An experimental study of the detection of clicks in English

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-473
Author(s):  
Donny Vigil ◽  
Derrin Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
American English ◽  
The Other ◽  
British English ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Range Of Functions

Abstract This experimental study sets out to determine whether people detect click sounds in American English. Recent research has documented the use of non-phonemic clicks in a variety of languages to fulfill a range of functions such as sequence management or signaling searches and different types of attitudinal stance. While these clicks are acoustically salient and have been reported to occur with a frequency of up to 14 per minute in British English, they have not been widely investigated until relatively recently. For this experiment, we designed video stimuli consisting of A and B pairs of approximately 10 seconds of speech, one with a click and the other with the click edited out. We gave 118 participants a questionnaire and asked if they could detect a difference between the pairs of videos. The results indicate that the majority of participants, between 79% and 86%, do not detect click sounds.

scholarly journals Comparison of Usability between Gear Shifters with Varied Visual and Haptic Patterns and Complexities

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Sanna Lohilahti Bladfält ◽  
Camilla Grane ◽  
Peter Bengtsson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Manual Transmission ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complexity Level ◽  
The Road ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Haptic Patterns

Shift-by-wire technology enables more options concerning the design, placement and functions of gear shifters compared to traditional gear shifters with manual transmission. These variations can impact usability and driver performance. There is a lack of research regarding the potential advantages and disadvantages of different types of gear shifters. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency and subjective ease-of-use of mono- and polystable joystick gear shifter types at different complexity levels and with full or limited visibility. An experimental study with 36 participants was conducted. The results showed that monostable joysticks, especially those with an I/J-shape, were overall less efficient and easy to use than polystable joysticks. The highest complexity level clearly affected the efficiency for the monostable joystick with an I/J-shape (mono I/J) compared with the other gear shifter types. The monostable joystick with an I/J-shape (mono I/J) was also most affected by reduced visibility at the highest level of complexity, indicating that it was more prone to causing users to take their eyes off the road.

scholarly journals Comments on the spelling of ‘archaeopyle’, the germination aperture in dinoflagellate cysts

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Feist-Burkhardt
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dinoflagellate Cysts ◽  
Technical Term ◽  
British English ◽  
Correct Spelling ◽  
Editorial Work ◽  
English Spelling

Abstract. INTRODUCTIONDuring editorial work for the Journal of Micropalaeontology, a discussion arose between authors, reviewers and editors on the correct spelling of a technical term in palynology: ‘archeopyle’ or ‘archaeopyle’, the germination aperture in dinoflagellate cysts. One opinion was that there is only one correct spelling, namely ‘archeopyle’, with a single ‘e’ in the middle of the word, irrespective of the use of British English or American English. The other opinion was that spelling of the word should follow the language used in the rest of the text – allowing for ‘archeopyle’ with ‘e’ in American English and ‘archaeopyle’ with ‘ae’ in British English. This Notebook illustrates the reasons for this controversy and argues for the alternative spellings of the word according to American or British English spelling used.THE CAUSE OF THE ‘PROBLEM’ AND LINE OF ARGUMENTThe term ‘archeopyle’ was introduced in 1961 by William R. Evitt in one of his seminal papers on the morphology of fossil dinoflagellates, in which he recognized that many organic microfossils, then called ‘hystrichospheres’, showed a germination opening and were actually of dinoflagellate affinity. As derivation of the word he gave the following information: ‘... the presence of this opening (pyle – gate, orifice) in fossil (archeo – ancient) dinoflagellates ...’ (Evitt, 1961, p. 389). Since then, the term has become accepted and used widely by palaeontologists and biologists alike. Definitions and descriptions of the word itself and derivative terms can be looked up in the latest glossary of terminology by Williams et al. (2000). . . .

Problem Solving Performance of First Semester Maintenance Trainees in Two Fault Diagnosis Tasks

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Rouse
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Network Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Certificate Program ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Trouble Shooting ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Training

Forty-eight first semester trainees in an FAA certificate program participated in an experimental study of trouble-shooting of two different types of graphically displayed networks. The effects of network size, redundancy, feedback, computer aiding, and training were considered. It was found that performance degraded as network size increased, degraded as the level of feedback was reduced, improved with the use of computer aiding, and that skills developed with computer aiding in one task were transferred to the other task.

scholarly journals Animacy in early New Zealand English

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Hundt ◽  
Benedikt Szmrecsanyi
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
American English ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
British English

The literature suggests that animacy effects in present-day spoken New Zealand English (NZE) differ from animacy effects in other varieties of English. We seek to determine if such differences have a history in earlier NZE writing or not. We revisit two grammatical phenomena — progressives and genitives — that are well known to be sensitive to animacy effects, and we study these phenomena in corpora sampling 19th- and early 20th-century written NZE; for reference purposes, we also study parallel samples of 19th- and early 20th-century British English and American English. We indeed find significant regional differences between early New Zealand writing and the other varieties in terms of the effect that animacy has on the frequency and probabilities of grammatical phenomena.

scholarly journals Experimental study on the emission influence of the fuel system faults for light-duty vehicle

2021 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 01051
Author(s):  
Le Liu ◽  
Lihui Wang ◽  
Liyun Qian ◽  
Peilin Geng ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Rich Mixture ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles ◽  
Types Of Faults ◽  
Important System

The fuel system is a very important system in light-duty vehicles. The faults of the system will cause serious deterioration of vehicle emissions and other performance. In order to study the influence of different types of faults on emissions, this paper studies the faults of several OBDII vehicles. The results show that: the fault of rich mixture in fuel system will increase the emissions of CO and NMHC by 3-5 times and the emissions of NOx by 1-2 times; the fault of lean mixture in fuel system will increase the emissions of NOx by 4-5 times and the emissions of CO and NMHC by 0.7-2.5 times; there are two kinds of imbalance faults, one is imbalance lean and the other is imbalance rich. Imbalance lean mainly causes NOx deterioration, which is increased by 7.5 times. Imbalance rich mainly causes CO and NMHC emissions deterioration, which is increased by about 3 times. There are many kinds of faults in the fuel system which cause serious deterioration of emissions. It is necessary to focus on monitoring the faults of the fuel system.

scholarly journals CORRELATION OF NORTH AMERICAN ENGLISH AND BRITISH ENGLISH DIVERGENCIES IN LEXIS

2018 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
V. Yevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistic ◽  
Language Development ◽  
North American ◽  
American English ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
British English ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
English Usage

The article focuses on the description of a special type of relationship that arises between lexical units within the corpus of English words in the framework of the sociolinguistic approach. Various ways of correlation between North American and British usages emerge in present-day English due to the action of two processes of the language development favoured by a set of historical, linguistic and sociolinguistic factors: divergence and convergence. The paper describes the most frequent forms of lexical correlation between North American English usage and British English usage. The research states that the semantic structure of the lexical unit or its register of usage can undergo changes under influences of the other variety. The lexemes, common to both national varieties with partial coincidence of the semantic structure and, sometimes, with shifts in the register of usage, are more affected by the process of convergence. The part of the English lexis less affected by convergent processes comprises common lexemes with the split in the semantic structure, the components of which are different or antonymic. The part of the present-day English lexis likely to be involved in the process of internal borrowing mostly includes lexemes specific to US English or British English with, or without lexical equivalents in the other variety. A special kind of correlation between lexical units of common origin can bring about usages functionally confined only to one variety. The functional predominance can contribute to the formation of different chains of synonyms actualized in each of the varieties. When lexemes have lexical equivalents specific to one of the national varieties of English, the so-called ''pseudo-synonymous relations” within the English lexical system can arise

Tone-patterns in Zimbabwean Ndebele

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Rycroft
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
The Other ◽  
British English ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Nation

Zimbabwean Ndebele and Zulu might be likened, in a very broad sense, to American English and British English, in their relationship. Mzilikazi and his few followers left Zululand in 1822, and in the 1840s founded a new nation, over 1,000 km. to the north. There are certain differences in pronunciation and tone. Divergence is likely to have been bilateral: while Ndebele shows clear signs of non-Zulu influence in certain respects, Zulu on the other hand is probably not quite the same today as it was in 1822

scholarly journals Spelling Forms in Competition

English Today ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Javier Calle–Martín
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
American English ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dual Representation ◽  
British English ◽  
Current Configuration ◽  
Text Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
English Spelling

One of the problems of English spelling is the dual representation of the so-called ‘eyes’-words, rendered in discourse as -ise and -ize, both with high-frequency verbs such as modernise/modernize and rare coinages, as in burglarise/burglarize, etc. Eyes-words have historically evolved from two different language systems as two different forms with the same meaning, which have eventually come to coincide in their use in English with competing orthographic forms. The present paper first assesses the origin and development of the competition of these forms in the history of English from their introduction into English to their current configuration in British and American English; and then analyses their distribution in 13 varieties of English worldwide from the perspective of diatopic and text type variation. The study concludes, on the one hand, that the adoption of -ize in American English was an early 19th-century phenomenon while -ise spread in British English in the late 20th century; and, on the other, that the dissemination of -ize is constantly on the rise in many varieties, and the growing Americanisation of English, among others, is taken to be the most decisive element factor.

Anomalous Rheological Behavior of Complex Fluids (Nanofluids)

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byeongnam Jo ◽  
Seunghwan Jung ◽  
Donghyun Shin ◽  
Debjyoti Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Rheological Behavior ◽  
Metal Salt ◽  
Complex Fluids ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Newtonian Behavior

The rheological behavior of various complex fluids was explored in this experimental study. Nanofluids were obtained by mixing nanoparticles with various solvents. The solvents consisted of metal salt eutectics that melt at high temperatures (exceeding 200 °C) depending on the composition of the metal salts in the eutectics. The rheological behaviors of these high temperature solvents were measured as a function of temperature before and after mixing with different types of nanoparticles (chemical composition, size, shape and concentration). These nanofluids exhibited non-Newtonian behavior (shear thinning behavior) while some of the other nanofluids were surprisingly found to have Newtonian behavior. It was observed that high aspect ratio nanoparticles (e.g., stick shaped carbon nanotubes) were more likely to cause shear thinning behavior of the resulting nanofluids.

scholarly journals On the native/nonnative speaker notion and World Englishes: Debating with K. Rajagopalan

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-611
Author(s):  
John Robert SCHMITZ
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
American English ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Indian English ◽  
British English ◽  
Nonnative Speaker ◽  
The World ◽  
Australian English

ABSTRACT In a series of three articles published in the Journal of Pragmatics (1995, henceforth JP), the purpose of the papers is to question the division of English spoken in the world into, on one hand, "native" varieties (British English, American English. Australian English) and, on the other, "new/nonnative" varieties (Indian English, Singaporean English, Nigerian English). The JP articles are indeed groundbreaking for they mark one of the first interactions among scholars from the East with researchers in the West with regard to the growth and spread of the language as well as the roles English is made to play by its impressive number of users. The privileged position of prestige and power attributed to the inner circle varieties (USA, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) is questioned. Rajagopalan (1997, motivated by his reading of the JP papers, adds another dimension to this questioning by pointing to the racial and discriminatory stance underlying the notions "native speaker" and "nonnative speaker" (henceforth, respectively NS and NNS). Rajagopalan has written extensively on the issue of nativity or "nativeness"; over the years, Schmitz has also written on the same topic. There appears, in some cases, to be a number of divergent views with regard to subject on hand on the part of both authors. The purpose of this article is to engage in a respectful debate to uncover misreading and possible misunderstanding on the part of Schmitz. Listening to one another and learning from each another are essential in all academic endeavors.

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