The rise of the going to future in Tyneside English

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Fehringer ◽  
Karen P. Corrigan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Versus Main ◽  
Future Reference

This paper investigates the relative frequencies of the two major syntactic markers of future time expression (FTE), be going to and will in the Diachronic Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English (DECTE). In particular, the rise in the frequency of be going to will be examined in the light of current theories of grammaticalisation. The various grammatical constraints that have been identified in the literature as determining the distribution of will versus be going to will be investigated. It will be shown that a number of interesting changes have occurred within the fifty-year period covered by the data-set. In specific areas of grammar, contrasts have been maintained (e.g. first person versus the other persons in the favouring of will), strengthened (e.g. subordinate clauses versus main clauses in the favouring of going to), weakened (e.g. the dominance of will in contexts of distal future reference) or even introduced (e.g. the apodoses of if-clauses emerging as a syntactic niche for the favouring of will).

scholarly journals The past participle constructions LEE(NE)- + PTCP and SAA- + PTCP as future time reference devices: the example of Livonian against a Southern Finnic background

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (95) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miina Norvik
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Future Time ◽  
European Contact ◽  
The Past ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
The Future ◽  
Primary Meaning ◽  
Secondary Function

The present article studies the semantic functions and syntactic behaviour of past participle constructions in Livonian: līdõ ‘will be’ + active past participle (APP) / passive past participle (PPP) and sǭdõ ‘get; become’ + APP / PPP. Parallels are drawn with the corresponding constructions in the other Southern Finnic languages, as well as Northern Finnic and the Indo-European contact languages. The main focus is on Livonian līdõ ‘will be’ + APP.  Considering the primary meaning element, time reference (future, past, or present), and the clause type (main or subordinate), a distinction is made between two main functions: (i) expressing anteriority, and (ii) epistemic modality. It is argued that Livonian līdõ + APP deserves to be regarded as the future perfect, as its primary function is to express anteriority in the future domain. Furthermore, līdõ + APP is shown to stand out with regard to the usage of temporal (future) meaning in subordinate clauses, as it is more common for a future-marking device to be redundant in subordinate clauses or associated with modal meanings. The expression of epistemic modality is regarded as its secondary function and possibly a later development; the epistemic usage is primarily associated with the construction occurring in main clauses.

scholarly journals The Periphrastic Future with Shall and Will in Modern English

PMLA ◽  
1925 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Fries
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Century ◽  
First Person ◽  
The Past ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Reported Discourse ◽  
The Many ◽  
Considerable Body

One cannot read through the mass of discussions of the problem of shall and will published during the past century nor even those written since 1900 without being impressed by the wide diversity of the points of view and the definite conflict of the opinions and conclusions thus brought together. Even among those articles that can be grouped as expressing the conventional rules there is considerable variety and contradiction, not in the general rule for independent declarative statements (that a shall with the first person corresponds with a will with the second and third) but in the other rules concerning questions, reported discourse, and subordinate clauses. That there is a considerable body of literary usage which conflicts with the conventional rules is indicated by the many pages in these articles devoted to pointing out instances in which “the best of our authors” have violated the rules.

The Determinants of Capital Adequacy Ratio: The Case of the Vietnamese Banking System in the Period 2011-2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngoc Anh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Asset ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Hand Size ◽  
Net Interest Margin ◽  
Capital Adequacy Ratio ◽  
Positive Effect

The analysis of a data set of observation for Vietnamese banks in period from 2011 - 2015 shows how Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is influenced by selected factors: asset of the bank SIZE, loans in total asset LOA, leverage LEV, net interest margin NIM, loans lost reserve LLR, Cash and Precious Metals in total asset LIQ. Results indicate based on data that NIM, LIQ have significant effect on CAR. On the other hand, SIZE and LEV do not appear to have significant effect on CAR. Variables NIM, LIQ have positive effect on CAR, while variables LLR and LOA are negatively related with CAR.

scholarly journals Measurement of the D → K−π+π+π− and D → K−π+π0 coherence factors and average strong-phase differences in quantum-correlated $$ D\overline{D} $$ decays

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ablikim ◽  
◽  
M. N. Achasov ◽  
P. Adlarson ◽  
S. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Unitarity Triangle ◽  
Quantum Superposition ◽  
Final State ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Strong Phase ◽  
Signal Decay ◽  
Belle Ii ◽  
Coherence Factors ◽  
Phase Differences

Abstract The decays D → K−π+π+π− and D → K−π+π0 are studied in a sample of quantum-correlated $$ D\overline{D} $$ D D ¯ pairs produced through the process e+e− → ψ(3770) → $$ D\overline{D} $$ D D ¯ , exploiting a data set collected by the BESIII experiment that corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1. Here D indicates a quantum superposition of a D0 and a $$ {\overline{D}}^0 $$ D ¯ 0 meson. By reconstructing one neutral charm meson in a signal decay, and the other in the same or a different final state, observables are measured that contain information on the coherence factors and average strong-phase differences of each of the signal modes. These parameters are critical inputs in the measurement of the angle γ of the Unitarity Triangle in B− → DK− decays at the LHCb and Belle II experiments. The coherence factors are determined to be RK3π = $$ {0.52}_{-0.10}^{+0.12} $$ 0.52 − 0.10 + 0.12 and $$ {R}_{K{\pi \pi}^0} $$ R K ππ 0 = 0.78 ± 0.04, with values for the average strong-phase differences that are $$ {\delta}_D^{K3\pi }=\left({167}_{-19}^{+31}\right){}^{\circ} $$ δ D K 3 π = 167 − 19 + 31 ° and $$ {\delta}_D^{K{\pi \pi}^0}=\left({196}_{-15}^{+14}\right){}^{\circ} $$ δ D K ππ 0 = 196 − 15 + 14 ° , where the uncertainties include both statistical and systematic contributions. The analysis is re-performed in four bins of the phase-space of the D → K−π+π+π− to yield results that will allow for a more sensitive measurement of γ with this mode, to which the BESIII inputs will contribute an uncertainty of around 6°.

scholarly journals Human Enhancements and Voting: Towards a Declaration of Rights and Responsibilities of Beings

Philosophies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
S. J. Blodgett-Ford
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
First Person Perspective ◽  
To Come ◽  
Additional Option

The phenomenon and ethics of “voting” will be explored in the context of human enhancements. “Voting” will be examined for enhanced humans with moderate and extreme enhancements. Existing patterns of discrimination in voting around the globe could continue substantially “as is” for those with moderate enhancements. For extreme enhancements, voting rights could be challenged if the very humanity of the enhanced was in doubt. Humans who were not enhanced could also be disenfranchised if certain enhancements become prevalent. Voting will be examined using a theory of engagement articulated by Professor Sophie Loidolt that emphasizes the importance of legitimization and justification by “facing the appeal of the other” to determine what is “right” from a phenomenological first-person perspective. Seeking inspiration from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948, voting rights and responsibilities will be re-framed from a foundational working hypothesis that all enhanced and non-enhanced humans should have a right to vote directly. Representative voting will be considered as an admittedly imperfect alternative or additional option. The framework in which voting occurs, as well as the processes, temporal cadence, and role of voting, requires the participation from as diverse a group of humans as possible. Voting rights delivered by fiat to enhanced or non-enhanced humans who were excluded from participation in the design and ratification of the governance structure is not legitimate. Applying and extending Loidolt’s framework, we must recognize the urgency that demands the impossible, with openness to that universality in progress (or universality to come) that keeps being constituted from the outside.

scholarly journals Evaluating Presence/Absence of Target Microbes in Microbiological Tests

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1429-1434
Author(s):  
Robert J Blodgett ◽  
Anthony D Hitchins
Keyword(s):  
Performance Studies ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
False Negative ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Logistic Curve ◽  
Microbiological Method ◽  
Test Portion ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Data Set

Abstract A typical qualitative microbiological method performance (collaborative) study gathers a data set of responses about a test for the presence or absence of a target microbe. We developed 2 models that estimate false-positive and false-negative rates. One model assumes a constant probability that the tests will indicate the target microbe is present for any positive concentration in the test portion. The other model assumes that this probability follows a logistic curve. Test results from several method performance studies illustrate these estimates.

On the mN, M Relation for Eastern North American Earthquakes

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail M. Atkinson ◽  
David M. Boore
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Seismic Moment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moment Magnitude ◽  
Scaling Relations ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Meaningful Data

Abstract A stochastic model of ground motion has been used as a basis for comparison of data and theoretically-predicted relations between mN (commonly denoted by mbLg) and moment magnitude for eastern North America (ENA) earthquakes. mN magnitudes are recomputed for several historical ENA earthquakes, to ensure consistency of definition and provide a meaningful data set. We show that by itself the magnitude relation cannot be used as a discriminant between two specific spectral scaling relations, one with constant stress and the other with stress increasing with seismic moment, that have been proposed for ENA earthquakes.

scholarly journals Growth of the tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier) (Characiformes: Characidae): which is the best model?

2005 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. H Penna ◽  
M. A Villacorta-Corrêa ◽  
T. Walter ◽  
M. Petrere-JR
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Von Bertalanffy ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
Von Bertalanffy Model ◽  
Estimated Parameters ◽  
Schnute Model

In order to decide which is the best growth model for the tambaqui Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818, we utilized 249 and 256 length-at-age ring readings in otholiths and scales respectively, for the same sample of individuals. The Schnute model was utilized and it is concluded that the Von Bertalanffy model is the most adequate for these data, because it proved highly stable for the data set, and only slightly sensitive to the initial values of the estimated parameters. The phi' values estimated from five different data sources presented a CV = 4.78%. The numerical discrepancies between these values are of not much concern due to the high negative correlation between k and L<FONT FACE=Symbol>¥</FONT> viz, so that when one of them increases, the other decreases and the final result in phi' remains nearly unchanged.

The First Millennium bc: Temple Enclosure or Urban Citadel?

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Barry Kemp
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
The South ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
First Millennium Bc ◽  
The City ◽  
Frequent Reference

The first millennium bc brought warfare to the interior of Egypt on a significant scale. We have two vivid records, one written and the other pictorial. The former is a first-person narrative of the Napatan (Sudanese) king Piankhy who, having gained control of the south of Egypt, embarked in 730 bc on a methodical subjugation of the rest of the country, then under the rule of several local families. During the seemingly irresistible northward progress of his army Piankhy makes frequent reference to walls with battlements and gates which could be countered with siege towers/battering rams and the erection of earthen ramps, although Piankhy himself preferred the tactic of direct storming. Within the circuit of these walls lay treasuries and granaries and, in the case of the city of Hermopolis in Middle Egypt, the palace of the local king Nemlut together with its stables for horses.

Locomotory Diseases Influence on Body Equilibrium and Balance

2014 ◽  
Vol 555 ◽  
pp. 652-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbu Cristian Braun ◽  
Ileana Constanta Rosca
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Method ◽  
First Person ◽  
Mass Center ◽  
Stability Problems ◽  
Research Stage

The paper describes a new method of body equilibrium evaluation applied for different human subjects, the principal aim being to demonstrate to what extent any locomotory diseases could influence the body stability and equilibrium. The research refers to identify some persons with different locomotory diseases and to find both the influence on equilibrium and stability and if possible to improve them. Our research stage, synthesized in this paper, explains the body equilibrium evaluation in orthostatic posture done for different subjects, aged between 20 and 40 years. A number of 10 relevant persons were considered to be evaluated, 2 of them having some locomotory diseases. The first person presents any neuro-motor stability problems in case of long standing case. The other person has both Achilles tendons torn and operated. All subjects were tested in orthostatic posture, in 3 distinct positions, using a Kistler force plate. The experiments referred to the body mass center (COM) displacement in sagittal and lateral planes, representing an interesting characteristic for its equilibrium. It was shown that the person with diseases affecting stability presented a loss of equilibrium when standing for 10-20 seconds, i.e. higher COM displacements in both planes reported to the other tested subjects.

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