dominant in the disposal system for the past twenty-five years. The mixed industrial-domestic wastewaters were to be transported some eighty kilometres to be treated and disposed of by irrigation to land. Several important lessons have been learnt during twenty-five years of operating this system. Firstly the composition of the mixed waste stream has varied significantly with the passage of time and the development of the industrial base in the Valley, so that what was appropriate treatment in 1959 is not necessarily acceptable in 1985. Secondly the magnitude of adverse environmental impacts engendered by this low-cost disposal procedure was not imagined when the proposal was implemented. As a consequence, clean-up procedures which could remedy the adverse effects of twenty-five years of impact are likely to be costly. The question then may be asked - when the total costs including rehabilitation are considered, is there really a low-cost solution for environmentally safe disposal of complex wastewater streams?

Recent Advances in Therapeutic Applications of Bisbenzimidazoles

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita Verma ◽  
Vishnuvardh Ravichandiran ◽  
Nihar Ranjan ◽  
Swaran J.S. Flora
Keyword(s):  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Dna Recognition ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Structural Motifs ◽  
Therapeutic Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Advances

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are one of the most common structural motifs in approximately 80% of the marketed drugs. Of these, benzimidazoles analogues are known to elicit a wide spectrum of pharmaceutical activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antifungal as well as chemosensor effect. Based on the benzimidazole core fused heterocyclic compounds, crescent-shaped bisbenzimidazoles were developed which provided an early breakthrough in the sequence-specific DNA recognition. Over the years, a number of functional variations in the bisbenzimidazole core have led to the emergence of their unique properties and established them as versatile ligands against several classes of pathogens. The present review provides an overview of diverse pharmacological activities of the bisbenzimidazole analogues in the past decade with a brief account of its development through the years.

scholarly journals Importance and Antimicrobial Resistance of Mycoplasma bovis in Clinical Respiratory Disease in Feedlot Calves

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1470
Author(s):  
Ana García-Galán ◽  
Juan Seva ◽  
Ángel Gómez-Martín ◽  
Joaquín Ortega ◽  
Francisco Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Feedlot Calves ◽  
Fixed Panel

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important viral and/or bacterial disease that mainly affects feedlot calves. The involvement of Mycoplasma bovis in BRD can lead to chronic pneumonia poorly responsive to antimicrobial treatment. Caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia is a pulmonary lesion typically associated with M. bovis. In Spain, M. bovis is widely distributed in the feedlots and circulating isolates are resistant to most antimicrobials in vitro. However, the role of this species in clinical respiratory disease of feedlot calves remains unknown. Furthermore, available data are relative to a fixed panel of antimicrobials commonly used to treat BRD, but not to the specific set of antimicrobials that have been used for treating each animal. This study examined 23 feedlot calves raised in southeast Spain (2016–2019) with clinical signs of respiratory disease unresponsive to treatment. The presence of M. bovis was investigated through bacteriology (culture and subsequent PCR), histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The pathogen was found in 86.9% (20/23) of the calves, mainly in the lungs (78.26%; 18/23). Immunohistochemistry revealed M. bovis antigens in 73.9% (17/23) of the calves in which caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia was the most frequent lesion (16/17). Minimum inhibitory concentration assays confirmed the resistance of a selection of 12 isolates to most of the antimicrobials specifically used for treating the animals in vivo. These results stress the importance of M. bovis in the BRD affecting feedlot calves in Spain.

Synthesis of nontronite and other Fe-rich smectites: a critical review

Clay Minerals ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Petit ◽  
F. Baron ◽  
A. Decarreau
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
The Past

AbstractThe synthesis of clay minerals has been studied for decades in an attempt to better understand their formation in natural environments and more recently to obtain clay minerals with controlled compositions and properties. Even though nontronite has been synthesized successfully since 1935, the process is not a straightforward and has been poorly documented. In the present review concerning the synthesis of nontronite and other Fe-rich smectites, the experiments attempted in the past are discussed critically in light of the most recent data. Most notably, the application of relationships established recently, thanks to synthetic smectitic series, have allowed us to refine the chemical compositions of some nontronites synthesized previously.

scholarly journals Aptamer-targeting of Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) can be an effective strategy to inhibit virus replication

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taofeng Lu ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Jie Zhou ◽  
Qin Ma ◽  
Wenzhuo Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Magnetic Beads ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Stem Loop ◽  
Aleutian Mink Disease Virus ◽  
Random Library

AbstractAleutian mink disease (AMD), which is caused by Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV), is an important contagious disease for which no effective vaccine is yet available. AMD causes major economic losses for mink farmers globally and threatens some carnivores such as skunks, genets, foxes and raccoons. Aptamers have exciting potential for the diagnosis and/or treatment of infectious viral diseases, including AMD. Using a magnetic beads-based systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) approach, we have developed aptamers with activity against AMDV after 10 rounds of selection. After incubation with the ADVa012 aptamer (4 μM) for 48 h, the concentration of AMDV in the supernatant of infected cells was 47% lower than in the supernatant of untreated cells, whereas a random library of aptamers has no effect. The half-life of ADVa012 was ~ 32 h, which is significantly longer than that of other aptamers. Sequences and three dimensions structural modeling of selected aptamers indicated that they fold into similar stem-loop structures, which may be a preferred structure for binding to the target protein. The ADVa012 aptamer was shown to have an effective and long-lasting inhibitory effect on viral production in vitro.

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