scholarly journals Diet selection in sheep: the ability of growing lambs to select a diet that meets their crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) requirements

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
J. D. Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Se 33 ◽  
Selection Of

To test the proposition that sheep are able to select a diet that meets their crude protein (N × 6.25; CP) requirements, feeds L, A, B, C and H with the same energy content (11 MJ metabolizable energy/kg feed) but different CP contents (78, 109, 141, 172 and 235 g CP/kg fresh feed respectively) were formulated. In addition, feed U, which was feed L plus 21.4 g urea/kg (CP content 132 g/kg), was also made. The feeds were offered ad lib. either singly (n 4 per treatment) or as a choice between feed H and another feed (pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH; n 9 per feed pair) to individually penned Suffolk × Scottish mule wether lambs, over the live-weight range 25–45 kg. On the single feeds the rates of live-weight gain were 273, 326, 412, 418, 396 and 407 g/day (SE of difference (SED) 34; P < 0.01) and protein (excluding wool) gain were 27, 32, 44, 45, 41 and 39 g/d (SED 4; P < 0.001) for feeds L, A, B, C, H and U respectively. When sheep were given a choice between a feed below (L or A) and a feed above their CP requirements (H; as judged by the single-feeding treatments) the CP concentration selected was not different between the two pairs: 131 (SE 4) v. 133 (SE 4) g CP/kg feed for pairs LH and AH respectively. On the choices BH and CH (a choice between two feeds above requirements) the feed lower in CP was constantly preferred (874 (SE 33) and 910 (SE 33) g feed B and C respectively per kg total feed intake; CP selected was 157 and 178 g CP/kg respectively). However, this was not the case with the UH choice on which sheep consumed only 599 (SE 61) g feed U/kg total feed intake, resulting in a selection of a higher CP in their diet (173 g CP/kg). The live-weight gains of the animals given a choice between two feeds were 416, 387, 415, 410 and 383 g/d (SED 37) and protein gains were 45, 40, 46, 50 and 43 (SE 7) for pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH respectively, which were comparable with the best performance achieved on a single feed. The results suggest that sheep were able to select a diet that meets their CP requirements and avoid, at least to a certain extent, excess of protein intake. It is also possible that sheep discriminate against a property of feed U, such as an excess of urea, when this feed is paired with a feed high in CP.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF NITROGEN ON THE UTILIZATION OF SORGHUM STOVER BY YANKASA RAMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
F. OLALERU ◽  
T. A. ADEGBOLA
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Designed Experiment ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

The effects of cotton seed cake (CSC) or urea in supplying either 12% or 16% crude protein on sorghum stover utilization by Yankasa rams was studied for twelve weeks, using a 2 x 2 factorially designed experiment. Nutrient intake, digestibility, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored. In vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH,-N) concentrations were also determined. The result of the study indicated that the source and/or level of nitrogen (or crude protein) significantly (P<0.05) affected crude protein intake (CPI), digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) and in vitro NH,-N concentration. Total feed intake, live weight gain (LWG), FCR and DCPI were significantly (P<0.05) affected by source x level interaction. Acid detergent fibre (A DF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes, CP, ADF and NDF digestibilities, digestible ADF and NDF intakes, stover intake and in vitro VFA concentration were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by either main effects of CP source and level or their interaction. The rams on the 16% CSC and 12% urea ration gained more weight and had lower FCR than those on the 12% CSC and 16% urea. The 16% CSC ration gave the best result in terms of sorghum stover supplementation. The 12% urea treatment which also had a good result in terms of weight gain and FCR could also be recommended for use.

Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACT1. Eight diets of similar energy content, ranging in crude protein concentration from 95 to 256 g/kg, were given at either 2·5 or 3·2 times the energy level for maintenance to entire male pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg live weight.2. Growth rate improved with increase in feeding level and with increasing dietary crude protein up to 164 g/kg (P < 0·05). The food conversion ratio improved with each increase in dietary CP up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05). It was also improved with increase in level of feeding of the lower-protein diets but deteriorated with increase in level of intake of the higher-protein diets (P < 005).3. Rate of protein deposition improved with increasing dietary crude protein up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 005). The results showed that, for pigs given diets deficient in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake (P < 0·001) but independent of energy intake. For pigs given a diet adequate in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake and independent of crude protein intake.4. Body fat content at 90 kg decreased with increasing dietary crude protein up to 210 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05), and was increased by raising the level of intake of the higher-crude protein diets (P < 0·05). However, the influence of feeding level on body fat diminished as dietary crude protein was reduced.

The effects of dietary energy content and level of feeding on the growth of Israeli-Friesian intact male cattle

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
H. Neumark ◽  
S. Amir
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Daily Gain

SUMMARYIn an experiment with group-fed cattle from 6 months of age to slaughter at 480 kg live weight two levels of feed intake: 1, ad libitum, 2, 85% of ad libitum amount, were combined with two ratios of concentrate to hay: a, 70: 30; b, 30: 70. In two further treatments, 3a and 3b, the cattle were fed diets a or b at 70% of ad libitum from 6 to 10 months and ad libitum thereafter.Daily gain during the first 124 days of the experiment was (in grams) 1293, 983, 1097, 846, 992 and 756, and from the 125th day to slaughter 735, 600, 796, 579, 830 and 714, for treatments la, lb, 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b, respectively. The decline in rate of gain from the first period to the second was inversely related to the level of feed intake and to the percentage of concentrates in the ration in the first period.Daily carcass gain was 582, 393, 532, 350, 531 and 368 g for treatments la, lb, 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b, respectively.The treatments that were switched over from 70% of ad libitum feed intake in the first period to 100% in the second (3a and 3b), exhibited considerable compensatory growth in the second period, but this was not sufficient to be of economic advantage.The overall ME requirement per kg of live-weight gain was inversely related to rate of gain. Of the six treatments, 2a (85% of ad libitum, 70% concentrate) was the most efficient (19·8 Mcal/kg live-weight gain).Animals on the 100% level of feed intake throughout the experiment (treatments la, lb) were significantly fatter than those on the other treatments.

A study of protein requirements of housed Scottish Blackface ewes during late pregnancy

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYIn-lamb ewes were given 38, 58 and 82 g of digestible crude protein daily at a constant energy intake of 1600 kcal ME per head daily during the last 6 weeks of gestation. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain of the ewes, lamb birth weight or ewe net body-weight change (the difference between live-weight gain over the experimental period and live-weight loss at lambing).Digestibility coefficients for the diet components and nitrogen balances were determined on three ewes per treatment during weeks 15-16 and 19·20 of gestation. No differences in the apparent digestibility of the diet components were observed between the two periods. The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased significantly (P > 0·001) with increase in crude protein intake. A significant linear relationship (P<0·01) was found between digestible crude protein intake and nitrogen retention; daily N retention increased by 0·19 g per kg W0·73 for every 1 g per kg W0·73 of apparent digested nitrogen intake per day.

Growth performance and body composition of early weaned wether lambs treated with trenbolone acetate combined with oestradiol–17β

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Sulieman ◽  
H. Galbraith ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Gut Fill

ABSTRACTTwenty-eight Border Leicester ♂ × Scottish Blackface ♀ wether lambs aged 47 days and weighing 17 kg on average were allocated to be sham-implanted controls (group C) or implanted with trenbolone acetate (TBA) combined with oestradiol-17β (OE) as follows: 17·5 mg TBA + 2·5 mg OE (group TO1); 35 mg TBA + 5 mg OE (TO2); 52·5 mg TBA + 7·5 mg OE (TO3). The lambs were offered ad libitum a diet containing (per kg dry matter) an estimated 12·5 MJ metabolizable energy and 0·16 kg crude protein. They were slaughtered 60 days following implantation.On average hormonal treatment resulted in significant increases in (a) live-weight gain, food intake and gut fill, (b) proportions of perinephric and retroperitoneal fat in empty body, (c) carcass lean proportion, and (d) proportion of lean in shoulder and rib joints. Variable changes in the weights of m. semitendinosus, m. gastrocnemius and m. supraspinatus were recorded.Hormonal treatment, on average resulted in significant reductions in (a) killing-out proportion, (b) proportions of total fat and subcutaneous fat in carcass and (c) proportions of fat in the shoulder, rib and hind leg joints. Treated lambs had smaller thymus glands but larger accessory vesicular glands. Penile tissue was also increased in treated lambs. The proportional differences in live-weight gain and carcass fat content were 0·15 and 0·12 respectively.Differences in dose level had little effect on growth and carcass characteristics.

scholarly journals The immediate effects of abrupt diet composition changes in young pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G. C. Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Composition Changes ◽  
Rate Of Response

Forty pigs (twenty males and twenty females) were weaned at 4 weeks of age into individual cages, and their weights and feed intakes measured daily. From weaning to 16 kg live weight they were given free access to a feed with either 134 (L) or 278 (H) g crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25)/kg fresh weight. During this period pigs on feed L grew at a slower rate and converted feed less efficiently than pigs on feed H. At 16 kg live weight they were introduced to a 6 d period of feeding when, on succesive days, they were given feeds L, H, L, H, L and H (if previously fed on L) or feeds H, L, H, L, H and L (if previously fed on H). For pigs previously given access to feed L the live-weight gain was 1061 v. 575 g/d on the days when H or L was given; the feed intake was 1078 v. 1027 g/d respectively. For pigs previously given access to feed H, the live-weight gain was 655 v. 610 g/d and the feed intake 844 v. 1071 g/d on the days when H or L were given. The interactions between the feed given previously and the feed given for the 3 d of the subsequent 6 d period were highly significant for both live-weight and feed intake. These rapid changes in feed intake and growth rate suggest that the metabolism of young pigs is extremely flexible, with a rapid rate of response to a change in the protein content of their feed.

scholarly journals Intake, gain and carcass traits of Hereford and Charolais bulls offered diets based on triticale, barley and grass silages

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arto Kalevi Huuskonen ◽  
Seija Jaakkola ◽  
Katariina Manni
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Barley Silage

Total mixed rations (TMR) based on grass silage (GS), triticale silage (TS), mixture of GS and TS, barley silage (BS) and mixture of GS and BS were fed to fifty Hereford (HF) and fifty Charolais (CH) bulls. The proportion (g kg-1 dry matter [DM]) of the silages in the TMRs were as follows: (1) GS (600); (2) TS (600); (3) GS (300) and TS (300); (4) BS (600); (5) GS (300) and BS (300). Concentrate proportion was 400 g kg-1 DM. According to feed analyses, the GS had 15 and 8% higher metabolizable energy (ME) concentration as well as 51 and 49% higher crude protein (CP) concentration compared to TS and BS, respectively. Average DM intake (DMI) on TS and BS containing diets was higher compared to GS as a sole forage (p=0.001). Compared to the TS based rations the use of BS rations increased daily DMI by 5% (p<0.05). In CH bulls, DMI decreased 0.8 kg d-1when GS partially replaced TS or BS while in HF bulls the use of silage mixtures slightly increased DMI (0.23 kg d-1). The live weight gain (LWG) and carcass gain of the CH bulls were 5 and 26% higher, respectively, compared to the HF bulls. Inclusion of GS in the diet increased LWG and carcass gain with TS but decreased them with BS (interaction p<0.01). The experiment demonstrated lower feeding value of TS compared to BS in the diet of the bulls. Whole crop silage based rations increased DMI compared to GS as a sole forage in the TMR. When GS partially replaced TS or BS, interactions in LWG and carcass gain results demonstrated higher feeding value for BS and lower for TS compared to GS. Feeding treatments had only minor effects on carcass traits of the bulls.

The nutrition of the early weaned lamb. IV. Effects on growth rate, food utilization and body composition of changing from a low to a high protein diet

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
K. Pennie
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Feed Conversion

SummaryAbout sixty male lambs were fed ad libitum from 6 weeks of age on low- or highprotein diets based on barley or barley and fishmeal and containing respectively 120 and 200 g crude protein/kg dry matter. Some lambs were changed from one diet to the other when they reached 28 kg live weight. All were slaughtered as they attained a predetermined series of live weights ranging from 20 to 75 kg.Throughout the experiment, rates of live-weight gain were substantially higher with the high-protein (HP) than with the low-protein (LP) diet, but were highest after a change from low to high protein (LHP). The feed consumption of the LHP lambs did not exceed that of the HP lambs, but the former showed a substantial superiority in feed conversion ratio at the same live weight.At similar empty body weights, the LP lambs contained more fat and less water in the empty body than the HP lambs. Although the percentage differences decreased at higher weights, differences were still apparent at 70 kg live weight.The LHP lambs showed dramatic and rapid changes in body composition, particularly in water and fat content. By 40 kg live weight, their composition approached that of the HP lambs.The ratio of water to protein was consistently lower for the LP lambs. The ratio of protein to ash also differed between LP and HP lambs. It was initially highest for the HP lambs, at about 40 kg live weight it was the same, and at 70 kg live weight it was highest for the LP lambs.The ash content of the LHP lambs remained virtually constant during the period of rapid growth and rapid deposition of water, protein and fat which took place immediately after the change of diet, and only showed compensatory increases after 35 kg live weight. This finding was supported by the pattern of changes in weight and specific gravity of the femur and tibia + fibula.Use was made of separate relationships between live weight and body composition for the LP, HP and LHP lambs to estimate rates of accretion of crude protein, fat and water in the empty body. There was a particularly striking increase in the rate of accretion of water immediately following the change of diet. There was an increase in the water content of empty-body gain and a reduction in the ratio of gain in fat to gain in protein.Derived estimates of the ratio of metabolizable energy intake above maintenance to the energy content of empty-body gain gave some suggestion of an improvement in efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for gain following the change from low to high protein. It is concluded however that the improvement in food conversion ratio following the change is attributable mostly to difference in the composition of gain.

Dietary nitrogen concentration in growing cattle: the effect on growth rate, feed utilization and body composition

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Lindsay ◽  
H. L. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Omental Fat

ABSTRACTThirty-six British Friesian castrated male cattle (steers) were included in an experiment to measure the response in live-weight gain and body composition to feeding barley-based diets containing increasing levels of formaldehyde-treated soya bean meal. The response was measured between 100 kg and 350 kg or 450 kg live weight. The basal diet of pelleted whole barley and 10% ground oat straw contained 16·6g to 38·5 g nitrogen per kg dry matter. There were no overall differences in live-weight gain or in feed intake. Between 100 kg and 250 kg live weight, live-weight gain increased significantly from 1 08 to 1·24 kg/day when the lowest and highest nitrogen diets respectively were fed (P<0·05). Animals given the highest nitrogen diets also consumed significantly more feed (P<0·05). Conversely, in the subsequent growth period between 250kg and 350kg live weight, live-weight gain decreased from 109 to 0·89 kg/day when the highest nitrogen diet was fed. There were no significant differences in feed intake.Groups of four animals per treatment were slaughtered at 365 kg and 465 kg fasted live weight. When animals were fed 23·7 g nitrogen per kg dry matter and slaughtered at 365 kg fasted live weight there was significantly more omental fat (P<0·05) and the fat depth at the 12th rib was greater than in animals fed the higher levels of nitrogen. The differences in omental fat weight between the 23·7 g nitrogen and 16·6g nitrogen per kg dry matter diets were not significant. The proportion of crude protein (nitrogen × 6·25) in the boneless 9-10-1 lth rib of animals fed 23·7 g nitrogen per kg dry matter was the lowest of all diets and significantly less than the two highest nitrogen diets (P<0·05). When similar animals were slaughtered at 465kg there was a non-significant trend for omental fat weight and fat depth at the 12th rib to decrease as the nitrogen content of the diet increased.

Protein requirements of male cattle fattened on diets differing in energy concentrations

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
Y. Folman ◽  
M. Bleiberg ◽  
D. Ilan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Live Weight Gain

ABSTRACTThe effects of three levels of crude protein in the diet, 10, 12 and 14 %, on the performance of entire Israeli Friesian male cattle (bulls) during fattening, was studied in two experiments.The bulls were 5 months old and 200 kg live weight, and 7·5 months and 250 kg, at the start of Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, and were slaughtered after 178 to 268 days (Experiment 1) or 156 to 166 days (Experiment 2) on trial, at a live weight of 430 to 480 kg.In Experiment 1 mixed diets of two metabolizable energy concentrations (11·1 and 10·5 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter) were used, each containing concentrates with 10, 12 or 14% crude protein content. In half of the treatments the crude protein content of the concentrate was increased by two percentage units for the first 61 days of the experiment. Daily live-weight gain was significantly higher at 14% and 16% crude protein than at 10% and 12% crude protein during the first 61 days for animals on the high energy diet, but liveweight gain was not affected by crude protein content on the low energy diet over this period, or at either energy concentration from 62 days to slaughter.In Experiment 2 the diet consisted of concentrate, wheat straw and cotton hulls, giving a metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 10·55 MJ/kg dry matter. Daily live-weight gain did not differ significantly between concentrates containing 10, 12 or 14% crude protein, but carcass weight gain was higher at 12% and 14% crude protein than at 10% crude protein.It is concluded that in order to ensure the best performance of bulls of the Israeli Friesian breed, diets with a high concentration of energy should contain 14% crude protein when fed to animals with a body weight of 200 to 300 kg, and 12% crude protein for heavier animals.

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