scholarly journals Zinc metabolism in pregnant and lactating rats and the effect of varying iron: Zn in the diet

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Fairweather-Tait ◽  
A. J. A. Wright ◽  
Christine M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Zinc Metabolism ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
The Third ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Gamma Counter

1. Pregnant rats were given control (46 mg iron/kg, 61 mg zinc/kg), low-Zn (6.9 mg Zn/kg) or low-Zn plus Fe (168 mg Fe/kg) diets from day 1 of pregnancy. The animals were allowed to give birth and parturition times recorded. Exactly 24 h after the end of parturition the pups were killed and analysed for water, fat, protein, Fe and Zn contents and the mothers' haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) were measured.2. There were no differences in weight gain or food intakes throughout pregnancy. Parturition times were similar (mean time 123 (SE 15) min) and there were no differences in the number of pups born. Protein, water and fat contents of the pups were similar but the low-Zn Fe-supplemented group had higher pup Fe than the low-Zn unsupplemented group, and the control group had higher pup Zn than both the low-Zn groups. The low-Zn groups had a greater incidence of haemorrhaged or deformed pups, or both, than the controls.3. Pregnant rats were given diets of adequate Zn level (40 mg/kg) but with varying Fe:Zn (0.8, 1.7, 2.9, 3.7). Zn retention from the diet was measured using 65Zn as an extrinsic label on days 3, 10 and 17 of pregnancy with a whole-body gamma-counter. A group of non-pregnant rats was also included as controls. The 65Zn content of mothers and pups was measured 24–48 h after birth and at 14, 21 and 24 d of age.4. In all groups Zn retention was highest from the first meal, fell in the second meal and then rose in the third meal of the pregnant but not the non-pregnant rats. There were no differences between the groups given diets of varying Fe:Zn level. Approximately 25% of the 65Zn was transferred from the mothers to the pups by the time they were 48 h old, and a further 17% during the first 14 d of lactation. The pup 65Zn content did not significantly increase after the first 20 d of lactation but the maternal 65Zn level continued to fall gradually.

scholarly journals Effect of the oral administration of monosodium glutamate during pregnancy and breast-feeding in the offspring of pregnant Wistar rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius von Diemen ◽  
Manoel Roberto Maciel Trindade
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Dependent Relation ◽  
Dose Dependent

PURPOSE: Determine the effects of the MSG (monosodium glutamate) in the offspring of pregnant rats through the comparison of the weight, NAL (nasal-anal length) and IL (Index of Lee) at birth and with 21 days of life. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats and their offspring were divided into 3 groups: GC, G10 and G20. Each of the groups received 0%, 10% and 20% of MSG, respectively from coupling until the end of the weaning period. RESULTS: Neither weight nor NAL were different among the groups at birth. The group G20 at birth had an IL lower than the group GC (p<0,05) and with 21 days of life presented weight and NAL lower than the groups G10 and this lower than the GC (p<0,01). Otherwise the G20 at 21 days of life had the IL similar to the other two groups. The weight profit percentage from birth to the 21st day of life was lower in the G20 regarding the other two groups (p<0,01). The G20 had a NAL increase percentage from birth to the 21st day of life lower than the G10 and this lower than the GC (p<0,01). CONCLUSIONS: MSG presented a dose-dependent relation in the variables weight and NAL. It caused a decrease in the growth pattern as well as in the weight gain pattern until the 21st day of life. The IL of the group 20% had an increased in relation to the control group after 3 weeks of follow up.

Low zinc intake increases apparent oxidation of linoleic and α-linolenic acids in the pregnant rat

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Cunnane ◽  
J. Yang ◽  
Z.-Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Pregnant Rat ◽  
Linoleic Acid Oxidation ◽  
Long Chain

Dietary zinc deficiency impairs desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid, but nothing is so far known about its effects on net whole-body utilization of linoleic or α-linolenic acids. By measuring intake, whole-body accumulation, and excretion of linoleic and α-linolenic acids, together with accumulation of their long-chain products, we hypothesized that a quantitative estimate could be obtained of their whole-body disappearance (apparent oxidation). This was evaluated in pregnant and nonpregnant rats given a low-zinc diet (3.4 vs. 34 mg zinc/kg diet in zinc-adequate controls). In the nonpregnant controls, low zinc intake did not significantly affect food intake or weight gain but did reduce whole-body accumulation of desaturated and (or) elongated products of linoleic and α-linolenic acids. In pregnant rats, low zinc intake reduced food intake and weight gain and doubled whole-body disappearance of linoleic and α-linolenic acids relative to that in the zinc-adequate controls. In contrast to the maternal fatty acid changes, low zonc intake had no significant effect on linoleic acid accumulation in the fetuses. We conclude that low zinc intake during pregnancy prevents the normal accumulation of long-chain fatty acids and differentially depletes maternal whole-body stores of linoleic and α-linolenic acids.Key words: fetus, linoleic acid, oxidation, pregnancy, zinc.

The effect of giving 11 or 14 feeds of milk substitute per week to early-weaned calves

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. V. Boucque ◽  
F. X. Buysse ◽  
B. G. Cottyn
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Daily Gain

SUMMARYTwo rearing experiments were carried out to study the effect of omitting three feeds per week from an early-weaning system on the performance of 110 male calves. From the third week the calves in the experimental groups received only one feed of milk substitute on Saturdays, at 11.00 hr; on Sundays they received no milk substitute at all; from Monday to Friday they were fed twice daily. The animals in the control groups received milk substitute twice daily during the 7 days of the week, quantity per feed being the same as for the experimental groups.The calves were weaned at 8 weeks in experiment 1 and at 5 weeks in experiment 2.In both experiments the calves in the control group had a significantly higher daily gain than the experimental calves during the third to the fifth weeks. From 6 to 16 weeks arid for the experiment as a whole no significant difference in weight gain or feed intake were observed. The omission of three feeds per week offered considerable advantages in the saving of labour and convenience of management.

Sensorimotor Interventions Improve Growth and Motor Function in Preterm Infants

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Fucile ◽  
Erika Gisel
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Oral Stimulation ◽  
Combined Intervention ◽  
Combined Interventions

Purpose: To assess the effect of an oral (O+O), a tactile/kinesthetic (T/K+T/K), and a combined (O+T/K) intervention on preterm infants’ weight gain and motor function and to determine whether the combined O+T/K intervention has an additive/synergistic effect on outcomes.Design/Sample: Seventy-five preterm infants were randomized into an O+O intervention consisting of oral stimulation, a T/K+T/K intervention involving whole body stimulation, an O+T/K intervention, and a control group. Interventions were administered for 15 minutes, twice a day, for ten days.Outcomes: Weight gain, motor function.Results: The O+O and T/K+T/K groups had greater weight gain during the intervention period than did controls (p ≤.025). The T/K+T/K and O+T/K groups had better motor function than did controls (p ≤.017).Conclusion: Single and combined interventions improved growth and motor function. The combined intervention, because of the shorter duration of each modality, did not lead to additive/synergistic effects, suggesting that the duration of the sensorimotor input is as important as its target in achieving defined outcomes.

scholarly journals Short-Term Nutrition Education Reduces Low Birthweight and Improves Pregnancy Outcomes among Urban Poor Women in Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khurshid Jahan ◽  
S. K. Roy ◽  
Seema Mihrshahi ◽  
Nigar Sultana ◽  
Soofia Khatoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maternal Weight Gain ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Third

Background Maternal malnutrition and poor gestational weight gain are the most important causes of low birthweight and infant mortality in Bangladesh. Objective To assess the effect of short-term nutrition education on weight gain in the third trimester of pregnancy, birth outcomes, and breastfeeding. Methods Three hundred pregnant women participated in this randomized, controlled trial during a 3-month intervention period. The study was conducted in two antenatal clinics in urban Dhaka. One group of women was given monthly education sessions during the third trimester of pregnancy to promote consumption of khichuri, while the control group received only routine services from the health facilities. Birthweight was recorded within 24 hours after delivery. Breastfeeding practices were observed for 1 month after delivery. Results In the intervention group, maternal weight gain in the third trimester was 60% higher (8.60 vs. 5.38 kg, p = .011), mean birthweight was 20% higher (2.98 vs. 2.49 kg, p < .001), the rate of low birth-weight was 94% lower (2.7% vs. 44.7%, p < .001), and the rate of initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hour after birth was 52% higher (86.0% vs. 56.7%, p < .001), in comparison with the control group. Birthweight was associated with frequency of intake of khichuri ( p < 0.001). Conclusions Nutrition education with a focus on promoting consumption of khichuri during the third trimester of pregnancy significantly reduced the rate of low birthweight and increased maternal weight gain.

Development of calf starters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
В. Афанасьев ◽  
А. Остриков ◽  
В. Василенко ◽  
Л. Фролова ◽  
К. Сизиков
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fourth Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dry Milk

Исследования проводились в 2019 году. При изучении питания телят была проведена оценка питательности каждого из компонентов кормовой смеси, обеспечивающих значительный прирост живой массы. С помощью программы оптимизации ЭкоКорм были разработаны стартерные комбикорма, имеющие высокий индекс незаменимых аминокислот (индекс НАК), свидетельствующий о биологической полноценности белка. Для определения эффективности использования экструдированного зернобобового сырья в составе стартерных комбикормов были проведены исследования на телятах в возрасте от 10 до 75 дней. Контрольная партия комбикорма содержала измельчённые ячмень и овёс без плёнок, а также горох. Во второй, третьей, и четвёртой опытных партиях зерновая часть была представлена неизмельчёнными хлопьями шелушёного овса, ячменя и гороха. В партиях комбикормов для контрольной, I и II опытных групп телят содержание сухого молока составило 18,0, сахара 4,0. Комбикорм для III опытной группы вырабатывали без сахара и с пониженным содержанием сухого молока, для IV опытной группы без сахара и сухого молока, но с повышенным содержанием экструдированного гороха и изменённым содержанием остальных зерновых компонентов и соевого шрота. Была показана эффективность как частичной, так и полной замены сахара и сухого молока в стартерных комбикормах на экструдированный горох, ячмень и соевый шрот. Суточный прирост живой массы у телят III и IV опытных групп в целом за период опыта составил 814,5 и 859,7 г, что на 9,315,4 выше, чем в контроле. The research was conducted in 2019. Nutritional value of each component of forage mixtures was evaluated to increase calf body weight gain significantly. Optimization software EkoKorm developed calf starters having high essential amino acid index (EAA index) that indicated protein quality. The experiment tested the effect of extruded grain-legume mass in starters on 1075-days-old calves. The control starters contained huskless ground barley and oats as well as pea. Grain fraction of the second, third and fourth test starters included flakes of hulled oats, barley and pea. Control, first and second groups consumed 18,0 of milk powder and 4,0 of sugar in their diet. Feed for the third group had no sugar and low content of milk powder while fourth group diet included no sugar and dry milk but high content of extruded pea and altered amount of other grain components and soybean meal. Both partial and complete substitutions of sugar and dry milk by extruded pea, barley and soybean meal affected positively calf growth. Daily weight gain of the third and fourth group amounted to 814.5 and 859.7 g, exceeding the control group by 9.315.4.

Estimation of dietary copper requirements of juvenile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus5O. aureus

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.Y. Shiau ◽  
Y.C. Ning
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Blood Haemoglobin ◽  
Ceruloplasmin Activity

AbstractAn 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary copper (Cu) requirement of juvenile hybrid tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus5O. aureus. Purified diets with eight levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 or 20 mg Cu per kg diet) of supplemental Cu were given to tilapia (mean initial weight 0·79±0·03 g). Each diet was given to three replicate groups of fish. The rearing water contained 0·98 µg Cu per l. Weight gain was highest in fish given diets supplemented with 2 mg Cu per kg diet, followed by the group given 1 mg Cu per kg diet, then the unsupplemented control group, and was lowest in the 20 mg Cu per kg diet group. The differences between each of these four groups were significant (P< 0·05). Food efficiency (FE) of fish showed a similar trend to that of weight gain. Blood haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) concentrations were lowest in fish given ≥ 12 mg Cu per kg diet, followed by fish given the unsupplemented control diet and highest in fish given 2 mg Cu per kg diet (Hb) and 2 and 3 mg Cu per kg diet (Hct). Plasma ceruloplasmin activity was higher in fish given 1 and 2 mg Cu per kg diet, followed by 3 to 12 mg Cu per kg diet and the control group, and lowest in fish given 20 mg Cu per kg diet. The body Cu content in fish generally increased as the dietary Cu supplementation level increased. Analysis by broken-line regression of weight gain percent and by linear regression of the whole-body Cu retention of fish indicated that the adequate dietary Cu concentration in growing tilapia is about 4 mg Cu per kg diet.

scholarly journals Estimation of protein requirements in Indian pregnant women using a whole-body potassium counter

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 1064-1070
Author(s):  
Rebecca Kuriyan ◽  
Saba Naqvi ◽  
Kishor G Bhat ◽  
Tinku Thomas ◽  
Annamma Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Income Country ◽  
World Health ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
The Third ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
Additional Protein

ABSTRACT Background The 2007 World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization/United Nations University (WHO/FAO/UNU) recommendation for the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of additional protein during pregnancy for a gestational weight gain (GWG) of 12 kg (recalculated from a GWG of 13.8 kg) is 6.7 and 21.7 g/d in the second and the third trimester, respectively. This EAR is based on measurements of potassium accretion in high-income country (HIC) pregnant women. It is not known if low- to middle-income country, but well-nourished, pregnant women have comparable requirements. Objective We aimed to estimate total body potassium (TBK) accretion during pregnancy in Indian pregnant women, using a whole-body potassium counter (WBKC), to measure their additional protein EAR. Methods Well-nourished pregnant women (20–40 y, n = 38, middle socioeconomic stratum) were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy. Anthropometric, dietary, and physical activity measurements, and measurements of TBK using a WBKC, were performed at each trimester and at birth. Results The mid-trimester weight gain was 2.7 kg and 8.0 kg in the second and the third trimester, respectively, for an average 37-wk GWG of 10.7 kg and a mean birth weight of 3.0 kg. Protein accretion was 2.7 and 5.7 g/d, for an EAR of 8.2 and 18.9 g/d in the second and the third trimester, respectively. The additional protein EAR, calculated for a GWG of 12 kg, was 9.1 and 21.2 g/d in the second and the third trimester, respectively. Conclusion The additional protein requirements of well-nourished Indian pregnant women for a GWG of 12 kg in the second and third trimesters were similar to the recalculated 2007 WHO/FAO/UNU requirements for 12 kg.

Aerosol infection of calves with Histophilus somni

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Jánosi ◽  
László Stipkovits ◽  
Róbert Glávits ◽  
Tamás Molnár ◽  
László Makrai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The Third ◽  
Repeated Infection ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Aerosol Infection ◽  
And Control ◽  
Natural Way

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an aerosol infection method withHistophilus somnithat closely resembles the natural way of infection of calves. Another aim was to compare the virulence of twoH. somnistrains by collecting clinical and postmortem data of experimentally infected and control animals. Seventeen conventionally reared 3-month-old calves were divided into three groups. Two groups of six animals each were exposed to suspensions containingH. somnion three consecutive days using a vaporiser mask. The third group of five animals was used as control. The data of individual clinical examination were recorded daily. All animals were exterminated, and gross pathology of all lungs was evaluated on the 15th day after the first infection. BothH. somnistrains caused an increase of rectal temperature, respiratory signs, decrease of weight gain, and severe catarrhal bronchopneumonia in both infected groups. Although some chronic lesions were detected in the lungs of the control animals as well, the histopathological findings in the infected and control groups were different.H. somniwas recultured from all lungs in the challenged groups but it could not be reisolated or detected by PCR examination in the control group. This is the first paper on aerosol challenge of calves withH. somniusing repeated infection and verified by detailed pathological, bacteriological and histopathological examination. The infection method proved to be successful. There was no difference in the virulence of the twoH. somnistrains used in the trial.

scholarly journals Evaluation of embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity of Clindamycin phosphate under normal and elevated levels of serum Hydrogen sulfide in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
I.V. Taran ◽  
D.I. Grebeniuk ◽  
N.I. Voloshchuk ◽  
M.S. Lozinska ◽  
O.A. Nazarchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Mental Development ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clindamycin Phosphate ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sulfide Group

Widespread use of antibiotics in clinical practice leads to the development of antibiotic resistance and encourages the search for new ways of modulation of their therapeutic effect. One of the potentially successful modulators may be Hydrogen sulfide, but the mechanisms of its action require careful studies, including toxicological. The aim of the study was to study the effect of Hydrogen sulfide levels on the embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity of oral and intravaginal Clindamycin phosphate administration. The experimental study was performed on 60 pregnant female rats, which were divided into 6 experimental groups: group 1 – control group; group 2 – high level of serum Hydrogen sulfide; group 3 – Clindamycin phosphate intravaginally; group 4 – Clindamycin phosphate intravaginally with high level of serum Hydrogen sulfide; group 5 – Clindamycin phosphate orally; group 6 – Clindamycin phosphate orally with high level of serum Hydrogen sulfide. We studied the dynamics of weight gain in pregnant rats, the number of corpora lutea, the number of implantation sites in the uterus, the number of live and dead fetuses, preimplantation and postimplantation mortality, as well as the dynamics of body weight gain and mental development of offspring. Artificially increasing the serum level of Hydrogen sulfide in pregnant rats led to an increase in maternal weight gain, an increase in the weight and cranio-caudal size of embryos, as well as a decrease in the number of resorbed fetuses and postimplantation mortality. The insignificant toxic effect of high doses of oral Clindamycin phosphate was leveled in the group with elevated indices of serum Hydrogen sulfide. Rats born to females with elevated levels of serum Hydrogen sulfide showed faster rates of weight gain and normal mental development according to the “open field” test.

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