scholarly journals Effect of selenium deficiency on hydroperoxide-stimulated release of glutathione from isolated perfused liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Bell ◽  
J. W. Adron ◽  
C. B. Cowey
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Perfused Liver ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Glutathione Disulphide

1. Duplicate groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were each given partially purified diets which were either adequate or depleted in selenium for 40 weeks.2. Although there was no significant difference in weight gain, liver Se concentration was significantly lower in fish given the deficient diet.3. Glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (EC 1. 11. 1. 9) activity was significantly reduced in liver of Se-deficient fish but a differential assay did not indicate the presence of a non-Se-dependent GSH peroxidase activity, although liver GSH S-transferase (EC 2. 5. 1. 18) was significantly increased.4. Perfusion of livers from trout given Se-adequate diets with t-butyl hydroperoxide (BuOOH) or hydrogen peroxide caused an increase in the rate of release of glutathione disulphide (GSSG) into the perfusate.5. Perfusion of livers from Se-deficient trout with BuOOH or H2O2 did not result in any change in rate of release of GSSG into the perfusate.6. These findings confirm the absence of any compensatory non-Se-dependent peroxidase activity in Se-depleted trout.

scholarly journals Some effects of vitamin E and selenium deprivation on tissue enzyme levels and indices of tissue peroxidation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Bell ◽  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
J. W. Adron ◽  
Aileen M. Shanks
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Cumene Hydroperoxide ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Exudative Diathesis ◽  
Malondialdehyde Formation

1. Duplicate groups of rainbow trout (Salrno gairdnert) (mean weight 11 g) were given for 40 weeks one of four partially purified diets that were either adequate or low in selenium or vitamin E or both.2. Weight gains of trout given the dually deficient diet were significantly lower than those of trout given a complete diet or a diet deficient in Se. No mortalities occurred and the only pathology seen was exudative diathesis in the dually deficient trout.3. There was significant interaction between the two nutrients both with respect to packed cell volume and to malondialdehyde formation in the in vitro NADPH-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation system.4. Tissue levels of vitamin E and Se decreased to very low levels in trout given diets lacking these nutrients. For plasma there was a significant effect of dietary vitamin E on Se concentration.5. Glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (EC 1. 1 1. 1.9) activity in liver and plasma was significantly lower in trout receiving low dietary Se but was independent of vitamin E intake. The ratios of hepatic GSH peroxidase activity measured with cumene hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide were the same for all treatments. This confirms the absence of a Se-independent GSH peroxidase activity in trout liver.6. Se deficiency did not lead to any compensatory increase in hepatic GSH transferase (EC 2. 5. 1. 18) activity; values were essentially the same in all treatments.7. Plasma pyruvate kinase (EC 2. 7. 1.40) activity increased significantly in the trout deficient in both nutrients. This was thought to be due to leakage of the enzyme from the muscle and may be indicative of incipient (subclinical) muscle damage.

scholarly journals Some effects of selenium deficiency on glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity and tissue pathology in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Bell ◽  
B. J. S. Pirie ◽  
J. W. Adron ◽  
C. B. Cowey
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Selenium Content ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase Activity

1. Two duplicate groups of rainbow trout (Sulmo gairdneri; mean weight 27 g) were given diets of differing selenium content (deficient 0, 025 mg Se/kg; supplemented 1.022 mg Se/kg) for 30 weeks.2. There were no significant differences between treatments in weight gain but packed cell volume, liver vitamin E and liver and plasma Se concentrations were all significantly lower in the Se-deficient trout.3. Ataxia occurred in about 10% of the Se-deficient trout and histopathologies were evident in nerve cord (damage to axon sheath) and liver (loss of integrity in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with appearance of increased vesiculation).4. Glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity was significantly reduced in liver and plasma of Se-deficient fish but there was no indication, from differential assay, of any non-Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity. Glutathione transferase (EC 2.5. I.18) activity was significantly increased in Se-deficient trout.

Temperature Selection of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fingerlings in Vertical and Horizontal Gradients

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1801-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McCauley ◽  
W. L. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Temperature Preference ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Horizontal Gradients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Horizontal Temperature Gradients ◽  
Selection Of

Preferred temperatures of underyearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were determined in both vertical and horizontal temperature gradients. No statistically significant difference was found between the preferred temperatures by the two different methods. This suggests that the nature of the gradient plays a lesser role than generally believed in laboratory investigations of temperature preference.

Sublethal Effects of Environmental Acidification on Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Neville
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Anaerobic Respiration ◽  
Acid Group ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Caudal Vein ◽  
Erythrocyte Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity

Dorsal aorta blood samples were taken from cannulated rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to pH 4.0 (acid group) or pH 7.0 (controls) in normocapnic conditions at 10 °C. Over a 5-d period there was a significant gradual decrease in pH and total CO2 in the acid group but no significant difference in pO2 and lactate compared to the controls. After uncannulated rainbow trout were exposed to the same conditions for 12 d there were significant increases in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte levels in caudal vein samples from the acid group. The results show that rainbow trout exposed to acid without hypercapnia develop acidaemia which is not a result of anaerobic respiration. The increase in erythrocyte concentration probably offsets the effects of acidaemia upon blood oxygen carrying capacity. Differences in ambient pCO2 and/or species differences could account for varying acid-base values in acid exposed fish reported by different workers. Key words: environmental acidification, acidaemia, lactate, pH, total carbonate, fish

Swimming Performance and Behavior of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and White Perch (Morone americana): Effects of Attaching Telemetry Transmitters

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest J. Mellas ◽  
James M. Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Perch ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Morone Americana ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dominant Fish ◽  
And Behavior

Implicit in biotelemetry studies is the assumption that transmitter attachment does not affect fish behavior or performance. We conducted experiments to determine effects of external, surgical, and stomach tag attachments on the swimming performance and behavior of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and white perch (Morone americana). Only one rainbow trout changed dominance rank after dummy tag attachment. Subordinate fish had significantly lower weights than subdominant and dominant fish, but there were no significant differences in exhaustion times. Externally tagged trout had significantly lower exhaustion times than other tagged groups and controls. There was no significant difference in exhaustion times among tagged white perch and controls. Externally and surgically tagged perch contracted serious fungal infections during a 45-d survival study; however, few disease and no survival problems among tagged and untagged rainbow trout were noted up to 21 d. With all factors taken into account, it appears that stomach tagging is the best method of transmitter attachment, except when regurgitation and/or stomach atrophy are likely to be encountered.

Biochemical, Physiological, and Pathological Changes in Pyridoxine-Deficient Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1893-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlie E. Smith ◽  
Myron Brin ◽  
John E. Halver
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Normochromic Anemia ◽  
Kidney Liver

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed a pyridoxine-deficient diet developed clinical signs of the deficiency after 8 wk of feeding. Erythrocyte and muscle glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) concentrations were significantly depressed in deficient fish, while liver GPT was significantly elevated. Liver GPT was also elevated in starved trout suggesting the increase in enzyme concentrations was secondary to the deficiency. A normocyte, normochromic anemia, which responded favorably to pyridoxine, developed in pyridoxine-deficient trout. Microscopic lesions were found in gastrointestinal tract, kidney, liver, pancreas, and thymus of deficient fish.

Olfactory Bulbar Electrical Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Exposed to Morpholine During Smoltification

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1186-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki J. Hara ◽  
S. B. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Electrical Response ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Induced Responses ◽  
Salmonid Fishes ◽  
Key Words Olfaction ◽  
Sulfhydryl Reagent ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Olfactory Organs

Exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to 5.7 × 10−10 M (5 × 10−5 mg/L) morpholine during smoking period did not influence the subsequent neural response to this substance, when tested immediately and 12 mo after smoking. No significant difference in the morpholine-induced responses was obtained between the exposed and unexposed fish. Using N-ethylmaleimide, a sulfhydryl reagent, it was further confirmed that the morpholine-effect is caused by a mechanism not directly associated with the normal olfactory function. Perfusion of the olfactory organs with 1.0 × 10−1 and 1.1 × 10−1 M (1%) morpholine for 10 min irreversibly inhibited the olfactory responsiveness to odorants. Sensitization of the olfactory bulbar electrical response is discussed in connection with homing of morpholine-imprinted salmonid fishes. Key words: olfaction, olfactory bulbar response, rainbow trout, salmon, imprinting, morpholine, homing, migration

Effects of Diet, Ambient Temperature, and Holding Conditions on Plasma Thyroxine Levels in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Leatherland ◽  
C. Y. Cho ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Light Phase ◽  
Cell Height ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Soybean Diet ◽  
Significant Diurnal Variation

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated to 19 °C and fed a pelleted diet of either 6% soybean oil or 6% tallow fat had similar plasma thyroxine levels (0.62 ± 0.10 and 0.69 ± 0.08 μg/100 ml, respectively), although fish acclimated to 7 °C and fed the soybean diet gave significantly (P < 0.05) higher plasma thyroxine concentration (1.32 ± 0.13 μg/100 ml) than the group fed the tallow fat diet (0.95 ± 0.12 μg/100 ml). The plasma thyroxine concentration in the fish fed the soybean oil diet was significantly (P < 0.01) higher at 7 °C than at 19 °C. There was no significant difference between the two groups of fish given the tallow fat diet. Epithelial cell heights were largest in groups with the highest plasma thyroxine levels. Epithelial cell height in the two groups at 19 °C were similar, but in both groups of fish at 7 °C, the cell height was significantly greater than in either of the groups at 19 °C (P < 0.01 for comparisons of the 19 °C tallow fat diet with both groups of 7 °C acclimated fish and comparison of the two groups on the soybean oil diet; P < 0.05 for comparisons of the 19 °C, soybean oil diet with the group held at 7 °C and given the tallow fat diet). Fish deprived of food for 40 days had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower plasma thyroxine concentration when compared with fish that had been fed daily. There was no significant diurnal variation in plasma thyroxine over the light phase of a 12 h light: 12 h dark photoperiod, nor did the limitation of light entering the aquaria significantly affect plasma thyroxine values. Key words: endocrine, thyroid, Salmo gairdneri, diet, environmental temperature

A Study of in vivo Glycine Absorption by Fed and Fasted Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1981 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. BOGÉ ◽  
A. RIGAL ◽  
G. PÉRES
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mucosal Tissue ◽  
Perfusion Technique

The effects of 4 and 8 weeks fasting at 16 °C were studied in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. After 4 and 8 weeks, the wet weights of the intestine of fasted animals are respectively 64% and 69% lower than those of fed animals. These effects especially concern the mucosal tissue. Glycine absorption (0.5 and 10 mm) was studied using an in vivo perfusion technique. After 4 weeks, the absolute amounts of 0.5 mm glycine absorbed by fasted and fed fish are similar. With 10 mm glycine, the absorption is slightly lower in fasted trout (−19%). After 8 weeks these differences are more marked, with glycine concentrations of 10 mm (−42%). Results expressed per 100 g body weight showed that these differences result partly from a weight gain of fed trout. Absorption expressed in terms of weight of dry intestine is higher in 4 and 8 weeks fasted animals, principally for the lower amino acid concentration (+61% and +111%). Larger differences were apparent when the absorptions were expressed in terms of dry weight of mucosal tissue (+122% and +225%).

scholarly journals Studies on the nutrition of salmonid fish. The magnesium requirement of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Knox ◽  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
J. W. Adron
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Muscle Water ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Dry Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatments

1. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of mean initial weight 35 g were given one of five experimental diets for 20 weeks. The diets contained (g/kg dry diet) 15 calcium, 10 phosphorus and graded levels of magnesium from 0.04 (diet no. 1) to 1.0 (diet no. 5). In a second experiment rainbow trout of mean initial weight 16 g were given one of six experimental diets for 20 weeks. The diets contained (g/kg dry diet): Ca (40), P (30) and levels of Mg from 0.06 (diet no. 6) to 2.0 (diet no. 11).2. In both experiments weight gains were lowest in those trout given diets containing the basal levels of Mg (diet no. 1 and diet no. 6) but increased with increasing dietary Mg concentration. In neither experiment was there any further increase in weight gain once the Mg concentration reached 0.25–0.5 g/kg dry diet; weight gain reached a plateau at this dietary Mg level.3. The following trends occurred in serum electrolyte concentrations as dietary Mg increased. Mg increased in both experiments, in Expt 2 it reached a maximum of 1 mmol/l when the diet containted 0.5 g Mg/kg and did not increase further; sodium was positively correlated in both experiments; potassium decreased and in Expt 2 reached a plateau minimum of 1.7 mmol/l at a dietary Mg concentration of 0.5 g/kg; Ca and P altered little in either experiment.4. In both experiments renal Ca concentrations were greatly increased in trout given diets lacking supplementary Mg; they fell to low levels (3–5 mmol/kg) when diets conained 0.15 g Mg/kg or more. Renal K and P concentrations were negatively correlated with dietary Mg in Expt 2; other electrolytes measured were not altered in concentration by the treatments used.5. Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) of muscle was negatively correlated with dietary Mg. In Expt 2 it reached a minimal or normal value at 0.5 g Mg/kg diet and did not decease further. Muscle Mg concentration increased with diet Mg in both experiments and muscle K concentration was also correlated with diet Mg in Expt 2. These changes were related to the shift in muscle water. In Expt 1, P concentration was decreased with increasing diet Mg but in Expt 2 its concentration increased, these changes may have been connected with the three-fold difference in dietary P in the two experiments.6. By contrast with skeletal muscle, Mg levels in cardiac muscle increased at low dietary Mg intakes.7. Concentrations of electrolytes in liver did not alter with dietary treatments used.8. The results show that Mg requirement of rainbow trout is met by a diet containing 0.5 g Mg/kg diet.

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