scholarly journals Muscular anatomy of the tail of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah Dawson ◽  
Nick Milne ◽  
Natalie M. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Western Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Low Speeds ◽  
Fifth Limb

The western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus, is a large-bodied kangaroo that engages in pentapedal locomotion at low speeds and bipedal hopping at high speeds. The tail is thought to have functional roles in both of these modes of locomotion. In pentapedal locomotion the tail acts as a ‘fifth limb’ to support the body weight together with the forelimbs while the hind limbs are drawn forward. The tail has also been suggested to have a role as a counterbalance during bipedal hopping. On the basis of these functional roles for the tail in locomotion, the caudal musculature of the western grey kangaroo was dissected and described in this study. The arrangement of the caudal musculature showed particular adaptations for the role of the tail in both pentapedal locomotion and bipedal hopping.

Recent Advances in Obesity: The Role of Turmeric Tuber and Its Metabolites in the Prophylaxis and Therapeutical Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (37) ◽  
pp. 4837-4853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Jarząb ◽  
Wirginia Kukula-Koch
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Important Health ◽  
High Concern

Background: Obesity in the 21st century society became an important health problem, alarming both the scientists and medicine doctors around the world. That is why, the search for new drug candidates capable to reduce the body weight is of high concern. Objective: This contribution tends to collect current findings on the biochemistry of obesity and on the application of plants and in particular turmeric tuber – a commonly used spice - as an anti-obesity agent. Methods: Following an introduction on the biochemical characteristics of obesity, the description of Curcuma secondary metabolites, their pharmacological applications and a study on the plants’ regulatory properties in obesity was summarized. Particular attention was paid to curcumin – the major metabolite present in the extracts of Curcuma spp., which is known to exhibit a variety of pharmacological actions. Also, the characteristics of some semisynthetic analogues of this ferulic acid derivative, characterized by a higher polarity and better bioavailability will be discussed. Results: Numerous scientific papers treat on the influence of turmeric on weight loss. Additionally, some of them describe its anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusions: This important spice tends to fight the 21st century plague, which is an excessive weight gain, related to the development of metabolic syndrome, to the occurrence of cardiovascular problems and diabetes, and, in consequence, leading to a significant shortening of life span. As herein proven, the extracts of turmeric play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory reactions which are evoked in the overweight patients, helping them reduce the excess body weight.

scholarly journals Microbial amino acid synthesis and utilization in rats: the role of coprophagy

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Torrallardona ◽  
C. Ian Harris ◽  
Malcolm F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
The Body ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
N Enrichment ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

Four rats were housed in cages with mesh floors; another four rats were housed in tubular anti-coprophagy cages, in which they could not turn round to reach their own faeces. Both groups were fed for 6 d on a low-protein diet containing fermentable carbohydrates and 15NH4Cl. At the end of the experiment the rats were killed and their carcasses were homogenized, lysine was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and its 15N enrichment measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The 15N enrichment in the lysine of the microbial fraction of faeces and the total amount of lysine in the body were also determined in order to estimate the amount of microbial lysine absorbed. The 15N enrichment in body lysine of non-coprophagic rats was not different from that previously measured in rats given unlabelled NH4Cl, but in coprophagic rats it was significantly higher. The daily absorption of microbial lysine by the coprophagic rats accounted for 20·7 (SE 2·55) mg/kg body weight0·75 but was only 0·5 (SE 1·04) mg/kg body weight0·75 for the non-coprophagic rats. This value was not significantly different from zero. The utilization of microbial amino acids via coprophagy resulted in a higher weight gain (adjusted for intake) in the coprophagic group (15·5 g/6 d) than in the non-coprophagic rats (3·1 g/6 d). It was concluded that, in rats, the utilization of microbial lysine occurred exclusively via coprophagy.

scholarly journals The Correlation of Weight and Blood Cholesterol Levels of White Rat (Rattus Norvegicus) with High-Fat Diet

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-206
Author(s):  
Thatit Nurmawati
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Data Measurement ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

Cholesterol is an essential substance for the body. The role of cholesterol as material hormones,cell membranare needed by the body. This conditionchanges into a distrubtion if the cholesterollevels in the blood increase. Weight becomes one of this trigger. The consumption of high-fat foodsincrease weight which resulting in the increase of cholesterol cases. The purpose of this study was todetermine the level of correlations between weight and cholesterol levels after being given a high-fatdiet.The study used rats (Rattus norvegicus) sex male, 16 rats with age between 1-2 months. Rats weightrange between 100-150 gr and in healthy conditions. The giving of high-fat diet were in the form ofchicken feed, duck eggs, goat oil, lard and flour for 8 weeks. The data measurement done by scales andmeasuringcholesterol levels through the end of the tail by means of easy touch. The data analysis weredone to understand level of correlation between variables. The presentation of the data used tables. Theresults showed body weight of rats did not change after administration of a high-fat diet. The cholesterolslevels of the subjects were high. Theadministration of high-fat diet from egg yolk dan goat oilcouldincrease the level of cholesterol. There was a correlation between weight and cholesterol levels afterbeing given a high-fat diet (p <0.5). It was needed to repeatthe measurements to determine changes incholesterol levels and other factors that affect thigh blood to cholesterol levels.

scholarly journals Ligustrum robustum Intake, Weight Loss, and Gut Microbiota: An Intervention Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tao Zhou ◽  
Jiayi Chen ◽  
Yuhang Chen ◽  
Jiayi Xu ◽  
Sijing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Obese Female ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Chao1 Estimator

Ligustrum robustum (LR) shows antiobesity effects in animal studies. However, little is known about the effect on human. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of LR intake on weight change in obese women and the role of gut microbiota. Thirty overweight and obese female participants (BMI ≥24 kg/m2) were recruited in the current study. The participants drank LR 10g/d for 12 wks. Their body composition and related biomarkers were assessed. Alterations of the gut microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. The primary outcome was the change in body weight. LR intake resulted in 2.5% weight loss over 12 wks (P<0.01). Change in body fat at 12 wk was -1.77 ± 1.19 kg (P<0.01). In addition, decreased Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio (P=0.03), increased richness (the ACE estimator, P<0.01; the Chao1 estimator, P<0.01), and altered representative taxa of the gut microbiota were observed. Bacteroidaceae, Bacteroides, Bacilli, and Lactobacillales were higher while Ruminococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriales, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridia, and Clostridiales were lower at 12 wk. Moreover, LR intervention decreased fasting glucose (P<0.01), serum leptin (P<0.01), and IL8 (P=0.02) and increased HOMA-β (P<0.01). LR intervention moderately decreased the body weight in overweight and obese women and such effect might be due to modulation of gut microbiota.

Role of Infrared lamps in cold stress alleviation during winter in Murrah calves

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Showkat A. Bhat ◽  
Bharat Bhushan ◽  
Narendra Kumar ◽  
S. A. Lone ◽  
Pranay Bharti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Stress Alleviation ◽  
Newborn Calves ◽  
Infrared Lamps

The main aim of this study was to determine the role of Infrared lamps in cold stress alleviation during winter in Murrah calves. Ten newborn calves were randomly divided into two groups (G1 and G2) of five each. The calves of G1 were provided with no additional protection; however calves of G2 were protected against cold weather by using Infrared lamps. The body weight (kg) of calves was recorded at weekly interval. The blood samples collected at fortnightly interval were analyzed for Packed Cell volume (PCV, %), hemoglobin (Hb, g/dl), Total Serum Protein (TSP, g/l), albumin (g/l), globulin (g/l) and albumin globulin (A:G) ratio and hormones viz., triiodothyronine (T3, ng/ml), thyroxine (T4, ng/ml) and cortisol (ng/ml). The total body weight gain and average daily gain (ADG) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in G2 as compared to G1. The PCV values were significantly (P<0.05) higher on day 15 and day 45 in G1 than G2. The albumin and A:G Ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher on day 60 and 45, respectively in G1 than G2. The cortisol levels were higher in G1 than G2 and differences were highly significant (P<0.01) on 15th day and significant (P<0.05) on 45th day. Significantly (P<0.01) higher values of T3 and T4 were observed on 15th and 45th day in G1 as compared to G2. On the basis of the results, it may be concluded that Infrared lamps can be effectively used to protect newborn calves from adverse conditions of winter and to improve their body growth performance.

scholarly journals Current Understanding of Role of Vesicular Transport in Salt Secretion by Salt Glands in Recretohalophytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoxia Lu ◽  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Jianrong Guo ◽  
Guoliang Han ◽  
Chengfeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vesicular Transport ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Secretion Process ◽  
Salt Secretion

Soil salinization is a serious and growing problem around the world. Some plants, recognized as the recretohalophytes, can normally grow on saline–alkali soil without adverse effects by secreting excessive salt out of the body. The elucidation of the salt secretion process is of great significance for understanding the salt tolerance mechanism adopted by the recretohalophytes. Between the 1950s and the 1970s, three hypotheses, including the osmotic potential hypothesis, the transfer system similar to liquid flow in animals, and vesicle-mediated exocytosis, were proposed to explain the salt secretion process of plant salt glands. More recently, increasing evidence has indicated that vesicular transport plays vital roles in salt secretion of recretohalophytes. Here, we summarize recent findings, especially regarding the molecular evidence on the functional roles of vesicular trafficking in the salt secretion process of plant salt glands. A model of salt secretion in salt gland is also proposed.

Renal Response to Nonshocking Hemorrhage: the Role of Intrarenal Shunts

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan V. N. Goodyer ◽  
Louis R. Mattie ◽  
Allen Chetrick
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Renal Innervation ◽  
Aortic Obstruction

In anesthetized dogs, bleeding (1.5–3% of the body weight) was allowed while renal arterial pressure was maintained at constant levels by graded changes of mechanical aortic obstruction. The renal hematocrit decreased, (as measured with I131 albumin and acid hematin, and as compared to the blood hematocrit), primarily as a result of an increased renal plasma volume. These changes are correlated with previously identified alterations of sodium excretion, all independent of renal innervation or arterial blood pressure. It is proposed that hemorrhage may involve an intrarenal redistribution of blood flow favoring diversion of plasma to cell-poor capillaries or to lymphatic spaces.

scholarly journals A reassessment of the role of serotonergic system in the control of feeding behavior

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda A. Medeiros ◽  
Ricardo H. Costa-e-Sousa ◽  
Emerson L. Olivares ◽  
Wellington S. Côrtes ◽  
Luís C. Reis
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
The Body ◽  
Serotonergic System ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Energetic Balance ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Fasted Rats

The role of serotonergic system in the feeding behaviorwas appraised by electrolytic lesions in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and administration of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 3 mg/5 mul, icv). Chronic evaluations were accomplished through 120 and 360 days in PCPA-injected and DRN-lesioned rats, respectively. Acute food intake was evaluated in fasted rats and submitted to injection of PCPA and hydroxytryptophan (LHTP, 30 mg/kg, ip). DRN-lesioned rats exhibited 22-80% increase in food intake up to sixth month, whereas the obesity was evident and sustained by whole period. In PCPA-injected rats was observed an initial increase in the food intake followed by hypophagy from 25th to 30th day and a transitory increase of body weight from 5th to 60th day. In the acute study, the LHTP reverted partially the PCPA-induced increase in food intake of fasted rats suggesting a sustained capacity of decarboxylation of precursor by serotonergic neurons. Slow restoration of the levels of food intake in DRN-lesioned rats reveals a neuroplasticity in the systems that regulate feeding behavior. A plateau on the body weight curve in lesioned rats possibly represents the establishment of a new and higher set point of energetic balance.

Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of MCH causes obesity in mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (3) ◽  
pp. E583-E588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Gomori ◽  
Akane Ishihara ◽  
Masahiko Ito ◽  
Satoshi Mashiko ◽  
Hiroko Matsushita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Infusion ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Obesity In Mice ◽  
Body Weight Control

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic amino acid neuropeptide localized in the lateral hypothalamus. Although MCH is thought to be an important regulator of feeding behavior, the involvement of this peptide in body weight control has been unclear. To examine the role of MCH in the development of obesity, we assessed the effect of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of MCH in C57BL/6J mice that were fed with regular or moderately high-fat (MHF) diets. Intracerebroventricular infusion of MCH (10 μg/day for 14 days) caused a slight but significant increase in body weight in mice maintained on the regular diet. In the MHF diet-fed mice, MCH more clearly increased the body weight accompanied by a sustained hyperphagia and significant increase in fat and liver weights. Plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin levels were also increased in the MCH-treated mice fed the MHF diet. These results suggest that chronic stimulation of the brain MCH system causes obesity in mice and imply that MCH may have a major role in energy homeostasis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Therapeutic Role of Citrullus lanatus and Annona muricata Fruit Extracts on Cyhalothrin-induced Toxicity

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Lilian Kelechi Titus ◽  
Eme Efioanwan Orlu ◽  
Adetutu Olubunmi Obulor
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Therapeutic Role ◽  
Rivers State ◽  
Normal Architecture

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic role of Citrullus lanatus and Annona muricata fruit Extracts on Cyhalothrin-induced Toxicity. Experimental Design: The study was a completely randomized design employing relevant statistical tools for analysis and interpretation. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Reproductive Physiology and Genetics Research Laboratory of the Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University, Rivers State. The experiment lasted for 35 days. Methodology: The body weight of the animals was monitored and recorded twice a week throughout the duration of the experiment. For Biochemical analysis, blood samples were collected by ocular puncture into sterile tubes and serum separated by centrifugation at 2500 g for 10 mins and stored for determination of some liver biomarkers including ALT, ALP, AST, Total Cholesterol and Glucose using their respective kits. For histopathological analysis of Liver and Testis 0.5 g of the each organ was fixed in 10% neutral formalin and sectioned with a digital microtome (AO Spencer, No. 820) at 5 µm thick. Histological sections mounted on slides were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Photomicrographs were generated at X40 magnification and interpreted. Data from biochemical analyses were subjected to one-way ANOVA. Results: All experimental animals showed a non-significant (P>0.05) increase in body weight throughout the experimental period. The range of values for Organ weight observed in the other treatmental groups were closer to that of the control group than the group exposed to Cyhalothrin only. The level of ALP, AST and ALT significantly p<0.05) increased in groups exposed to Cyhalothrin only but reduced with administration of 100% Citrullus lanatus and Annona muricata extract. Plate 1A shows the normal architecture of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic elements in the control group, the Seminiferous tubules and epithelium of the group exposed to cyhalothrin only is characterized with large vacuoles devoid of spermatogenic elements. Testicular tissue of animals co-administered Citrullus lantanus and Annona muricata extracts shows regenerating  epithelium filled with maturing spermatozoa.. Photomicrograph of the liver epithelium in the control group shows normal architecture of liver cell filled with normal hepatocytes. Hepatocytes degeneration and lesion in the liver cells of animals exposed to Cyhalothrin only was observed (Plate 2B).  Plate 2C and D showed regeneration of hepatocytes with fewer lesion in the liver epithelium while fully regenerated liver epithelium of animals was observed in Plate 2 E. Conclusion: Cyhalothrin may not have obvious effect on the organ weights, body weight and gonadosomatic indices but silently destroys target cells of the body overtime. Cyhalothin induced oxidative and reproductive stress in exposed animals while from the groups co-administered Citrullus lanatus and Annona muricata the therapeutic role of this indigenous fruits on Cyhalothin-induced toxicity was observed both in the liver and testicular epithelium and therefore can be used as Supplement and a suitable first aid for pesticide related poisoning.

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