scholarly journals Current Understanding of Role of Vesicular Transport in Salt Secretion by Salt Glands in Recretohalophytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoxia Lu ◽  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Jianrong Guo ◽  
Guoliang Han ◽  
Chengfeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vesicular Transport ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Secretion Process ◽  
Salt Secretion

Soil salinization is a serious and growing problem around the world. Some plants, recognized as the recretohalophytes, can normally grow on saline–alkali soil without adverse effects by secreting excessive salt out of the body. The elucidation of the salt secretion process is of great significance for understanding the salt tolerance mechanism adopted by the recretohalophytes. Between the 1950s and the 1970s, three hypotheses, including the osmotic potential hypothesis, the transfer system similar to liquid flow in animals, and vesicle-mediated exocytosis, were proposed to explain the salt secretion process of plant salt glands. More recently, increasing evidence has indicated that vesicular transport plays vital roles in salt secretion of recretohalophytes. Here, we summarize recent findings, especially regarding the molecular evidence on the functional roles of vesicular trafficking in the salt secretion process of plant salt glands. A model of salt secretion in salt gland is also proposed.

Effect of Salt Stress on the Salt Secretion in Aeluropus littoralis

2014 ◽  
Vol 522-524 ◽  
pp. 380-384
Author(s):  
Guo Liang Han ◽  
Ming Li Liu ◽  
Na Sui
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Aeluropus Littoralis ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Normal Physiological Function ◽  
Secretion Rates ◽  
Salt Secretion

The effects of NaCl on the growth, the number of salt gland and salt secretion ofAeluropus littoraliswere studied at different NaCl concentrations. Results showed that with the increase of NaCl concentration, the growth ofAeluropus littoraliswas inhibited and MDA content increased gradually. With the increase of NaCl concentration, fresh weight, dry weight of single plant decreased, andA. littoralissalt secretion increased significantly. Salt gland density was significantly higher with the increase of NaCl concentration, and the total number of salt glands on the low surface was more than that on the upper surface. At the same time, the average secretion rates of individual salt glands increased. These showed that the salt glands could effectively secrete salt outside the body to keep normal physiological function.

scholarly journals Muscular anatomy of the tail of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah Dawson ◽  
Nick Milne ◽  
Natalie M. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Western Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Low Speeds ◽  
Fifth Limb

The western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus, is a large-bodied kangaroo that engages in pentapedal locomotion at low speeds and bipedal hopping at high speeds. The tail is thought to have functional roles in both of these modes of locomotion. In pentapedal locomotion the tail acts as a ‘fifth limb’ to support the body weight together with the forelimbs while the hind limbs are drawn forward. The tail has also been suggested to have a role as a counterbalance during bipedal hopping. On the basis of these functional roles for the tail in locomotion, the caudal musculature of the western grey kangaroo was dissected and described in this study. The arrangement of the caudal musculature showed particular adaptations for the role of the tail in both pentapedal locomotion and bipedal hopping.

Molecular evidence for the role of a ferric reductase in iron transport

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 722-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. McKie ◽  
G. O. Latunde-Dada ◽  
S. Miret ◽  
J. A. McGregor ◽  
G. J. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reductase Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Ferric Reductase ◽  
Divalent Metal Transporter 1 ◽  
Divalent Metal Transporter ◽  
Metal Transporter ◽  
Cytochrome B561 ◽  
Haem Protein

Duodenal cytochrome b (Dcytb) is a haem protein similar to the cytochrome b561 protein family. Dcytb is highly expressed in duodenal brush-border membrane and is implicated in dietary iron absorption by reducing dietary ferric iron to the ferrous form for transport via Nramp2/DCT1 (divalent-cation transporter 1)/DMT1 (divalent metal-transporter 1). The protein is expressed in other tissues and may account for ferric reductase activity at other sites in the body.

The relationship between salt gland density and sodium accumulation/secretion in a wide selection from three Zoysia species

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Yamamoto ◽  
Masatsugu Hashiguchi ◽  
Ryo Akune ◽  
Takahito Masumoto ◽  
Melody Muguerza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Zoysia Matrella ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Salt Secretion

Several zoysiagrasses (Zoysia spp.) have been reported to have leaf-epidermal salt glands, and it has been suggested that salt gland density, salt secretion and salt tolerance are positively correlated. The economically most important Zoysia species are Zoysia japonica Steud., Zoysia matrella Merr., and Zoysia pacifica (Goudswaard) M. Hotta & Kuroki, and among these, Z. matrella is considered to be the most salt-tolerant. In this study, we investigated the salt gland density, and characterised the secretion and accumulation of Na+ of 48 accessions of the three Zoysia species. We did not find any morphological differences in salt glands of Z. japonica and Z. pacifica, but large bicellular salt glands were found only on the adaxial side of Z. matrella. In addition, salt gland density differed significantly within and between the species. Under salt stress, all accessions accumulated and secreted Na+ at different rates. Z. japonica was a salt-accumulating type, whereas Z. matrella and Z. pacifica secreted most of the absorbed salt. However, the correlation between salt gland density and salt accumulation/secretion were not observed. Furthermore, Z. pacifica had the lowest gland density but showed the highest Na+ uptake and a secretion rate similar to most salt-tolerant Z. matrella. These results suggest that response to salt stress, namely, salt accumulation/secretion, is different between species, and that salt gland density and salt secretion are not always positively correlated.

scholarly journals Role of Gasotransmitters in Oxidative Stresses, Neuroinflammation, and Neuronal Repair

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulfuara Shefa ◽  
Seung Geun Yeo ◽  
Min-Sik Kim ◽  
In Ok Song ◽  
Junyang Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Great Length ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Oxidative Stresses ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
Neuronal Repair

To date, three main gasotransmitters, that is, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxide (NO), have been discovered to play major bodily physiological roles. These gasotransmitters have multiple functional roles in the body including physiologic and pathologic functions with respect to the cellular or tissue quantities of these gases. Gasotransmitters were originally known to have only detrimental and noxious effects in the body but that notion has much changed with years; vast studies demonstrated that these gasotransmitters are precisely involved in the normal physiological functioning of the body. From neuromodulation, oxidative stress subjugation, and cardiovascular tone regulation to immunomodulation, these gases perform critical roles, which, should they deviate from the norm, can trigger the genesis of a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The purpose of this review is to discuss at great length physical and chemical properties and physiological actions of H2S, NO, and CO as well as shedding light on recently researched molecular targets. We particularly put emphasis on the roles in neuronal inflammation and neurodegeneration and neuronal repair.

scholarly journals Autophagy-related genesatg7andbeclin1are essential for energy metabolism and survival during the larval-to-juvenile transition stage of zebrafish

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzan Attia Mawed ◽  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Fan Ren ◽  
Jie Mei
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Juvenile Development

AbstractHigh mortality is usually observed during the transition from larvae to juvenile in teleost which is related to the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding. Autophagy is an evolutionary regulated cellular mechanism highly conserved in eukaryotic organisms to maintain energy homeostasis against stress including starvation. To investigate whether autophagy plays a role during the larval-juvenile transition, we generatedatg7andbeclin1zebrafish mutant lines using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In this study, bothatg7andbeclin1null zebrafish exhibited a normal body confirmation; nevertheless, they completely died around 15 dpf and 9 dpf respectively. During larval-juvenile transition period,atg7andbeclin1mutants were unable to cope with the metabolic stress after yolk absorption at 5 dpf and fail to activate autophagy in response to nutrient restriction, and without external feeding, all mutants died nearly at 8 dpf. Dramatic defects in the intestine architecture and metabolic functions in the liver were observed even though providing larvae with an external food supply, suggesting that autophagy isn’t only important during yolk depletion but also within food plenty. Treatment with rapamycin, an activator of autophagy, could effectively extend the survival time of bothatg7andbeclin1null zebrafish through lowering the metabolic rate while it couldn’t activate autophagy in mutants via the canonical pathway. Our findings provided a molecular evidence for the physiological, histological and metabolic changes that occur during the transition process from the larval to the juvenile stages and the chief role of autophagy on the body metabolism during these turning milestones.Author summaryZebrafishDanio reriohas emergrd one of the most powerful research models for studying genes expression during early embryogenesis and postnatal development. On the basis of the cell mechanisms, Macroautphagy, a natural regulated pathway disassembles unnecessary or dysfunctional components orchestrated by more than 36 autophagy related-genes conserved from yeast to mammals. Among those genes areatg7andbeclin1which have been proved to play an important role in regulating post natal development in some mammals however their roles during zebrafish development still unedited. During this research, CRISPER/CAS9 were adopted to knowatg7andbeclin1knockout effects on the mutants’ metabolism during shifting from maternal yolk acquisition to exogenous feeding and the role of autophagy during the larvae to pre-juvenile development. Herein, we found out that larvae couldn’t abandon autophagy in both fasting and feeding conditions as larvae died earlier before pre-juvenile development despite feeding declaring the importance of autophagy not only to provide the cell with essential nutrients during starvation but also to get rid of cargos inside the eukaryotic cells. Briefly, if the larvae didn’t recycle those cargos due to autophagy perturbations, they will die despite providing suitable conditions including food and acclimatization.

Isolation and functional characterization of crustacean larval salt gland

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. R702-R708
Author(s):  
R. J. Lowy ◽  
F. P. Conte
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
The Body ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time

A batch method for isolating viable salt glands from the naupliar brine shrimp (Artemia salina) has been developed. This protocol produces a final preparation consisting of approximately 185 isolated salt glands, representing 1 X 10(4) secretory cells/g wet wt nauplii, with a final purity of 88%. Assays of cell integrity and function indicate good retention of in situ characteristics. Vital dye was excluded by 95% of the cells for at least 24 h. The O2 consumption rate was 22.7 nM O2 X min-1 X mg protein-1 and could be altered predictably by compounds known to affect oxidative phosphorylation and ion transport. The specific activity of the Na+-K+-ATPase in the salt gland, measured here for the first time, was 9.1 mM Pi X h-1 X mg protein-1. This is a substantial proportion of the body total, 17%, as expected for an active ion-transporting epithelium.

scholarly journals Emerging Perspectives on Leukemia Inhibitory Factor and its Receptor in Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Christianson ◽  
Julia Thom Oxford ◽  
Cheryl L. Jorcyk
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Tumor Growth And Metastasis

Tumorigenesis and metastasis have deep connections to inflammation and inflammatory cytokines, but the mechanisms underlying these relationships are poorly understood. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) and its receptor (LIFR), part of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine family, make up one such ill-defined piece of the puzzle connecting inflammation to cancer. Although other members of the IL-6 family have been shown to be involved in the metastasis of multiple types of cancer, the role of LIF and LIFR has been challenging to determine. Described by others in the past as enigmatic and paradoxical, LIF and LIFR are expressed in a diverse array of cells in the body, and the narrative surrounding them in cancer-related processes has been vague, and at times even contradictory. Despite this, recent insights into their functional roles in cancer have highlighted interesting patterns that may allude to a broader understanding of LIF and LIFR within tumor growth and metastasis. This review will discuss in depth the signaling pathways activated by LIF and LIFR specifically in the context of cancer–the purpose being to summarize recent literature concerning the downstream effects of LIF/LIFR signaling in a variety of cancer-related circumstances in an effort to begin teasing out the intricate web of contradictions that have made this pair so challenging to define.

scholarly journals Modified Cryo-Preparation for Studying Salt Glands in the Turf Grass Zoysia matrella

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Sheetal Rao ◽  
Michael W. Pendleton ◽  
Marla L. Binzel ◽  
E. Ann Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Turf Grass ◽  
Zoysia Matrella ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Salt Secretion

Zoysia, a common turf grass, is characterized by the presence of functional salt glands. These glands are specialized structures through which the plants excrete excess salt. Research on the mechanism of salt secretion in Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) prompted the development of a specimen preparation technique that would preserve the secreted salt and salt gland. Conventional aqueous preparative techniques wash away the secreted salt on the leaf surface. A specimen preparation technique was modified from a simple cryo-preparative technique for examining hydrogels in the transmission electron microscope.

Role of plasma ANG II in the excretion of acute sodium load in a bird with salt glands (Anas platyrhynchos)

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (1) ◽  
pp. R346-R351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam K. Heinz ◽  
David A. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Pekin Duck ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Sodium Load ◽  
Total Sodium

This study was designed to further examine the role of plasma ANG II in the excretion of sodium in the Pekin duck, a bird with salt glands. Renal and extrarenal (salt gland) excretion of an intravenously administered isotonic saline load was monitored over a 4-h period in a group of eight birds under two conditions: the control condition, in which isotonic saline infusion decreased endogenous plasma ANG II from 102.6 to 16.5 pg/ml, and the experimental condition, in which ANG II suppression was prevented by intravenous infusion of a 3.5 ng · kg−1 · min−1 dose of synthetic ANG II. ANG II infusion significantly decreased the total sodium excretion (by 15%), primarily via an inhibition of salt gland output. The results suggest that ANG II suppression facilitates the excretion of an administered sodium load in birds with salt glands.

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