Intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility by beef steers consuming Pensacola bahiagrass hay treated with calcium oxide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine M Ciriaco ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Tessa M Schulmeister ◽  
Carla D Sanford ◽  
Luara B Canal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract To determine the effect of CaO treated Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) hay on intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, 9 ruminally cannulated Angus-crossbred steers were used in a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Steers had ad libitum access to either: 1) untreated dry hay (DH;  n = 8); 2) hay at 50% DM treated with 8.9% CaCO3 [dry matter (DM) basis; CC; n = 9]; or 3) hay at 50% DM treated with 5% CaO (DM basis; CO; n = 8). Water was added to reach 50% DM in the CC and CO diets. Ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected every 3 h for 24 h. Ruminal fluid was analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N). Blood was analyzed for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). Hay and fecal samples were collected for 4 d, 4 times daily for hay and twice daily for feces, to determine apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients. The hay provided to steers during the digestibility period was analyzed for in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) for 48h. Data were analyzed as repeated measures for blood and ruminal fermentation parameters. Total DM intake was not affected (P ≥ 0.674) by treatment. A treatment effect (P < 0.001) was observed for average ruminal pH, where steers consuming CO had the greatest pH (P < 0.001). Ruminal concentration of NH3-N tended (P = 0.059) to be reduced in steers consuming CO. There was a treatment × time interaction (P = 0.023) on concentrations of PUN, where at 3 h DH and CO were lesser than CC (P ≤ 0.050) and at 21 h DH was lesser than CC (P = 0.020). Total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, branched-chain VFA, and valerate concentrations were affected by treatment (P ≤ 0.035), where a reduction (P ≤ 0.034) occurred in steers consuming CO. No treatment differences were observed for total-tract digestibility of DM (P = 0.186), organic matter (P = 0.169), or crude protein (P = 0.152); however, steers consuming DH had greater neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.038) than CC and tended to be greater than CO (P = 0.082). The CO hay had greater (P = 0.005) IVOMD compared with DH and tended (P = 0.100) to be greater than CC. Bahiagrass hay treated with CaO may reduce ruminal fermentation, as indicated by decreased total VFA concentration without altering DM intake. The addition of CaO did not improve the digestibility of bahiagrass hay in vivo; however, in vitro results are contradictory and warrant further elucidation.

scholarly journals Nutritional Quality and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Prepared with Lucerne, Sweet Maize Stalk, and Their Mixtures

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1205
Author(s):  
Musen Wang ◽  
Fujin Zhang ◽  
Xinxin Zhang ◽  
Ying Yun ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

The objective of this work was to evaluate the pH, chemical composition, minerals, vitamins, and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of silage prepared with lucerne, sweet maize stalk (MS), and their mixtures. Freshly chopped lucerne and MS were combined in ratios of 100:0 (M0, control), 80:20 (M20), 60:40 (M40), 40:60 (M60), 20:80 (M80), and 0:100 (M100) on a fresh matter basis. Each treatment was prepared in triplicate, and a total of eighteen silos were fermented for 65 days. After 65 days of fermentation, the pH values in M0, M20, M40, M60, M80, and M100 silages were 5.47, 4.84, 4.23, 4.13, 3.79, and 3.61, respectively. As the MS proportion in the mixtures increased, silage K, Ca, P, Na, Fe, and Cu concentrations linearly decreased (p < 0.001) and so did vitamins B5 and K1 and α-tocopherol. In vitro rumen dry matter and organic matter degradability, pH, ammonia, total volatile fatty acid, and gas production linearly decreased (p < 0.01), while neutral detergent fiber concentration linearly increased (p < 0.001), with increasing proportion of MS. The in vitro dry matter and organic matter degradability rapidly decreased when the MS percentage was ≥60%. In conclusion, the M40 silage is the most suitable for livestock utilization in local forage production considering the balance of silage pH, nutritional quality, and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics.

scholarly journals Effect of Dried Leaves of Leucaena leucocephala on Rumen Fermentation, Rumen Microbial Population, and Enteric Methane Production in Crossbred Heifers

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Denisse Montoya-Flores ◽  
Isabel Cristina Molina-Botero ◽  
Jacobo Arango ◽  
José Luis Romano-Muñoz ◽  
Francisco Javier Solorio-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The effects of dietary inclusion of dried Leucaena leucocephala leaves (DLL) on nutrient digestibility, fermentation parameters, microbial rumen population, and production of enteric methane (CH4) in crossbred heifers were evaluated. Four heifers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design consisting of four periods and four levels of inclusion of DLL: 0%, 12%, 24%, and 36% of dry matter (DM) intake. Results showed that DM intake (DMI), organic matter intake, and gross energy intake (GEI) were similar (p > 0.05) among treatments. Apparent digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and energy decreased with increasing levels of DLL in the ration (p < 0.05). In contrast, digestible crude protein (CP) was higher (p < 0.05) in treatments with 12% and 24% DM of DLL. The inclusion of DLL did not affect (p > 0.05) rumen pH and total volatile fatty acids. Rumen microbial community was not affected (p > 0.05) by treatment. There was a linear reduction (p < 0.05) in CH4 emissions as the levels of DLL in the ration were increased. Results of this study suggest that an inclusion of 12% DM of ration as DLL enhances digestible CP and reduces daily production of enteric CH4 without adversely affecting DMI, rumen microbial population, and fermentation parameters.

Digestion by ruminant lambs of a diet containing formaldehyde-treated casein

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Level

Digestion of a diet containing 10% casein, either untreated or treated with formaldehyde, was studied in crossbred wether lambs. The treatment prevented breakdown of the casein in rumen liquor in vitro. There was a highly significant decrease in organic matter digestion in the rumen when the treated casein diet was given to the lambs. This was accounted for by increases in the amounts of protein and starch passing to the intestines. There was a 60 % increase in the amount of non-ammonia nitrogen and a 55 % increase in the amount of starch digested in the intestines. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia in the rumen were significantly lower. There were increases in the plasma levels of insulin and �-amino nitrogen and a decrease in the plasma urea level in response to the treatment.

scholarly journals Fermentation kinetics and ruminal parameters of animals fed diets containing Brazil nut cake inclusion levels

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1605
Author(s):  
Juliana Cristina de Castro Budel ◽  
Aline Fernanda Oliveira de Ramos ◽  
Geisielly Sousa Araújo ◽  
Alyne Cristina Sodré Lima ◽  
Lucieta Guerreiro Martorano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Brazil Nut ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Fermentation Kinetics

The inclusion effect of 0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60, and 100% dry matter (DM) of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) cake (BNC) aiming at replacing corn silage was assessed on fermentation kinetics and effective degradability (ED) by means of in vitro gas production at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. A randomized block design was used with six treatments, three blocks, and two replications per block. France’s model was fit to the data. An in vivo experiment, conducted in fistulated ovine, assessed the effects of BNC inclusion levels of 0, 15, 30, and 45% DM replacing corn silage on ruminal parameters. Ruminal fluid samples were collected postprandial at 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 h for determining the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), pH, and N–NH3. A completely randomized design with repeated measures in time was used, with four treatments and three replications. Results of acetate, propionate, butyrate, acetate to propionate ratio, pH, and NH3 were submitted to analysis of variance and regression (linear and quadratic) considering treatment, time and interaction of both. In addition, the F test with a 5% (P < 0.05) significance level was applied to the data. Fermentation kinetics pattern and ED presented a linear decreasing (P < 0.05), which means a decrease in total gas production at each coproduct inclusion level. No interaction effect between treatment and time was observed for total SCFA (P > 0.40), acetic acid (P > 0.41), propionic acid (P > 0.85), butyric acid (P > 0.62) and pH (P > 0.57). BNC replacements of 0, 15, 30 and 45% did not change (P > 0.05) total SCFA concentration, as well as acetic acid concentration in ovine. When including 45% DM of BNC, concentrations (mMol/100 mL) of propionic (P < 0.001) and butyric (P < 0.022) acids was reduced in the ruminal fluid. The highest concentrations at measurement times were observed 4 hours after feeding. The pH values presented a quadratic effect on both inclusion (P < 0.001) and time (P < 0.001). An interaction was observed between treatment and time for N–NH3 concentration (mg/ml) (P < 0.001) and acetic to propionic acids ratio (P < 0.014). Fermentation kinetics was negatively affected by Brazil nut cake inclusion to corn silage-based diet. Therefore, the use of this coproduct is recommended associated with non-structural carbohydrate sources.

scholarly journals In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Mitigation Responded to Flavonoid Extract Levels from Alternanthera sissoo and Dietary Ratios

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Sukruthai Sommai ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Chanon Suntara ◽  
Sarong So ◽  
Metha Wanapat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation

Two experiments were conducted under this study: Experiment 1 was to study production yield, chemical composition, and in vitro degradability of Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo; BS) leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk at various maturity ages of 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after plantation and regrowth and Experiment 2 was to evaluate the effect of flavonoid extract from BS leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk and dietary ratios on ruminal gas production, fermentation characteristics, and in vitro degradability. Experiment 1 showed that maturity ages after planting and regrowth increased, the yield significantly increased. Increasing maturity ages significantly (p < 0.05) increased neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content and decreased crude protein content, total flavonoid (TF) content, and degradability for both leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk. Maturity ages from 15 to 30 days after plantation and regrowth resulted (p < 0.05) the highest TF content and degradability for both leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk. Thus, BS leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk samples from 15 to 30 days of age were used for flavonoid extraction and used in the Experiment 2. Experiment 2 was conducted according to a 3 × 5 factorial experiment. Three roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratios at 50:50, 40:60, and 30:70 were used, and five levels of flavonoid extract (FE) at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg of substrate dry matter (DM) were supplemented. Experiment 2 showed that R:C ratio and FE had an interaction effect only on acetate to propionate ratio. Varying R:C ratios significantly increased (p < 0.05) in vitro DM degradability, total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and propionate (C3) concentration. FE supplementation linearly (p < 0.05) increased total VFA and C3 concentration and decreased methane production and protozoal population. This study could conclude that FE from BS could effectively modulate ruminal fermentation and decrease methane production. However, in vivo study needs to elucidate in order to validate the present results.

scholarly journals Pepper (Capsicum ssp.) as a feed additive in sheep rations using two types of inoculum: Effects on in vitro digestibility and fermentation parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6Supl3) ◽  
pp. 3653
Author(s):  
Luiz Juliano Valério Geron ◽  
Alexande Lima de Souza ◽  
Suellem Fernanda Perosa Zanin ◽  
Sílvia Cristina de Aguiar ◽  
Ilda de Souza Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Sheep Feces

The influence of pepper (Capsicum ssp.) as a feed additive to balanced sheep rations on the in vitro digestibility coefficient of nutrients and their fermentation parameters was evaluated in two different inocula: rumen liquid and sheep feces. Four inclusion levels of pepper (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% of DM) and two types of inoculum were arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, in a completely randomized design. Experimental rations were balanced to include 0.0%; 0.2%; 0.4% and 0.6% Capsicum ssp., with 13.5% crude protein and 70.0% total digestible nutrients (TDN). A basal diet of 60% bulk (corn silage) and 40% of the concentrate containing 0.0% Capsicum ssp. was given to the inoculant donor animals. Two sheep with a mean bodyweight of 27.6 + 1.6 kg were used as inoculum donors (ruminal fluid and feces) for the determination of the IVDC of nutrients. The variables studied were submitted for analysis of variance and the inclusion levels of pepper. Regression analysis was performed at 5% of probability and for the different inocula, a Tukey test was performed at 5% significance. The different levels of inclusion of pepper (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%) in the balanced sheep rations were not altered (P > 0.05) the IVDC of DM; OM; CP and NDF for both inocula (ruminal fluid and sheep feces). However, the use of the different inocula resulted in a change (P < 0.05) in the IVDC value of DM, OM, CP, and NDF, in which the ruminal liquid inoculum presented higher (P < 0.05) values of IVDC for the ration nutrients in relation to sheep feces. The levels of 0, 0%; 0.2%; 0.4% and 0.6% of pepper in ruminant feeds did not change the pH value of the fermented content after a 24-hour in vitro incubation (P > 0.05). However, the use of ruminal liquid as inoculum for the in vitro fermentation of the experimental rations provided a lower value (P < 0.05) for the pH of the fermented content in relation to the sheep feces. The inclusion of this phytogenic additive in ruminant feeds and the use of inoculum based on rumen fluid or sheep feces did not cause changes in the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) in the fermented rations after incubation (P > 0.05) for 24 hours in vitro. Thus, the inclusion of up to 0.6% Capsicum ssp. (pepper) in balanced rations for ruminants does not alter the in vitro digestibility coefficient of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber, or the in vitro fermentation parameters. However, the use of ruminal fluid as inoculum for the in vitro fermentation presented values of a higher degree of confidence in relation to feces to determine the in vitro digestion coefficient of the nutrients.

scholarly journals Relationship between forage neutral detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates on ruminal fermentation products and neutral detergent fiber digestibility in goats

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo M A Pinho ◽  
Edson M Santos ◽  
Juliana S De Oliveira ◽  
Gleidson G P De Carvalho ◽  
Joyce P Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Products

Background: There is a comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary fiber as a nutrient and its function during digestion in cattle. On the other hand, the role of fiber digestion in goats has not received similar attention. Objective: To evaluate the effects of different ratios of forage neutral detergent fiber (fNDF) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) on ruminal fermentation products, and in vitro neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility in goats. Methods: A 3 × 5 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three fNDF levels (100, 190, and 290 g/kg) and five NFC levels (350, 400, 450, 500, and 550 g/kg) was used. The experiment was performed in vitro. Two ruminally fistulated goats were used as rumen liquid donors. Results: The ratios between fNDF and NFC affected all ruminal parameters (p<0.05). Increasing NFC levels in diets containing 100 and 290 g/kgfNDF resulted in linear increase (p<0.05) in ammonia concentration after 48 h fermentation. There was no adjustment of linear models (p>0.05) for pH values. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and their individual molar proportions were affected (p<0.05) at all fNDF and NFC levels. The NDF digestibility was not affected (p>0.05) by fNDF or NFC levels, except for diets containing 290 g/kg fNDF, which were fit to a quadratic model (p<0.05). Conclusion: The relationship between fNDF and NFC concentrations affect the fermentation end products and in vitro NDF digestibility. NFC plays a more consistent role than fNDF in the ruminal microbial ecosystem of goats during in vitro fermentation.Keywords: digestion, energy, microbial protein, physically effective fiber, rumen. Resumen Antecedentes: Aunque hay una amplia comprensión del papel que juega la fibra dietética como nutriente y su función durante la digestión en el ganado vacuno, el papel de la digestión de la fibra en las cabras no ha recibido una atención similar. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de diferentes proporciones de fibra detergente neutra proveniente del forraje (fNDF) y carbohidratos no fibrosos (NFC) sobre los productos de la fermentación ruminal y la digestibilidad in vitro de la fibra detergente neutra (NDF) en cabras. Métodos: Se utilizó un arreglo factorial de 3 × 5, distribuidos en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres niveles de fNDF (100, 190 y 290 g/kg) y cinco niveles de NFC (350, 400, 450, 500 y 550 g/kg). El experimento se realizó in vitro. Se utilizaron dos cabras fistuladas en rumen como donantes de líquido ruminal. Resultados: La relacion entre fNDF y NFC afectó todos los parámetros ruminales estudiados (p<0,05). El aumento de los niveles de NFC en dietas con 100 y 290 g/kg de fNDF resultó en aumento lineal (p<0,05) de la concentración de amoníaco después de 48 h de fermentación. No hubo ajuste de modelos lineales (p>0,05) para valores de pH. Los ácidos grasos volátiles totales y sus proporciones molares individuales se afectaron (p<0,05) en todos los niveles de fNDF y NFC. La digestibilidad de NDF no fue afectada (p>0,05) por los niveles de fNDF ni NFC, con excepción de las dietas con 290 g/kg fNDF, que se ajustaron a un modelo cuadrático (p<0,05). Conclusión: La relación entre las concentraciones de fNDF y NFC afecta los productos finales de fermentación y la digestibilidad in vitro de NDF. Los niveles de NFC juegan un papel más consistente que fNDF en el ecosistema microbiano ruminal de la cabra durante la fermentación in vitro.Palabras clave: digestión, energía, fibra físicamente efectiva, proteína microbiana, rumen. ResumoAntecedentes: Embora exista um compreensível entendimento do papel que a fibra dietética desempenha como nutriente e sua função durante a digestão em bovinos, o papel da digestão das fibras em caprinos não recebeu atenção semelhante. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes relações da fibra em detergente neutro advindo de forragem (fNDF) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (NFC) sobre produtos da fermentação ruminal e digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro (NDF) em caprinos. Métodos: Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial de 3 × 5 distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três níveis de fNDF (100, 190 e 290 g/kg) e cinco níveis de NFC (350, 400, 450, 500 e 550 g/kg). O experimento foi realizado in vitro. Duas cabras fistuladas no rúmen foram utilizadas como doadoras de líquido ruminal. Resultados: As relações entre fNDF e NFC impactaram todos os parâmetros ruminais estudados (p<0,05). O aumento dos níveis de NFC em dietas contendo 100 e 290 g/kg de fNDF resultou em um aumento linear (p<0,05) na concentração de amônia após 48 h de fermentação. Não houve ajuste de modelos lineares (p>0,05) para valores de pH. Os ácidos graxos voláteis totais e suas proporções molares individuais foram afetados (p<0,05) em todos os níveis de fNDF e NFC. A digestibilidade NDF não foi afetada (p>0,05) pelos níveis de fNDF e NFC, com exceção de dietas experimentais contendo 290 g/kg fNDF, que foram ajustadas a um modelo quadrático (p<0,05). Conclusão: A relação entre as concentrações de fNDF e NFC afeta os produtos finais de fermentação e a digestibilidade in vitro de NDF de dietas experimentais. Os níveis de NFC desempenham um papel mais consistente do que o fNDF no ecossistema microbiano ruminal de cabras durante a fermentação in vitro.Palavras-chave: digestão, energia, fibra fisicamente efetiva, proteína microbiana, rúmen.

scholarly journals PSXI-17 Influence of hops on in vitro ruminal fermentation of corn grain

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 408-408
Author(s):  
Yamicela Castillo-Castillo ◽  
Raul Solis ◽  
Armando A Quintana ◽  
Claudio Arzola ◽  
Ana Luisa Olivas-Palacios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract An in vitro incubation was carried out to evaluate the potential of hops (Humulus lupulus) as an alternative to antibiotics for upgrading animal production. Whole pellets of hops (Variety Galena) were ground and incubated in a batch culture of ruminal fluid (2000 mg of ground corn grain + 10 mL of fresh rumen liquor). Ruminal fluid was collected from two beef cows through an esophageal tube. The hops were incubated by 24 h at levels of 0, 800, 1600 and 2400 µg/mL. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance using PROC GLM of SAS. Hops addition linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.01) gas production (GP; 90.89, 61.73, 36.63 and 28.37 µmol/g respectively) and methane production (MP; 9.76, 1.70, 1.30 and 0.46 µmol/g respectively). The CO2 production linearly increased as levels of hops increased (P &lt; 0.02; 87.5, 88.4, 98.1 and 99.3 µmol/g respectively). The ammonia-N production was reduced in treatment 2 with respect to other treatments (P &lt; 0.03; 12.6, 9.2, 13.7 and 13.5 µmol/g). Effects on ruminal fermentation of corn grain were dose dependent of hops. Addition of hops in ruminant feeding may offer a means to decrease ruminal methane production. Further research is needed to test efficacy of hops on other in vivo rumen-fermentation parameters.

scholarly journals Solid State Fermentation as a Tool to Stabilize and Improve Nutritive Value of Fruit and Vegetable Discards: Effect on Nutritional Composition, In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Organic Matter Digestibility

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1653
Author(s):  
Jone Ibarruri ◽  
Idoia Goiri ◽  
Marta Cebrián ◽  
Aser García-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

This research aimed to evaluate in vitro organic matter digestibility, fermentation characteristics and methane production of fruit and vegetable discards processed by solid state fermentation (SSF) by Rhizopus sp. Mixtures were composed of approximately 28% citric fruits, 35% other fruits and 37% vegetables. Fruit and vegetables were processed and fermented to obtain a stabilized product. Nutritional characterization and in vitro ruminal fermentation tests were performed to determine the effect of fungal bioconversion on digestibility, end products and gas production kinetics. Results indicate that SSF reduced organic matter and reducing sugars, while it increased crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent insoluble protein. The in vitro gas production showed that SSF led to a reduction of the organic matter digestibility (p < 0.001), short chain fatty acids (SCFA; p = 0.003) and CH4 (p = 0.002). SSF reduced the gas production from the insoluble fraction (p = 0.001), without modifying the production rate (p = 0.676) or the lag time (p = 0.574). Regarding SCFA profile, SSF increased acetic (p = 0.020) and decreased propionic (p = 0.004) and butyric (p = 0.006) acids proportions, increasing acetic to propionic (p = 0.008) and acetic plus butyric to propionic (p = 0.011) ratios. SSF succeeded in obtaining a stabilized material enriched in protein, but at the expense of a reduction of protein availability and organic matter digestibility. These changes should be considered before including them in a ruminant’s rations.

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