scholarly journals A study of the thermic responses to a meal and to a sympathomimetic drug (ephedrine) in relation to energy balance in man

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane B. Morgan ◽  
David A. York ◽  
Amanda Wasilewska ◽  
Jan Portman
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Food Group ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Sympathomimetic Drug

1. Sixteen adult male volunteers were selected on the basis of body size and customary food intake: half could be described as‘lean’and habitually consuming large amounts of food (group mean ± SEM: 15·03± 1·13 MJ/d), the high-energy-intake group (HEI group), and half though‘lean’admitted to a weight problem and regularly consumed a lower than average food intake (group mean ± SEM: 6·90 ± 0·39 MJ/d), the low-energy-intake group (LEI group).2. Energy expenditure was measured by open-circuit indirect calorimetry. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was recorded. A meal (Complan, either 2·1 MJ or 4·2 MJ), ephedrine hydrochloride (0·25 mg and 0·50 mg/kg body-weight) or a water control were then administered and metabolic rate (MR) was measured for 4 h. Blood was collected before and 1 h after the meal or drug, and the serum analysed for various hormones and blood metabolites.3. The size of the thermic response to feeding but not the time-course was related to meal size in both groups. MR increased by 21·6 and 28·6% in the HEI group and by 8·2 and 20·0% in the LEI group in response to the 2·1 and 4·2 MJ Complan meals respectively. Fasting insulin levels were similar in both groups but showed a significantly higher level in the LEI than HEI group after the Complan meals.4. The mean RMR increased by 5·2 and 10·3% in the LEI in response to ephedrine and by 15·7 and 11·2% in the HEI groups after 0·25 mg and 0·50 mg ephedrine/kg respectively. The rise in serum-free fatty acids in response to ephedrine was significantly higher in the HEI group than in the LEI group.5. These results suggest (1) the meal size required to promote a maximum thermic effect is smaller in energetically inefficient individuals (2) the sensitivity to a sympathomimetic drug is also increased in energetically-inefficient individuals.6. We conclude that in energetically-efficient individuals both the thermic response to a meal and the sympathetic-mediated thermogenesis are lower than in energetically-inefficient ones.

scholarly journals Underreporting of energy intake among Japanese women aged 18–20 years and its association with reported nutrient and food group intakes

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 911-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitomi Okubo ◽  
Satoshi Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Reporting Accuracy ◽  
Diet History Questionnaire

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (EI/BMR) among young female Japanese adults, and to compare the lifestyle and dietary characteristics between relatively low and high reporters.Design:Dietary intakes were assessed over a 1-month period with a validated, self-administered, diet history questionnaire, and lifestyle variables were assessed by a second questionnaire designed for this survey. The ratio of EI/BMR was calculated from reported energy intake and estimated basal metabolic rate.Subjects:In total, 1889 female Japanese university students aged 18–20 years who were enrolled in dietetics courses.Results:Ninety-five per cent of the subjects were classified into a non-obese group (body mass index (BMI) <25 kg m−2; mean±standard deviation (SD): 20.8±2.6 kg m−2). EI/BMR was 1.43±0.40 (mean±SD). Sixty-eight per cent of the subjects showed an EI/BMR level below the possibly balanced value of 1.56, 37% showed EI/BMR below the minimum survival value of 1.27 and 2% of the subjects showed EI/BMR exceeding the maximum value for a sustainable lifestyle of 2.4. BMI, body weight and BMR decreased significantly with the increase in EI/BMR (P<0.001). The percentage of energy from carbohydrate was significantly higher, whereas those from fat and protein were significantly lower, among the lower EI/BMR groups. As for food groups, a significantly declining trend from the lowest to the highest EI/BMR groups was observed for cereals.Conclusion:Underreporting, rather than overreporting, of energy intake was predominant in this relatively lean Japanese female population. BMI was the most important factor affecting the reporting accuracy of energy intake.

scholarly journals Body composition and appetite: fat-free mass (but not fat mass or BMI) is positively associated with self-determined meal size and daily energy intake in humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Blundell ◽  
Phillipa Caudwell ◽  
Catherine Gibbons ◽  
Mark Hopkins ◽  
Erik Näslund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Molecular Control ◽  
Daily Energy

The idea of body weight regulation implies that a biological mechanism exerts control over energy expenditure and food intake. This is a central tenet of energy homeostasis. However, the source and identity of the controlling mechanism have not been identified, although it is often presumed to be some long-acting signal related to body fat, such as leptin. Using a comprehensive experimental platform, we have investigated the relationship between biological and behavioural variables in two separate studies over a 12-week intervention period in obese adults (totaln92). All variables have been measured objectively and with a similar degree of scientific control and precision, including anthropometric factors, body composition, RMR and accumulative energy consumed at individual meals across the whole day. Results showed that meal size and daily energy intake (EI) were significantly correlated with fat-free mass (FFM,Pvalues < 0·02–0·05) but not with fat mass (FM) or BMI (Pvalues 0·11–0·45) (study 1,n58). In study 2 (n34), FFM (but not FM or BMI) predicted meal size and daily EI under two distinct dietary conditions (high-fat and low-fat). These data appear to indicate that, under these circumstances, some signal associated with lean mass (but not FM) exerts a determining effect over self-selected food consumption. This signal may be postulated to interact with a separate class of signals generated by FM. This finding may have implications for investigations of the molecular control of food intake and body weight and for the management of obesity.

scholarly journals Resting metabolic rate is associated with hunger, self-determined meal size, and daily energy intake and may represent a marker for appetite

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillipa Caudwell ◽  
Graham Finlayson ◽  
Catherine Gibbons ◽  
Mark Hopkins ◽  
Neil King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Daily Energy

Rapid orocecal transit in chronically active persons with high energy intake

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1550-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Harris ◽  
A. K. Lindeman ◽  
B. J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
High Energy ◽  
H2 Production ◽  
Fiber Intake ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Food Passage ◽  
Wide Range

Although chronic physical activity by humans can raise energy requirements and energy intake severalfold above sedentary levels, whether these increases alter digestive strategy remains unknown. To investigate this possibility, food passage rate (mouth-to-large intestinal lactulose transit) and absorption (xylose) were compared in a cross section of young men chosen to represent a wide range of daily physical activity and food intake. In 20 men (energy intake 1,272-5,342 kcal/day), resting mouth-to-cecum transit was faster in high caloric consumers (r = -0.69, P less than 0.01). In contrast, xylose absorption (n = 26; measured either as urinary xylose excretion or integrated breath H2 production from the sugar) was unrelated to food intake. Dietary fiber intake was uncorrelated with energy intake. This apparent human digestive strategy of rapid transit across the gut absorptive surface, without a sacrifice in absorption, parallels the adaptations made by several animal species similarly faced with increased energy demand at constant fiber intake. We therefore conclude that the hyperphagia of chronic exercise in humans may be linked with significant gastrointestinal adaptations.

scholarly journals Eating ‘attentively’ reduces later energy consumption in overweight and obese females

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Robinson ◽  
Inge Kersbergen ◽  
Suzanne Higgs
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Attention Condition ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Ad Libitum

Attentional and memory processes underpin appetite control, but whether encouraging overweight individuals to eat more ‘attentively’ can promote reductions in energy consumption is unclear. In the present study with a between-subjects design, a total of forty-eight overweight and obese females consumed a fixed lunchtime meal. Their ad libitum energy intake of high-energy snack food was observed during a second laboratory session that occurred later that day. In the focused-attention condition, participants ate their lunch while listening to audio instructions that encouraged them to pay attention to the food being eaten. In a control condition, participants ate while listening to an audio book with a neutral (non-food-related) content. To test whether focused attention influenced food intake via enhancing the memory of the earlier consumed meal, we measured the participants' memory of their lunchtime meal. Ad libitum snack intake was approximately 30 % lower for participants in the focused-attention condition than for those in the control condition, and this difference was statistically significant. There was limited evidence that attention decreased later food intake by enhancing memory representation of the earlier consumed meal. Eating attentively can lead to a substantial decrease in later energy intake in overweight and obese individuals. Behavioural strategies that encourage a more ‘attentive’ way of eating could promote sustained reductions in energy intake and weight loss.

scholarly journals Adolescents’ non-core food intake: a description of what, where and with whom adolescents consume non-core foods

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1645-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoi Toumpakari ◽  
Anne M Haase ◽  
Laura Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Core Energy ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Potato Products

AbstractObjectiveLittle is known about adolescents’ non-core food intake in the UK and the eating context in which they consume non-core foods. The present study aimed to describe types of non-core foods consumed by British adolescents in total and across different eating contexts.DesignA descriptive analysis, using cross-sectional data from food diaries. Non-core foods were classified based on cut-off points of fat and sugar from the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Eating context was defined as ‘where’ and ‘with whom’ adolescents consumed each food. Percentages of non-core energy were calculated for each food group in total and across eating contexts. A combined ranking was then created to account for each food’s contribution to non-core energy intake and its popularity of consumption (percentage of consumers).SettingThe UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–2011.SubjectsAdolescents across the UK aged 11–18 years (n 666).ResultsNon-core food comprised 39·5 % of total energy intake and was mostly ‘Regular soft drinks’, ‘Crisps & savoury snacks’, ‘Chips & potato products’, ‘Chocolate’ and ‘Biscuits’. Adolescents ate 57·0 % and 51·3 % of non-core food at ‘Eateries’ or with ‘Friends’, compared with 33·2 % and 32·1 % at ‘Home’ or with ‘Parents’. Persistent foods consumed across eating contexts were ‘Regular soft drinks’ and ‘Chips & potato products’.ConclusionsRegular soft drinks contribute the most energy and are the most popular non-core food consumed by adolescents regardless of context, and represent a good target for interventions to reduce non-core food consumption.

Dynamics of intake suppression after a preload: role of calories, volume, and macronutrients

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (4) ◽  
pp. R1314-R1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. S. Warwick ◽  
H. P. Weingarten
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
The Impact

Twenty-four-hour cumulative food intake is the summation of repeated bouts of feeding, separated by intermeal intervals. Intake in a given meal influences subsequent feeding by modulating the duration of the intermeal interval, meal size, or both. Analysis of the time course of the effect of an individual meal on subsequent feeding may therefore clarify the controls of meal patterning and 24-h intake. In the present experiments, rats consumed a preload and then ate a test meal ad libitum. With the length of the preload-to-test meal interval varied from 10 to 180 min, the time course of the impact of various preloads on meal size was revealed. The main findings were the following: 1) caloric content, rather than volume, was the primary determinant of the intake-reducing effect of a glucose preload; 2) no differences in the time course of intake reduction were found after isocaloric preloads of fructose, glucose, and sucrose; 3) a fat preload attenuated subsequent intake less than an isocaloric sucrose preload; and 4) a short-lived (< 20 min) effect of sensory-specific satiety was evident. These findings are consistent with what is known about long-term effects of dietary manipulations on 24-h intake. Because daily intake reflects multiple iterations of feeding followed by an intermeal interval, a focused study of the duration of the impact of meals on subsequent ingestion may clarify the relationship between controls of individual meals and 24-h food intake.

scholarly journals In rats fed high-energy diets, taste, rather than fat content, is the key factor increasing food intake: a comparison of a cafeteria and a lipid-supplemented standard diet

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laia Oliva ◽  
Tània Aranda ◽  
Giada Caviola ◽  
Anna Fernández-Bernal ◽  
Marià Alemany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Short Treatment

BackgroundFood selection and ingestion both in humans and rodents, often is a critical factor in determining excess energy intake and its related disorders.MethodsTwo different concepts of high-fat diets were tested for their obesogenic effects in rats; in both cases, lipids constituted about 40% of their energy intake. The main difference with controls fed standard lab chow, was, precisely, the lipid content. Cafeteria diets (K) were self-selected diets devised to be desirable to the rats, mainly because of its diverse mix of tastes, particularly salty and sweet. This diet was compared with another, more classical high-fat (HF) diet, devised not to be as tasty as K, and prepared by supplementing standard chow pellets with fat. We also analysed the influence of sex on the effects of the diets.ResultsK rats grew faster because of a high lipid, sugar and protein intake, especially the males, while females showed lower weight but higher proportion of body lipid. In contrast, the weight of HF groups were not different from controls. Individual nutrient’s intake were analysed, and we found that K rats ingested large amounts of both disaccharides and salt, with scant differences of other nutrients’ proportion between the three groups. The results suggest that the key differential factor of the diet eliciting excess energy intake was the massive presence of sweet and salty tasting food.ConclusionsThe significant presence of sugar and salt appears as a powerful inducer of excess food intake, more effective than a simple (albeit large) increase in the diet’s lipid content. These effects appeared already after a relatively short treatment. The differential effects of sex agree with their different hedonic and obesogenic response to diet.

A premeal snack of raisins decreases mealtime food intake more than grapes in young children

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barkha P. Patel ◽  
Bohdan Luhovyy ◽  
Rebecca Mollard ◽  
James E. Painter ◽  
G. Harvey Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Cumulative Energy ◽  
Meal Time ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Consumption Experiment ◽  
Cumulative Energy Intake ◽  
Cumulative Intake

The effect of a premeal snack of grapes, raisins, or a mix of almonds and raisins, compared with a water control, on food intake (FI) was examined in 8- to 11-year-old normal-weight (15th to 85th percentile) children. Children randomly received 1 of 4 ad libitum (Experiment 1: 13 boys, 13 girls) or fixed-calorie (150 kcal; Experiment 2: 13 boys, 13 girls) treatments, followed by an ad libitum pizza meal 30 min later. Appetite was measured throughout the study, and FI was measured at 30 min. The ad libitum consumption (Experiment 1) of raisins reduced pizza intake (p < 0.037), compared with water (26%), grapes (22%), and the mixed snack (15%). Cumulative energy intake (in kcal: snack + pizza) was lower after water and raisins than after either grapes or the mixed snack (p < 0.031). As a fixed-calorie (150 kcal) snack (Experiment 2), raisins reduced pizza intake, compared with water (∼11%, p = 0.005), and resulted in a cumulative intake similar to water; however, both grapes and the mixed snack resulted in higher cumulative intakes (p < 0.015). Appetite was lower after all caloric ad libitum snacks (p < 0.003) and after fixed amounts of grapes and the mixed snack (p < 0.037), compared with water. In conclusion, consumption of a premeal snack of raisins, but not grapes or a mix of raisins and almonds, reduces meal-time energy intake and does not lead to increased cumulative energy intake in children.

scholarly journals Beneficial Effects of Consuming a Natural Zero Calorie Sweetener Preload Prior to Lunch on Energy Intake: A Double-blind Randomised Crossover Study (FS18-01-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikoleta Stamataki ◽  
Rebecca Elliott ◽  
Shane McKie ◽  
John McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Crossover Study ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Cumulative Energy ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cumulative Energy Intake

Abstract Objectives Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are zero- or low-calorie alternatives to caloric sugars and substituting caloric sweeteners with NNS is expected to reduce energy intake. The aim of this study was to examine appetite and food intake following the consumption of a beverage preload containing a natural zero calorie sweetener or caloric sweeteners (sugars). Methods This was a randomised controlled double-blind crossover study. Healthy participants (n = 20, 9 males, mean body mass index 21.8 kg/m2) completed five separate visits, corresponding to five study beverages: 330 mL of water (control-no calories and no taste) and either 330 mL of water containing 40 g glucose or sucrose (sweet taste and calories), maltodextrin (calories and no sweet taste), or 240 ppm all natural sweetener, stevia (Truvia RA-95-sweet taste and no calories). Subjective appetite ratings and blood glucose was measured at baseline and then study beverages were administered, with appetite ratings and blood glucose again measured at 15, 30 and 60 minutes. At 30 minutes participants were offered an ad libitum lunch and food intake was measured. Results Stevia and glucose preloads were rated to have equal sweetness levels, while water and maltodextrin the lowest levels of sweetness. Only glucose, sucrose and maltodextrin elevated blood glucose. Both calories and sweet taste affected appetite as there was a significant effect on suppressed subjective appetite ratings following the stevia and caloric preloads compared to water at 15 and 30 minutes postprandially. Compared to water preload, food intake was significantly lower after the consumption of each of the sweet or caloric preloads. Analysis of cumulative energy intake (preload and lunch) showed that total energy intake was lower after the stevia preload compared to the water preload with no differences between the water and caloric preloads (Figure 1). Conclusions This study, found a beneficial effect of a stevia beverage consumed prior to a meal on appetite and subsequent energy intake compared to water. This study was registered in clinicaltrial.gov as NCT03711084. Funding Sources This research was supported by a BBSRC Case Studentship. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

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