Some Problems of Classification in Linguistics and Biology, 1800–1830

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Picardi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Grammatical Form ◽  
Teleological Reasoning ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Linguistic Activity ◽  
Explicit Grammar ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Ideal

Summary In this article an attempt is made to bring out the epistemological and methodological affinities between biological and linguistic paradigms of the first decades of the 19th century. After giving an exposition of G. Cuvier’s and E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s different ways of understanding comparative anatomy, the author calls attention to Kant’s anticipatory discussion of the methodological problems implied by the concept of organism and by teleological reasoning in general. This discussion constitutes the background of Humboldt’s view that a science of language ought not to be based on mechanistic principles but rather stated in terms capable of capturing the ‘rule-governed creativity’ of linguistic activity. The different interpretations the notion of type receives in the works of Cuvier, Geoffroy, Goethe, and Humboldt are discussed, and it is found that the idea of typology as basic for classification was shared by comparativists of both disciplines. Humboldt’s concept of ‘Sprachtypus’ differs in many ways from analogous notions employed by the Schlegel brothers. Further analysis of Humboldt’s idea of ‘Sprachtypus’ and the related concepts of silent and explicit grammar brings out the rationale of the grouping of languages on a teleological basis. This basis is given by the ideal of pure grammatical form which all languages ought to be seen as aiming at, an ideal which forms part of Humboldt’s concept of the ‘perfection’ of language.

scholarly journals The dawn of chelonian research: Turtles between comparative anatomy and embryology in the 19th century

2014 ◽  
Vol 324 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate MacCord ◽  
Guido Caniglia ◽  
Jacqueline E. Moustakas-Verho ◽  
Ann C. Burke
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
The 19Th Century

scholarly journals Franz Liszt under the Light of Progress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willy Bettoni
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Franz Liszt ◽  
Musical Language ◽  
Aesthetic Thinking ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Ideal

The idea of progress became increasingly relevant during the 19th century, eventually instigating a paradigm shift. This transformation facilitated not only the emergence of numerous philosophical and literary trends, but also engendered new perspectives in music theory. The composer Franz Liszt was also influenced by the spirit of the epoch. This study’s analysis of his piano compositions from the Sonata in B Minor to the Bagatelle sans tonalité shows how he shaped and adapted his musical language and aesthetic thinking on the basis of what he called the ‘ideal of the time’.

scholarly journals "We pay no heed to the ideal… We pay heed to trifle and trifle…" The issue of moral and ethical evaluation of Alexander Ostrovsky's works in literary criticism of the second half of the 19th century

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Yelena N. Belyakova
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Ethical Assessment ◽  
Ethical Evaluation ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Ideal

In terms of newspaper-magazine reviews of Alexander Ostrovsky's works, published in the 1850s-70s, the problem of artistic text literary-critical evaluation is examined in the article. The author of the article assumes that artistic text evaluation is directly related to ideology and to the main request of time in terms of which, the text receives this assessment. According to Georgiy Fridlender, one of the most important tasks that Russian public life of the second half of the 19th century set for literature was to create an image of a viable and still positive hero. Alexander Ostrovsky in his work was oriented to answers to the most pressing social requests. Nevertheless, his works often did not satisfy his contemporaries, and sometimes insulted their moral feelings. An attempt to trace how the negative moral and ethical assessment of the playwright's creative work was conditioned and the role that newspaper and magazine criticism played in shaping the literary process is undertaken in the article.

Sprachwissenschaft, Ästhetik und Naturforschung Der Goethe-Zeit

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 301-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergej A. Romaschko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Early Phases

Summary In the emergence of comparative grammar at the beginning of the 19th century, Sanskrit played a crucial role. The manner in which Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829) characterized the grammatical structure of this language in his Ueber die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier of 1808 was of great importance for the early phases of development of Indo-European linguistics. As is shown in this paper, the characteristics attributed to Sanskrit derived not only from F. Schlegel’s romantic views on language and literature, but were also influenced by his general philosophical and natural-science views which largely reflected the intellectual climate of the late 18th and early 19th century in Germany. During this period biology, physiology, and comparative anatomy experienced rapid progress, and the ‘organic’ concept of nature they espoused provided cognitive models for other disciplines, notably philosophy (cf. Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft of 1790), aesthetics, poetics, and linguistics. These natural-science concepts proved particularly fruitful within the romantic movement; they convinced F. Schlegel to see in Sanskrit a language whose organization resembled most perfectly the ideal Ursprache of Indo-European.

”A CONVENCIONAL RECUSA DA POPULAÇÃO A CERTOS TRABALHOS AGRáCOLAS, QUE JULGáƒO DESTINCTIVO DA ESCRAVIDáƒO”: o trabalhador ideal para o Cariri Cearense da segunda metade do século XIX

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA SARA RIBEIRO PARENTE CORTEZ
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
National Context ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Freed Slaves ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Migratory Pathway ◽  
The Ideal

Na segunda metade do século XIX, ao Cariri Cearense se delineou uma via migratória. Eram trabalhadores livres e pobres que, fugindo da seca, buscavam um espaço que não era severamente assolado por esse fenômeno. Unidos aos livres, libertos e escravos da região compunham a oferta de mão de obra. Por outro lado, nessa época, as autoridades e proprietários dessa região se ressentiam da falta de trabalhadores, sobretudo para a lavoura. Isso ocorria pela noção referente ao trabalho escravo, como aviltante e degradante, condicionar a percepção dos trabalhadores livres sobre as lidas que eles deveriam se vincular. Nacionalmente ocorria a discussão em torno da formação do trabalhador nacional em contraposição ao ócio e vadiagem percebidos nos setores pobres da sociedade. Assim como no contexto nacional, no sul cearense, mudar a noção de trabalho foi vista como necessária a fim de alterar a percepção sobre os serviços ”˜de escravos”™. Palavras-chave: História. Trabalho. Século XIX.  ”THE REGULAR REFUSAL FROM POPULATION CERTAIN AGRICULTURAL WORKS, JUDGED TO BE DISTINCTIVE OF SLAVERY”: the ideal work for the Cariri region of Ceará in the second half of the 19th centuryAbstract: In the second half of the 19th century, the Cariri region of Ceará became a migratory pathway. Free and poor workers fleeing from the drought, sought a space not severely hit by this phenomenon. Along with the free man and freed slaves from the region comprised the labor supply. Moreover, at that time, the authorities and farm owners from the region complained about the lack of labor, especially for farming. This occurred from the notion of slave work as demeaning and degrading condition the perception of free laborers on the rules that they should be bound to. Nationally occurred the discussion around the formation of national worker as opposed to idleness ad vagrancy perceived in poor sectors of society. As in the national context a change in the notion of work was seen as necessary in southern Ceará in order to change the perception of the ”slave” jobs. Keywords: History. Work. 19th century.  ”EL RECHAZO DE LA POBLACIÓN A CIERTOS TRABAJOS AGRáCOLAS PORJUZGAR DESTINCTIVO LA ESCLAVITUD”: el empleado ideal para el Carirá­ - Ceará de la segunda mitad del siglo XIXResumen: En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, en el Cariri - Cearense surgió una ruta migratoria. Eran trabajadores libres y pobres, huyendo de la sequá­a, buscaban un espacio que no fuera duramente afectado por este fenómeno. Unidos a los libres, libertos y esclavos de la región comprendieron la oferta de trabajo. Por otra parte, en ese momento, las autoridades y los propietarios de esta región sintieron la deficiencia de trabajadores, en especial para la agricultura. Esto ocurrió por la idea en referirse a la esclavitud como humillante y degradante, condicionar la percepción de los trabajadores libres en la lectura que deberá­an estar vinculados. A nivel nacional, ocurrió la discusión sobre la formación del trabajador nacional en oposición a la ociosidad y vagancia percibida en sectores pobres de la sociedad. Al igual que en el contexto nacional, en el sur de Ceará, cambiar el concepto de trabajo fue visto como necesario para cambiar la percepción de los servicios de 'esclavos'. Palabras clave: Historia. Trabajo. Del siglo XIX.

,,Ein Vorhof zum Paradies". Das Czernowitz-Bild in der deutsch-jüdischen Literatur

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Anna-Dorothea Ludewig
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Holocaust Survivors ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Place ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThe present research on Czernowitz focuses mostly on the 20th century and on the works and memoirs of Holocaust survivors. But Czernowitz was at its cultural and economical height at the end of the 19th century, and it was during that time that the myth of the ,,ideal city" was established. This essay stresses the importance of that time period for understanding the ,,Czernowitz myth," and it analyzes the relationship between the ,,real" place Czernowitz and the literary topos of a ,,sunken city" (Rose Ausländer).

scholarly journals Medieval religious intellectual culture in the works of V.S. Soloviev

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Vadim L. Afanasevsky
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Intellectual Culture ◽  
Religious Worldview ◽  
Man In The Middle ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article discusses the views of V.S. Solovyov on the medieval religious worldview. The main problem for historical and historical and philosophical thought at the end of the 19th century was the question of the degree of influence of Christian ideology on the perception of man in the Middle Ages. And since it was V.S. Soloviev who expressed doubts about the absolute significance of the Christian doctrine for the consciousness of medieval Western Europe, Byzantium and Russia, then his constructions are especially interesting. The author proceeds from the assumption that all his reflections can be characterized as Christian utopianism, however, it is presented in the space of liberal teachings of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Attention is focused on the aspiration of V.S. Solovyov to solve problems through the completeness and purity of the ideal of Christianity. Therefore, the world-historical process itself appears as a condition for the functioning of this ideal. The key point for the Russian philosopher is the conviction that in the Middle Ages pagan elements persist and affect the consciousness of people under the guise of the Christian faith. And this leads to the antinomy of the order of life and the spirit of the Middle Ages. It is this moment that serves as the subject of this article.

scholarly journals Den Postmoderne Biografi

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Johnny Kondrup
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
New Criticism ◽  
Literary Biography ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
Traditional Patterns ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Ideal

ABSTRACT This article concerns the return of the literary biography in the humanistic fields, especially in Danish literary research, since 1980. During the New Criticism in the 1960s biography was regarded as a superfluous genre, and during the neoMarxism of the 1970s as a naive genre. But around 1980 it returned in the form of a number of new scholarly works especially in the fields of literature and history. This article points to two elements in the postmodern Zeitgeist which might have played a role in promoting the return of biography: first, the collapse of the grand systems of interpretation, and second a change in the ideal of scholarship in the direction of constructivism. Then the article investigates how ‘the new biography’ is distinguished from the old and outlines three points in particular: 1) a greater understanding of the significance of social structures; 2) an increased focus on contingency, incoherence and indeterminacy in a human life; and 3) a rising interest in the ‘ordinary’ human being. On a fourth point, postmodern biography has not come as far as one might expect. Although it could be more experimental and theoretically self-conscious, in fact it employs surprisingly traditional patterns of narrative, most of which are stamped by the Bildungsroman of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Towards perfect unity: himnography and some musical reinterpretations within Serbian chanting practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
Predrag DJOKOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Poetic Structure ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rhythm And Meter ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal

This paper explains the musical treatment of the hymnographic genres within the Serbian chanting practice. As it is known, the original Byzantine poetic structure written in verse — which was in perfect unity with the Byzantine chant concerning the rhythm and meter — was lost in Church-Slavonic translations. The Slavonic hymnography in prose inevitably caused modification of the music language, i.e. establishing of the new bond between the word and a tone. Accordingly, a creative practise of “tailoring” the church melodies to the structure and semantics of the particular hymnographic genre occurred within Serbian chanting practise. Eventually, many songs from the Octoechos, General Chanting, as well as certain songs of the Festal Chanting, gained the status of the “fixed” chants, the proof of which are the first Serbian chanting collections from the 19th century written in staff notation. In these chants semantics and music are set in a specific manner and they represent a model by which the chanters govern themselves while singing other church hymns. Ideal unity of hymnography and music in the fixed chants is reflected in coinciding of textual and music phrases. Such an ideal balance contributes to the clear transmission of the hymnographic content to the faithful. However, sticheras, irmoses, troparions and kontakions which lack the ideal balance, may cause the hymnographic narration and, at some places, even the theological points to be incomprehensible and imprecise. To creative chanters it is an opportunity to “tailor”, i.e. to reinterpret the chants in order to compensate for these imperfections. Such a creative interpretation is possible only by skilled chanters who, above all, thoroughly understand the meaning and structure of a particular hymnographic work. Amongst such chanters were some of the bishops and patriarchs of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Certain chants related to this problem are examined in this paper.

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