The diet of the Tristan da Cunha Islanders

1. An assessment of the Islanders' food consumption on Tristan da Cunha before the volcanic eruption of 1961 was made (Part 1). The mean daily intake of energy was 2030 kcal per person and the calories derived from protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol accounted for 21, 26, 50 and 3% respectively of the total calorie intake, the proportion of calories derived from protein being about twice that found in other types of diet. 2. The weekly food intake of thirty-seven families resident at Calshot, Hants, was measured in July 1963, 3–4 months before the Islanders left England to return to Tristan da Cunha (Part 2). The mean intake of energy was 1750 kcal per person per day and the calories derived from protein, fat and carbohydrate accounted for about 12, 41 and 47% respectively of total calorie intake, proportions similar to those found in present-day British diets. The proportion of other nutrients in relation to calories also resembled those in British diets, except for vitamin A and ascorbic acid, which were relatively low in the Tristan diet. 3. A comparison of the results for the Islanders with those for a sample of households surveyed for the National Food Survey was made. The Islanders consumed less of all nutrients, and the average energy value met only 65% of estimated requirements compared with 108% in the British sample. 4. Details of foods consumed and of the Islanders' food patterns and preferences are given. There is some evidence that the Tristanidns did not like their former staple foods, potatoes and fish, as available in England, though at the time of the survey they had not appreciably switched to the British staple, bread. 5. The relatively low food intake reported in this study conforms with that recorded in the Norwegian investigation of 1937–8 (Henriksen & Oeding, 1946) and with calculations of island food supplies before 1961 (Part 1). 6. Possible explanations for the low food intake are discussed. It is suggested that the Islanders may not be very active and that energy balance studies on individuals who have returned to Tristan da Cunha might throw some light on the results of this survey.

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Nutritional study of the Islanders on Tristan da Cunha, 1966

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19690031 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 237-247

Author(s):

Chambers A. Margaret ◽

H. E. Lewiss

Keyword(s):

Energy Cost ◽

Fat Content ◽

Energy Requirements ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Tristan Da Cunha ◽

Nutritional Study ◽

Total Calorie ◽

The Mean ◽

Sufficient Food ◽

Total Calorie Intake

1. Individual energy intakes and expenditures of seven Tristan men aged between 16 and 57 years, and ten Tristan women aged between 15 and 61 years, were measured daily for 7 consecutive days between May and October 1966.2. Details of the subjects' main activities together with the energy cost of these activities are given.3. The mean daily calorie intakes were 2650 kcal for men and 1830 kcal for women; the mean expenditures were 2860 and 2060 kcal per day respectively. Separate values are given for two individuals, a brother and sister, who gave results bearing no resemblance to those of the rest of the subjects.4. Protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol accounted for 12.7, 29.6, 53.7 and 40 % respectively of the men's total calorie intake and 11.9, 27.2, 61.0% and 0% of the women's total calorie intake. The fat content of the diet was low when compared with that of the Islanders' diet while in England, though total calorie intake was greater (Taylor, Hollingsworth & Chambers, 1966). More than half the total calorie intake was provided by processed foodstuffs, but island produce provided a large proportion of the protein in the diet.5. It is deduced that mean energy requirements of about 2750 kcal per day for men and 1950 kcal per day for women are adequate for the Tristan population and that there are sufficient food supplies available to meet this requirement.

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Melanocortin activity in the amygdala controls appetite for dietary fat

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00591.2009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 298 (2) ◽

pp. R385-R393 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Stéphane Boghossian ◽

MieJung Park ◽

David A. York

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

Central Nucleus ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Melanocortin System ◽

Total Calorie ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Total Calorie Intake

The amygdala is rich in melanocortin 4 receptors. Because the reduction in dietary fat intake after enterostatin is injected in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is blocked by a melanocortin 4 receptor antagonist, we investigated the role of melanocortin activity in the CeA in regulating food intake and macronutrient choice. Sprague-Dawley rats, fitted with CeA cannulas, were fed either chow, a high-fat (HF) diet, or adapted to a two-choice HF or low-fat (LF) diet. Injections of the MC4R agonist melanotan II (MTII) in the CeA had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on food intake that lasted for at least 24 h. This response was greater in rats fed a HF diet. The inverse agonist agouti-related protein (AgRP) and antagonist SHU-9119 increased food intake in a dose-dependent manner, with the hyperphagia lasting for 60 h. In rats adapted to a two-choice HF/LF diet, MTII decreased HF consumption but had no effect on LF consumption, resulting in a long-lasting decrease in total calorie intake (−35.5% after 24 h, P < 0.05). Total calorie intake increased in both AgRP- and SHU-9119-treated rats (32 and 109% after 24 h, respectively) as the result of increased intake of HF diet. There was no modification of LF consumption with AgRP treatment and a transient nonsignificant decrease with SHU-9119 treatment. Amygdala brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression was increased by AgRP in fed rats. These results identify the amygdala as a site of action for the melanocortin system to control food intake and dietary preferences.

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An Immune-modulating Diet Maintains Food Intake during Cancer Chemotherapy

Medical & Clinical Research ◽

10.33140/mcr.05.09.07 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Cancer Chemotherapy ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Control Group ◽

Enteral Diet ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Total Calorie ◽

Acyl Ghrelin ◽

Cancer Agent ◽

Total Calorie Intake

An immune-modulating diet (IMD), an enteral diet enriched with immunonutrition and whey-hydrolyzed peptides, has been shown to bring an improvement of prognosis by suppressing inflammation after surgery or under stress. In this study, we have experimentally and clinically examined the effect of the IMD in cancer chemotherapy. In experiments using colorectal cancer cell-transplanted mice, the mice fed with the IMD in combination with anti-cancer agent showed significantly to maintain their body weight excluding tumor, and to reduce plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels compared with the control group. Furthermore, normal mice fed with the IMD elevated the level of plasma ghrelin, in particular acyl ghrelin. An clinical trial for a patient with malignant lymphoma revealed that the acyl/desacyl ghrelin ratio and total calorie intake was increased when the patient was supplemented with the IMD in conjunction with chemotherapy. These results suggested that the supplementation of the IMD during cancer chemotherapy might enable to maintain the food intake of the patients through elevating their acyl ghrelin levels

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Nutritional Intervention May Improve Body Mass Index of Malnourished Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients – A Preliminary Observation

Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research ◽

10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.18:256-259 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 256-259

Author(s):

Hou Y.C. ◽

Hsieh Y.L. ◽

Tzeng I.S. ◽

Kuo C.Y.

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Psychiatric Patients ◽

Psychiatric Hospitals ◽

Nutritional Intervention ◽

Nutrition Intervention ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Psychiatric Ward ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Total Calorie ◽

Total Calorie Intake

Malnutrition is an important issue in hospitalized patients. Poor nutrition may lead to increased risk of morbidity and death, impaired mental and physical conditions, apathy, depression, self-neglect, increased risk of medical complications, increased risk of pressure ulcers, reduced immune response, delayed wound healing, longer hospital stays, and reduced quality of life. However, few studies have investigated malnutrition in psychiatric patients. Psychiatric patients are known to have an increased risk of malnutrition, but psychiatric hospitals rarely conduct physical examinations and nutritional assessments. In this preliminary study, patients from a psychiatric ward of the Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital were chosen using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. We used the before-and-after analysis to test the effect of a nutrition intervention on the selected parameters. We found that patients who had an impaired nutritional status showed significant increases in body weight (mean: 43.6 ± 7.5 vs. 46.5 ± 8.2 kg; P < 0.001), BMI (mean: 16.8 ± 2.0 vs. 17.9 ± 2.1 kg/m2; P < 0.001), and total calorie intake (mean: 1128 ± 230 vs. 1378 ± 320 Kcal; P < 0.001). Nutritional intervention significantly improved body weight, BMI, and total calorie intake. Nutritional intervention may help prevent malnutrition and improve the management of psychiatric patients.

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Az energiamentes édesítőszerek hatása az egyes anyagcsere-paraméterekre

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/oh.2016.30467 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 157 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 8-13

Author(s):

Tibor Hidvégi

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Randomized Controlled Studies ◽

Total Calorie ◽

Scientific Statement ◽

Total Calorie Intake

Nonnutritive sweeteners can be found in many other foods apart from soft drinks. Producers of foodstuffs often use a combination of several sweeteners or sweetener and sugar mixes in a single product mainly to achieve a sweeter taste with a lower calorie count. According to the 2012 Scientific Statement of the American Heart and Diabetes Association, reduction of sugar intake plays an important role in establishing an optimal diet and the maintenance of an appropriate body weight. Controlled intervention studies show that during use of calorie-free sweeteners body weight did not change, moreover, in some cases weight even fell. This was also demonstrated in a recently published summary study of randomized controlled studies, according to which calorie-free sweeteners contributed to both loss and maintenance of body weight. According to the summary of the American Dietetic Association, the use of calorie-free sweeteners does not influence the glycemic response and does not increase postprandial blood glucose levels in diabetics. The results thus far, then, show that the use of nonnutritive sweeteners can reduce the consumption of carbohydrates, by which total calorie intake can also be lowered. Their use can promote weight loss and maintenance as well as can help to improve the values of other metabolic parameters (eg. blood sugar, triglycerides). In addition to this, it is important to note that these benefits will not fully materialize if consumption of nonnutritive sweeteners is accompanied by an increase in compensatory caloric intake. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(Suppl. 1), 8–13.

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Using Dietary Macronutrient Patterns to Predict Sarcopenic Obesity in Older Adults: A Representative Korean Nationwide Population-Based Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13114031 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 4031

Author(s):

Jun-Hyuk Lee ◽

Hye-Min Park ◽

Yong-Jae Lee

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Population Based ◽

Sarcopenic Obesity ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Macronutrient Intake ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Adverse Health Outcomes ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Total Calorie ◽

Total Calorie Intake

Older adults with sarcopenic obesity (SO) are at increased risk of adverse health outcomes. It has not been identified which pattern of macronutrient intake is appropriate in relation to SO. We aimed to compare the patterns of macronutrient intake for predicting SO in older adults. Data from a total of 3828 older adults who participated in the 2008–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The one-day 24 h dietary recall method was used to assess macronutrient intake. SO was defined by a combination of body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 and BMI adjusted-appendicular skeletal muscle mass <0.789 for men and <0.512 for women. Weighted logistic regression analysis revealed the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for SO of total calorie intake per 100 increments and carbohydrate (CHO) intake (g/kg/day) per 1 increment to be 0.95 (0.91–0.99) and 0.83 (0.74–0.94), respectively, after adjusting for confounding variables in women. The predictive power for SO of CHO intake (g/kg/day) was higher compared with the other patterns of macronutrient intake both in men and women. In conclusion, total calorie intake and CHO intake (g/kg/day) are inversely related to SO in women. CHO intake (g/kg/day) could be the best index for determining SO.

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Abstract 11809: Sodium Intake is Correlated to Total Calorie Intake and Potassium

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.132.suppl_3.11809 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Yoon Juneyoung ◽

Kyoung-Woo Seo ◽

Jin-Sun Park ◽

Hyoung-Mo Yang ◽

Hong-Seok Lim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Quantitative Relationship ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Cutoff Value ◽

Cutoff Values ◽

Total Calorie ◽

Total Calorie Intake

Background: Selecting lower-sodium diets are not successful to reduce sodium intake in general population. If systemic approach is considered lowering sodium intake because of the culinary tendencies, we need to aware of the quantitative relationship between nutrients and sodium in daily usual food of the general population. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypotheses that are the positive correlation between total calorie intake, potassium and sodium intake; the cutoff values for sodium recommendation (≤2300 mg per day). Method: We studied 55,544 individuals who completed health examination and nutrition survey in 168,157 randomly selected participants that could represent the country from the 1998-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The nutrition survey was 24 hours recall method to estimate the amount of standardized Korean food. We analyzed the quantitative relationship, and estimated the cutoff value of the total calories and potassium at the recommendation of the sodium intake. Result: The mean values were total calorie 1922±834 Kcal, sodium 4904±3218 mg, potassium 2935±1563 mg, protein 70±41 g (15% in total calorie), fat 37±31 (18%), and carbohydrate 312±123 (67%) in mean value. The standardized coefficients were potassium 0.309, protein 0.226, fat 0.070, carbohydrate 0.097 in model 1 (R2=0.402); total calorie 0.271 and potassium 0.368 in model 2 (R2=0.384) with cardiovascular risk factors in multiple linear regression analysis (table). The optical cutoff value of the total calorie for sodium 2300mg is 1520 Kcal (74% sensitivity, 74% specificity, 93% positive predictive value, 38% negative predictive value, area under the curve: 0.826, 95% CI: 0.82 to 0.83 ; p < 0.001) and the potassium is 1956 mg (82% sensitivity, 69% specificity, 92% PPV, 44% NPV, AUC: 0.825, 95% CI: 0.82 to 0.83 ; p <0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, the cutoff values for the sodium 2300 mg are the total calorie 1520 Kcal and potassium 1956 mg.

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What Are Infants Fed in the United States?

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.56.3.350 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 350-354

Author(s):

Samuel J. Fomon

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Personal Communications ◽

Total Calorie ◽

Relative Prevalence ◽

Total Calorie Intake

Estimates of calorie intake from various sources during infancy are presented in relation to age. The estimates, based on published reports and personal communications to the author, concern total calorie intake and its distribution between milk or formula and beikost (i.e., foods other than milk or formula fed to infants), relative prevalence of breast, formula- and milk-feedings, relative popularity of specific commercially prepared formulas, and percentage of calories consumed in the form of commercially prepared strained and junior foods and "table" foods.

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AN ECOLOGIC STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEAN BIRTH WEIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND CALORIE CONSUMPTION LEVEL IN JAPAN

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932098000856 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 85-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

SHINYA MATSUDA ◽

MIZUHO FURUTA ◽

HIROAKI KAHYO

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Birth Weight ◽

The Body ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Social Variables ◽

Short Term ◽

Calorie Consumption ◽

Total Calorie ◽

The Relationship ◽

Total Calorie Intake

This study reports an ecologic analysis of the relationship between mean birth weight (MBW) and nutritional, medical and social variables, using 1982 data for 47 prefectures in Japan.Correlation analysis showed that variables that correlated significantly with MBW were mean temperature (r=0·63), total calorie intake (r=0·56), and body mass index of women (r=0·60). It is concluded that the MBW level in a given community represents the long and short term nutritional condition of mothers, and that the level may follow Bergman’s law: ‘In the same species, the body size of an animal increases along with latitude; that is, the lower the temperature, the larger the body size’.

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Analysis of the Interaction between Polygenic Risk Score and Calorie Intake in Obesity in the Korean Population

Lifestyle Genomics ◽

10.1159/000511333 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Won-Jun Lee ◽

Ji Eun Lim ◽

Hae Un Jung ◽

Ji-One Kang ◽

Taesung Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Score ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Association Studies ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Polygenic Risk Score ◽

Genome Wide Association Studies ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Polygenic Risk ◽

Total Calorie ◽

Total Calorie Intake

Introduction: Obesity results from an imbalance in the intake and expenditure of calories that leads to lifestyle-related diseases. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed many obesity-related genetic factors, the interactions of these factors and calorie intake remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate interactions between calorie intake and the polygenic risk score (PRS) of BMI. Methods: Three cohorts, i.e., from the Korea Association REsource (KARE; n = 8,736), CArdioVAscular Disease Association Study (CAVAS; n = 9,334), and Health EXAminee (HEXA; n = 28,445), were used for this study. BMI-related genetic loci were selected from previous GWAS. Two scores, PRS, and association (a)PRS, were used; the former was determined from 193 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 5 GWAS datasets, and the latter from 62 SNPs (potentially associated) from 3 Korean cohorts (meta-analysis, p < 0.01). Results: PRS and aPRS were significantly associated with BMI in all 3 cohorts but did not exhibit a significant interaction with total calorie intake. Similar results were obtained for obesity. PRS and aPRS were significantly associated with obesity but did not show a significant interaction with total calorie intake. We further analyzed the interaction with protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake. The results were similar to those for total calorie intake, with PRS and aPRS found to not be associated with the interaction of any of the 3 nutrition components for either BMI or obesity. Discussion: The interaction of BMI PRS with calorie intake was investigated in 3 independent Korean cohorts (total n = 35,094) and no interactions were found between PRS and calorie intake for obesity.

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