Effect of temperature and moisture potential on germination and emergence in Lotus sp

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Blumenthal ◽  
SC Aston ◽  
CJ Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Field Emergence ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Moisture Potential

Two controlled cabinet experiments compared the germination of 6 Lotus genotypes over a range of temperature (0-40�C) and moisture potentials (0 to -1.2 MPa). A field experiment compared the emergence of 5 Lotus genotypes over 18 sowing dates. Lotus cornzculatus cv. Grasslands Goldie. L. uliginosus, Grasslands Maku, G4703, G4704. and cv. Sharnae were included in both the controlled cabinet and field experiments. Lotus suaveolens CPI 35903 was included in the controlled cabinet experiments only and Trifolium repens cv. Haifa was included as a control in the field study. Of the commercially available Lotus cultivars, Grasslands Goldie provides the greatest flexibility in terms of sowing date in coastal New South Wales and could be successfully sown even in late autumn and winter as it had the lowest base temperature for germination and field emergence. G4703, Sharnae, and G4704 had a lower base moisture potential for germination than the other 3 Lotus genotypes but this was not translated to better field emergence. Lotus suaveolens had an extremely low base temperature for germination (l�C) compared with L. uliginosus cv. Grasslands Maku (6.4�C). Hybridisation of this species with both L. corniculatus and L. uliginosus could result in germplasm capable of germinating better at low temperature but still able to maintain the perenniality, rhizomatous habit, and presence of condensed tannin of L. uliginosus.

scholarly journals Temperature Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, Causal Agent of Fusarium Wilt

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca B. Landa ◽  
Juan A. Navas-Cortés ◽  
María del Mar Jiménez-Gasco ◽  
Jaacov Katan ◽  
Baruch Retig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
High Level ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Chickpea Cultivars

Use of resistant cultivars and adjustment of sowing dates are important measures for management of Fusarium wilt in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum). In this study, we examined the effect of temperature on resistance of chickpea cultivars to Fusarium wilt caused by various races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Greenhouse experiments indicated that the chickpea cultivar Ayala was moderately resistant to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris when inoculated plants were maintained at a day/night temperature regime of 24/21°C but was highly susceptible to the pathogen at 27/25°C. Field experiments in Israel over three consecutive years indicated that the high level of resistance of Ayala to Fusarium wilt when sown in mid- to late January differed from a moderately susceptible reaction under warmer temperatures when sowing was delayed to late February or early March. Experiments in growth chambers showed that a temperature increase of 3°C from 24 to 27°C was sufficient for the resistance reaction of cultivars Ayala and PV-1 to race 1A of the pathogen to shift from moderately or highly resistant at constant 24°C to highly susceptible at 27°C. A similar but less pronounced effect was found when Ayala plants were inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 6. Conversely, the reaction of cultivar JG-62 to races 1A and 6 was not influenced by temperature, but less disease developed on JG-62 plants inoculated with a variant of race 5 of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris at 27°C compared with plants inoculated at 24°C. These results indicate the importance of appropriate adjustment of temperature in tests for characterizing the resistance reactions of chickpea cultivars to the pathogen, as well as when determining the races of isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Results from this study may influence choice of sowing date and use of chickpea cultivars for management of Fusarium wilt of chickpea.

Agronomic studies on irrigated soybean in southern New South Wales. II. Broadening options for sowing date

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Gaynor ◽  
R. J. Lawn ◽  
A. T. James
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Double Cropping ◽  
South Wales

The response of irrigated soybean to sowing date and to plant population was evaluated in field experiments over three years at Leeton, in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) in southern New South Wales. The aim was to explore the options for later sowings to improve the flexibility for growing soybean in double-cropping rotations with a winter cereal. The experiments were grown on 1.83-m-wide raised soil beds, with 2, 4, or 6 rows per bed (years 1 and 2) or 2 rows per bed only (year 3). Plant population, which was manipulated by changing either the number of rows per bed (years 1 and 2) or the within-row plant spacing (year 3), ranged from 15 to 60 plants/m2 depending on the experiment. Two sowings dates, late November and late December, were compared in years 1 and 3, while in year 2, sowings in early and late January were also included. Three genotypes (early, medium, and late maturity) were grown in years 1 and 2, and four medium-maturing genotypes were grown in year 3. In general, machine-harvested seed yields were highest in the November sowings, and declined as sowing was delayed. Physiological analyses suggested two underlying causes for the yield decline as sowing date was delayed. First and most importantly, the later sown crops flowered sooner after sowing, shortening crop duration and reducing total dry matter (TDM) production. Second, in the late January sowings of the medium- and late-maturing genotypes, harvest index (HI) declined as maturity was pushed later into autumn, exposing the crops to cooler temperatures during pod filling. Attempts to offset the decline in TDM production as sowing was delayed by using higher plant populations were unsuccessful, in part because HI decreased, apparently due to greater severity of lodging. The studies indicated that, in the near term, the yield potential of current indeterminate cultivars at the late December sowing date is adequate, given appropriate management, for commercially viable double-cropping of soybean in the MIA. In the longer term, it is suggested that development of earlier maturing, lodging-resistant genotypes that retain high HI at high sowing density may allow sowing to be delayed to early January.

The emergence of maize from field sowings in Great Britain: I. The effect of date of sowing on the extent and speed of emergence of different varieties

1957 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Bunting ◽  
L. A. Willey
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Cold Test ◽  
Soil Pathogen ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
North Western

Between 1953 and 1955 a series of field experiments have been carried out in Great Britain to assess the effect of sowing date on the extent and the rate of emergence of a number of varieties of maize.The range of sowing dates was from late March till May. Records were kept of the soil temperatures, these will be reported later, and in certain experiments the water content of the soil was maintained at field capacity. In all experiments a northern flint variety and a southern dent variety were sown, in the first year only flint × dent hybrids were also grown.There was an increase in final emergence with the later sowing dates. The northern flint varieties were superior to the southern dent varieties, while the flint × dent hybrids occupied an intermediate position. The lower final emergence of the southern dent variety was most marked at the earlier sowing dates.Differences between varieties in the speed of emergence, taken as the number of days from sowing until half of the surviving seedlings had emerged, was observed at several centres. The open-pollinated varieties usually emerged more slowly than the flint × dent hybrids. There was a very marked difference between early- and late-sowing dates in speed of emergence.It was possible in the second year to compare seed of high quality with that of low quality as determined by the ‘cold test’ of germination capacity. The lowquality seed gave greatly reduced final emergence, the experiments stressing the need for the adoption of a standard ‘cold test’ for maize seed, especially of that intended for sowing in north-western Europe.The high final emergence of the northern flint varieties suggest that a gene source for resistance to soil pathogen attack is readily available. The possibilities in north-western Europe for expansion of growing grain maize would be greatly strengthened by development of varieties capable of growth at low temperatures. The experiments suggest that until such varieties are available little advantage in time of emergence will be gained by sowing maize before late April in Britain.

Simulating phenology and yield response of canola to sowing date in Western Australia using the APSIM model

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Farré ◽  
M. J. Robertson ◽  
G. H. Walton ◽  
S. Asseng
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
3.0 T ◽  
Using Data

Canola is a relatively new crop in the Mediterranean environment of Western Australia and growers need information on crop management to maximise profitability. However, local information from field experiments is limited to a few seasons and its interpretation is hampered by seasonal rainfall variability. Under these circumstances, a simulation model can be a useful tool. The APSIM-Canola model was tested using data from Western Australian field experiments. These experiments included different locations, cultivars, and sowing dates. Flowering date was predicted by the model with a root mean squared deviation (RMSD) of 4.7 days. The reduction in the period from sowing to flowering with delay in sowing date was accurately reproduced by the model. Observed yields ranged from 0.1 to 3.2 t/ha and simulated yields from 0.4 to 3.0 t/ha. Yields were predicted with a RMSD of 0.3–0.4 t/ha. The yield reduction with delayed sowing date in the high, medium, and low rainfall region (3.2, 6.1, and 8.6% per week, respectively) was accurately simulated by the model (1.1, 6.7, and 10.3% per week, respectively). It is concluded that the APSIM-Canola model, together with long-term weather data, can be reliably used to quantify yield expectation for different cultivars, sowing dates, and locations in the grainbelt of Western Australia.

scholarly journals Faktore wat die fenologie van Ursinia cakilefolia, ’n efemeer van Namakwaland, beïnvloed

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
H. M. Steyn
Keyword(s):  
Sowing Date ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Distinct Effect ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Ephemeral Species

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature and sowing date on the phenology of Ursinia cakilefolia, a Namaqualand ephemeral species. Seeds were sown on different dates and plants were subjected to various temperature treatments. Sowing date had a distinct effect on the growth and phenology of the plants. From the results it seems that temperature plays an important role in the timing of phenological stages. However, the effect of temperature differed between sowing dates. The plant's response to temperature is apparently modified by the prevailing photoperiod, although it may also be due to an endogenous rhythm. Generally it seems as if plants require cold temperatures from sowing until the initiation of flower buds, after which the plants need heat for anthesis and further development.

Sowing-date responses of early maturing indeterminate soybean genotypes in northern New South Wales

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
IA Rose
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
New Cultivars

The development of new cultivars has provided impetus for soybean (Glycine max) production in northern New South Wales to expand into dryland cropping areas. These new cultivars differ from the traditional irrigated types by being indeterminate and maturing 3-4 weeks earlier. There is no information on the response of this type of cultivar to agronomic factors such as sowing date. However, knowledge of the response to sowing date is of particular importance as it allows producers to decide whether or not to take advantage of good seedbed moisture outside the most favoured range for sowing date. This study utilised irrigated conditions to examine the phenological and yield potential responses to sowing date of 6 early maturing genotypes, including the recently released cultivars. For sowing dates from early November to December the phenological responses were minor and unlikely to influence sowing date decisions, but yield responses varied among genotypes. The recently released cultivars Farrer and Valder showed similar yielding ability across sowing dates from early November to early December. However, the other 4 genotypes (Williams, Calland, Bill 55, Witch 101) showed a marked yield depression with early sowings. Thus choice of cultivar is important when deciding on sowing dates, and tests of sowing date response are necessary for cultivars released for dryland production in the future.

scholarly journals Growth and development of Conyza bonariensis based on days or thermal units

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Jorge Soares ◽  
Wladecir Salles de Oliveira ◽  
Elvio Lorençato Uzuele ◽  
Saul Jorge Pinto de Carvalho ◽  
Ramiro Fernando Lopez Ovejero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
The State ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Conyza Bonariensis ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and development of a glyphosate-resistant population of Conyza bonariensis in different sowing dates (autumn, winter, and spring) and in two agricultural environments, based on days or thermal units. Five experiments were performed in two agricultural environments in Brazil: two in the municipality of Não-Me-Toque, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul - with sowings in July and September 2011; and three in the municipality of Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, in the state of São Paulo ‒ with sowings in April, July, and September 2011. In each trial, ten evaluations of the phenological development and total dry mass of C.bonariensis were performed, fitting these variables to a unit of time in days or growing degree days. The phenological development of C.bonariensis had the best adjustment at the base temperature of 8.4oC, and was affected by sowing date and agricultural environment. In autumn, with decreasing temperature and photoperiod, plants are still able to accumulate dry mass, but without floral induction. In spring, with increasing temperature and photoperiod, dry mass accumulation is lower, but phenological development is faster, with significant floral induction.

A field study of the number of main shoot leaves in wheat in relation to vernalization and photoperiod

1992 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. M. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Model Function ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Developmental Feature

SUMMARYThe number of leaves formed on the main shoot of a wheat plant is an important developmental feature, and a method of predicting this is essential for computer simulation of development.A model function was used to estimate vernalization from simulated sowing dates throughout a season. When expressed in terms of thermal time, it was estimated that a plant might be fully vernalized soon after seedling emergence or take up to about 1000 °Cd, depending on sowing date. When the simulated progress of vernalization was related to main shoot development (primordium initiation and leaf emergence) it was found that there were substantial differences between sowings in the rate of vernalization at comparable stages of apex development.A number of field experiments done in Britain from 1980 to 1984 with prominent commercial varieties, sown at various times from September to March, were analysed in terms of the thermal time to full vernalization and the photoperiod at the time of full vernalization, with vernalization simulated by the model function. In both winter and spring varieties, both of these variables significantly affected the number of main shoot leaves. Multiple linear regression using these two variables accounted for between 70 and 90% of the variance in leaf number, depending on variety.

Effects of sowing technique on yield formation of Vicia faba as affected by population density, sowing date and plant type

1994 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Stützel ◽  
W. Aufhammer ◽  
A. Löber
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Field Emergence

SUMMARYField experiments were carried out in which three different sowing techniques: sowing by hand, with a conventional seed drill and with a precision drill, were used to plant an indeterminate and a determinate cultivar of Vicia faba at two sowing dates and at three population densities in 1989 and 1990 in Southern Germany.Delayed sowing reduced field emergence rates in both years. Hand sowing produced the poorest stands in some instances due to an insufficient sowing depth being achieved. Only at late sowing dates did precision drilling give greater field emergence rates than conventional drilling. During the early stages of growth, hand and precision sowing resulted in crops with the greatest light interception and dry matter production. However, these differences between sowing techniques decreased later on. Lodging was most severe in conventionally drilled crops, particularly at high population density. Thus, when lodging occurred, dry matter and grain yields decreased with increasing plant density in conventional sowings, although they tended to increase in hand-sown and precision-drilled crops. Overall, apart from this interaction, there was no significant effect of sowing technique on grain yield. Grain yields and dry matter production were generally higher in the indeterminate cultivar Herz Freya than in the determinate cultivar Ticol, but there were no differential effects of sowing technique.

scholarly journals Growth habit effect on development of modern soybean cultivars after beginning of bloom in Rio Grande do Sul

Bragantia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alencar Junior Zanon ◽  
Nereu Augusto Streck ◽  
Thiago Schmitz Marques da Rocha ◽  
Cleber Maus Alberto ◽  
Alex Cristiano Bartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Reproductive Phases ◽  
Santa Maria

ABSTRACT There was a change in the genetics of soybeans grown in southern Brazil from the 2000s, which requires investment in basic and detailed studies about growth and development. The purpose in this paper was to characterize the overlap period of vegetative and reproductive phases, growth in height and the emission of nodes after the beginning of flowering in determinate and indeterminate cultivars in different sowing dates and soybean regions in Rio Grande do Sul. Field experiments were conducted during the growing seasons of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014, in Santa Maria, Itaqui, Frederico Westphalen, Capão do Leão, Júlio de Castilhos and in 3 commercial soybean crops in Restinga Sêca, Tupanciretã and Água Santa. Overlap determination (in days) of vegetative and reproductive phases, difference in the number of nodes and height in R8 and R1 were estimated. The cultivars with indeterminate growth had higher overlap period of vegetative and reproductive phases, height growth and emission of nodes after the beginning of flowering in comparison with the determinate cultivars. The magnitude of the overlap values of vegetative and reproductive phases and of the increase in height and number of nodes after R1 ranged with the type of growth, maturity group, location, and sowing date.

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