Fish movement patterns in a Neotropical free-flowing tributary located downstream from a large dam

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruanny Casarim ◽  
Ivo Gavião Prado ◽  
Raquel Coelho Loures ◽  
Paulo Santos Pompeu
Keyword(s):  
Fish Movement ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Main River ◽  
Active Fish ◽  
Samples And Sampling ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Large Dam ◽  
Dammed River ◽  
Reproductive Migration

In dammed rivers, the conservation of free-flowing tributaries is considered an important strategy to mitigate the negative effects of the dam on fish communities. In this study, we evaluated the importance of a free-flowing tributary of a dammed river as a reproductive migration route. From August 2012 to July 2013, hydroacoustics data were collected alongside active fish sampling using cast nets and ichthyoplankton nets in the São Francisco and Abaeté rivers. Cast net sampling captured 738 individuals and hydroacoustics detected 42196 fishes. In almost all samples and sampling sites, preferential movements to the Abaeté River and the main São Francisco River were observed. The increase in the flow rate of the Abaeté coincided with a greater incidence of fish movements to upstream areas of the tributary. A higher density and proportion of larger fishes, as well as a higher density of ichthyoplankton, were observed in the Abaeté River compared with the main river. Because this tributary is an alternative route for migratory fishes, its protection is essential for fish conservation and therefore maintenance of local fisheries

Diploma Democracy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Bovens ◽  
Anchrit Wille
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Organized Interests ◽  
Political Office ◽  
Political Meritocracy ◽  
Almost All

Lay politics lies at the heart of democracy. Political offices are the only offices for which no formal qualifications are required. Contemporary political practices are diametrically opposed to this constitutional ideal. Most contemporary democracies in Western Europe are diploma democracies—ruled by those with the highest formal qualifications. Citizens with low or medium educational qualification levels currently make up about 70 per cent of the electorates, yet they have become virtually absent from almost all political arenas. University graduates have come to dominate all relevant political institutions and venues, from political parties, parliaments and cabinets, to organized interests, deliberative settings, and internet consultations. This rise of a political meritocracy is part of larger trend. In the information society, educational background, like class, or religion, is an important source of social and political divides. Those who are well educated tend to be cosmopolitans, whereas the lesser educated citizens are more likely to be nationalists. This book documents the context, contours, and consequences of this rise of a political meritocracy. It explores the domination of higher educated citizens in political participation, civil society, and political office in Western Europe. It discusses the consequences of this rise of political meritocracy, such as descriptive deficits, policy incongruences, biased standards, and cynicism and distrust. Also, it looks at ways to remedy, or at least mitigate, some of the negative effects of diploma democracy.

scholarly journals Application of Hyperspectral Imaging in the Assessment of Drought and Salt Stress in Magneto-Primed Triticale Seeds

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Jose Alvarez ◽  
Elvira Martinez ◽  
Belén Diezma
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Human Observer ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Data Variability ◽  
Drought And Salt Stress ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Germination Parameters

Hyperspectral imaging is an appropriate method to thoroughly investigate the microscopic structure of internally heterogeneous agro-food products. By using hyperspectral technology, identifying stress symptoms associated with salinity, before a human observer, is possible, and has obvious benefits. The objective of this paper was to prove the suitability of this technique for the analysis of Triticale seeds subjected to both magneto-priming and drought and salt stress conditions, in terms of image differences obtained among treatments. It is known that, on the one hand, drought and salt stress treatments have negative effects on seeds of almost all species, and on the other hand, magneto-priming enhances seed germination parameters. Thus, this study aimed to relate hyperspectral imaging values—neither positive nor negative in themselves—to the effects mentioned above. Two main conclusions were reached: Firstly, the hyperspectral application is a feasible method for exploring the Triticale structure and for making distinctions under different drought and salt stress treatments, in line with the data variability obtained. Secondly, the lower spectral reflectance in some treatments—in the 400–1000 nm segment—is the result of a great number of chemical compounds in the seed that could be related to magneto-priming.

Advertisements for Medicines in Leading Medical Journals in 18 Countries: A 12-Month Survey of Information Content and Standards

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Herxheimer ◽  
Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg ◽  
Barbro Westerholm
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Medical Journals ◽  
National Medical ◽  
Ethical Criteria ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Medicinal Drug

The information content of 6,710 advertisements for medicines in medical journals was surveyed to provide a baseline for monitoring the effect of WHO's Ethical Criteria for Medicinal Drug Promotion. The advertisements (ads) appeared during 12 months (1987–1988) in 23 leading national medical journals in 18 countries. Local participants, mostly doctors or pharmacists, examined them. The presence or absence in each ad of important information was noted. In most ads the generic name appeared in smaller type than the brand name. Indications were mentioned more often than the negative effects of medicines. The ads gave less pharmacological than medical information. However, important warnings and precautions were missing in half, and side effects and contraindications in about 40 percent. Prices tended to be given only in countries where a social security system pays for the medicines. The information content of ads in the developing countries differed surprisingly little from that in the industrialized countries. Almost all the ads (96 percent) included one or more pictures; 58 percent of these were considered irrelevant. The authors believe it is a mistake to regard ads as trivial. If they are not considered seriously they will influence the use of medicines as they are intended to do, but read critically they can provide useful information.

scholarly journals A semi-dominant mutation in OsCESA9 improves biomass enzymatic digestibility and salt tolerance by relatively remodeling cell walls in rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafeng Ye ◽  
Shuoxun Wang ◽  
Kun Wu ◽  
Yan Ren ◽  
Hongrui Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Normal Plant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Straw Return ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background: Cellulose synthase (CESA) mutants have potential use in straw processing due to their lower cellulose content, but almost all of the mutants exhibit defective phenotypes in plant growth and development. Balancing normal plant growth with reduced cellulose content remains a challenge, as cellulose content and normal plant growth are typically negatively correlated with one another. Result: Here, the rice (Oryza sativa) semi-dominant brittle culm (sdbc) mutant Sdbc1, which harbors a substitution (D387N) at the first conserved aspartic acid residue of OsCESA9, exhibits lower cellulose content and reduced secondary wall thickness as well as enhanced biomass enzymatic saccharification compared with the wild type (WT). Further experiments indicated that the OsCESA9D387N mutation may compete with the wild-type OsCESA9 for interacting with OsCESA4 and OsCESA7, further forming non-functional or partially functional CSCs. The OsCESA9/OsCESA9D387N heterozygous plants increase salt tolerance through scavenging and detoxification of ROS and indirectly affecting related gene expression. They also improve rice straw return to the field due to their brittle culms and lower cellulose content without any negative effects in grain yield and lodging. Conclusion: Hence, manipulation of OsCESA9D387N can provide the perspective of the rice straw for biofuels and bioproducts due to its improved enzymatic saccharification.

scholarly journals Religion, Moral and Modernisation of Urban Society: A Study on the Roles of Religion in Youth Development in Lampung, Republic of Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
Suhandi ◽  
Azhar Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Youth Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Process Data ◽  
The People ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Multi Access ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Role Of Religion

Modernisation is the consequence of the demands of the development that brings negative impacts to the society. It is undeniable that modernization also brings abundance of positive impacts that ease the life of people and that modernization and humanization cannot be separated. In this context, the youth are considered as unstable being, who easily being controlled by multi-access communication technology; from social, fashion, behaviour, lifestyle, and ideology. Almost all of the damaging sides of technology affect the youth. Religion as the spiritual agent has a major role in combating this change in the society. Religion can act as the social control to hinder from immoral behaviour and worthless actions among the society. The main issue in the current study is to investigate the role of religion in strengthening the moral among the teenagers. This research was conducted by using qualitative method. Data were collected through observation, interview and documentation. The participants of this research were the people of the rural areas in Bandar Lampung. After data collection was carried out, the data were processed qualitatively using the data reduction process, data exposure, and data verification. To conclude, the existence of the negative effects of modernization resulted from lack of religious virtues and parents’ control over their children’s social behaviour.

scholarly journals Fiscal, Investment and Export Multipliers and the COVID-19 Pandemic Slowdowns Uncertainty Factor in the First Half of 2020

Risks ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz J. Derkacz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Uncertainty Factor ◽  
The World ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Fiscal Investment

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant slowdown in the development of almost all economies in the world. In this context, the main goal of this research is to try to present changes in the value of fiscal, investment and export multipliers as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted in selected European Union countries. They are France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain. This research is based on the theory of effective demand. The values of feeds and leakages of total demand in the period from 2015 to 2020 were examined and calculated. On this basis, the individual multipliers of autonomous spending were analyzed and their changes in the first period of the COVID-19 pandemic were presented. The analyses led to a surprising conclusion: it found that the autonomous spending multipliers in some economies increased. This means that they have become ‘security buffers’ for the health of economies. This means that the increase in their value weakened the negative effects of changes in autonomous expenditure on gross domestic product.

scholarly journals Tributaries as richness source for Oligochaeta assemblage (Annelida) of Neotropical dammed river

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
FH Ragonha ◽  
DK Petsch ◽  
GHZ Alves ◽  
HS Santana ◽  
TS Michelan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abundant Species ◽  
Benthic Invertebrate ◽  
Main Channel ◽  
Paraná River ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Parana River ◽  
Main River ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Invertebrate Assemblage ◽  
Dammed River

Tributaries may serve as richness source for the river main channel and the zoobenthos community is a good tool to verify this kind of pattern. In this study, we aimed to characterize the benthic invertebrate assemblage in three tributaries associated to the Paraná River main channel, focusing in Oligochaeta community. We hypothesized that (i) in tributaries, Oligochaeta are richer than the main river (Paraná River) and (ii) dammed tributary (Paranapanema River) is poorly diverse than the others. Samples were conducted in Paranapanema, Baía and Ivinhema tributaries using a modified Petersen grab along three transects (samples conducted inside the tributary, in the mouth of each tributary and inside Paraná River). To analyze (i) the difference between the richness and density among the tributaries and the Paraná River and (ii) effect of each tributary transect on the Oligochaeta richness we used a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Changes in environmental variables and in richness and composition of Oligochaeta were summarized by Canonic Correspondence Analysis. It was registered 21 different benthic invertebrates taxa, being Oligochaeta assemblage with the highest density. Within Oligochaeta, Narapa bonettoi was the most abundant species, followed by Haplotaxis aedochaeta and Paranadrilus descolei. In our results we refused both hypotheses, because we did not found significant differences for richness and density between the tributaries and the main river, and also no difference between the three transects of each tributary were found. However, the tributaries less influenced by damming, especially the Baía recorded high richness. This corroborates their importance to diversity in the floodplain and the species of Oligochaeta reflect the peculiar characteristics of habitats within each tributaries.

The Treatment of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in International Investment Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Karl
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
International Investment Law ◽  
International Investment Agreements ◽  
Internationalization Strategies ◽  
Investment Law ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Investment Agreements

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of almost all economies, employing the great majority of the workforce, and making the biggest contribution to GDP. To some extent, they are also active as outward foreign investors or are linked to inward foreign investment through supply chains. This chapter analyses the role of international investment law for the internationalization strategies of SMEs. It explores to what extent international investment agreements specifically promote, facilitate, and protect investments involving SMEs, referring to concrete treaty examples. It also examines the risk of potential negative effects of certain IIA provisions on domestic SMEs. On the basis of this analysis, the chapter makes a number of suggestions regarding how international investment law could further improve the situation of SMEs.

scholarly journals Distance Special Education Delivery by Social Robots

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Lytridis ◽  
Christos Bazinas ◽  
George Sidiropoulos ◽  
George A. Papakostas ◽  
Vassilis G. Kaburlasos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
The World ◽  
Emergency Actions ◽  
Education Delivery ◽  
Almost All

The outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) has resulted in a significant disruption of almost all aspects of everyday life. Several governments around the world have adopted emergency actions to reduce spreading of the virus, which included suspension of non-essential activities and the implementation of social distancing practices. In our case, governmental measures have resulted in the suspension of our experimental protocol for testing the effectiveness of robot-based treatment of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) compared to conventional human (therapist)-based treatment. These circumstances led to an investigation of the potential of tele-consulting. This paper describes alternatives to implement synchronous and asynchronous therapeutic sessions for children already participating in the protocol, in order to reduce the negative effects of the strict cessation of the in-person sessions. The usefulness of our approach was assessed by recording the children’s and the parent’s satisfaction via questionnaires. In addition, we compare satisfaction between the synchronous and asynchronous sessions. The results show that the approach has been very satisfactory and useful for both children and parents, and that this was especially the case for the robot-based material.

scholarly journals HE EFFECTS OF E-COMMERCE APPLICATION ON TRAVEL AGENCIES AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

2015 ◽  
pp. 360-369
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Business Environments ◽  
Travel Agencies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Independent Travel ◽  
Almost All

E-commerce, which has been a very prominent issue with the help of current developments in information and communication technologies and worldwide prevalence of the internet, has been intensively used considering the benefits for both customers and businesses. Tourism businesses, which demand to be successful in such rapidly changing competitive business environments, attempt to develop e-commerce applications in order that they can compete with their competitors and make use of new opportunities. It is emphasized that despite the various benefits of e-commerce, it might also bring the end of some sectors, which have not developed essential arrangements and infrastructures for this virtual environment. It is estimated that the need for package tours, tour operators and travel agencies will decrease in the future depending on the growing interest in the independent travel, the number of searches that people make on the internet search engines and tendency to act in accordance with the travel programs. The primary aim of this study is to figure out how much travel agencies in EskiĢehir use the e-commerce, the positive and negative effects of e-commerce on travel agencies and how e-commerce is perceived by agency administrators and employees. Besides, this study aims at determining the relationship among the perceptions of these employees and their performance. Within the scope of this research, 61travel agencies operating in EskiĢehir were selected and a survey consisting of close-ended questions applied to these business administrators and employees. The results revealed that almost all travel businesses have a web site, and the most important reason why they use the internet is easy accessibility and getting new customers. Employees think that use of e-commerce will not have any negative effect on the future of their businesses. According to results of correlation analysis, there was significant relationship found between employees‘ perceptions about the effects of e-commerce use on businesses and their performance in which they are employed.

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