The nutrition of the early weaned lamb. IV. Effects on growth rate, food utilization and body composition of changing from a low to a high protein diet

SummaryAbout sixty male lambs were fed ad libitum from 6 weeks of age on low- or highprotein diets based on barley or barley and fishmeal and containing respectively 120 and 200 g crude protein/kg dry matter. Some lambs were changed from one diet to the other when they reached 28 kg live weight. All were slaughtered as they attained a predetermined series of live weights ranging from 20 to 75 kg.Throughout the experiment, rates of live-weight gain were substantially higher with the high-protein (HP) than with the low-protein (LP) diet, but were highest after a change from low to high protein (LHP). The feed consumption of the LHP lambs did not exceed that of the HP lambs, but the former showed a substantial superiority in feed conversion ratio at the same live weight.At similar empty body weights, the LP lambs contained more fat and less water in the empty body than the HP lambs. Although the percentage differences decreased at higher weights, differences were still apparent at 70 kg live weight.The LHP lambs showed dramatic and rapid changes in body composition, particularly in water and fat content. By 40 kg live weight, their composition approached that of the HP lambs.The ratio of water to protein was consistently lower for the LP lambs. The ratio of protein to ash also differed between LP and HP lambs. It was initially highest for the HP lambs, at about 40 kg live weight it was the same, and at 70 kg live weight it was highest for the LP lambs.The ash content of the LHP lambs remained virtually constant during the period of rapid growth and rapid deposition of water, protein and fat which took place immediately after the change of diet, and only showed compensatory increases after 35 kg live weight. This finding was supported by the pattern of changes in weight and specific gravity of the femur and tibia + fibula.Use was made of separate relationships between live weight and body composition for the LP, HP and LHP lambs to estimate rates of accretion of crude protein, fat and water in the empty body. There was a particularly striking increase in the rate of accretion of water immediately following the change of diet. There was an increase in the water content of empty-body gain and a reduction in the ratio of gain in fat to gain in protein.Derived estimates of the ratio of metabolizable energy intake above maintenance to the energy content of empty-body gain gave some suggestion of an improvement in efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for gain following the change from low to high protein. It is concluded however that the improvement in food conversion ratio following the change is attributable mostly to difference in the composition of gain.

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Effect of Varied Levels of Dietary Crude Protein and Metabolizable Energy on Growth Performance in Giriraja Chicken

THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ◽

10.21887/ijvsbt.v12i4.7685 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

Author(s):

H. N. Rajeswara ◽

Jaya Naikand ◽

C. S. Nagaraja

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Feed Conversion Ratio ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Dietary Crude Protein

A study was conducted for 56 days to observe the effect of varied levels of dietary crude protein and metabolizable energy on growth performance in 720 day-old Giriraja chicks, which were divided equally into nine groups of 80 birds each. Nine different experimental diets were formulated with three levels 2700, 2800, and 2900 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME/kg), each with three levels of protein (CP), viz., 19%, 20%, and 21%, respectively and Group T5 served as control fed with 20% protein and 2800 kcal energy as per BIS (2007) requirements. Feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were analysed up to 56 days. The results of the study indicated that diet containing 20% CP with 2900 kcal ME/kg showed enhanced growth performance in Giriraja chicks.

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Pengaruh Suplementasi Ampas Tahu, Ampas Tempe dan Ampas Kecap dalam Ransum Terhadap Performan Domba Lokal Jantan

Sains Peternakan ◽

10.20961/sainspet.5.1.1-9 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Eka Handayanta

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Feed Conversion Ratio ◽

Soy Sauce ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Daily Gain

The aim of this research to determine the effect of supplementation of tofu. tempe, and soy sauce waste in ration on male local sheep performance. This research was carried out during three month, take place on July until October 200E in Minifarm Dept. of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty of Sebelas Maret University, located in Jatikuwung. Gondangrejo, Karanganyar. It used 12 male local sheeps with average body weight of 15.86 ±0.93 kg, divided into four treatments and three replications, each replication consist of one sheep. The ration consisted of king grass only as basal diet, as many as four percent base on body weight. The treatment given is in the form of feed supplement, that namely without supplement (RO), 250 gram tofu waste (R1), 250 gram tempe waste (R2), and 250 gram soy sauce waste (R3). The data variables collected were feed consumption, dry and organic matter digestibility, crude protein consumption, energy consumption, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio. All of data except average daily gain was analyzed by completely randomized design one way classification. While average daily gain was analyzed by covariance analyze. The result were significant followed by Duncan new multiple range test. The result showed that average of R0, RI, R2 and R3 for feed consumption 430.52; 720.44; 704.44; 549.08 gram/day, dry matter digestibility (%) 61,07; 72,46; 69,68: 63,60, organic matter digestibility (%) 64,41: 74,94; 72.41; 64,7 1, crude protein consumption 47.66; 106.77; 85.83; 73.70 gram/day, energy consumption 281.82; 482.65; 432.67; 330.83 gram/day, average daily gain 50.00.1X00: 116.19; 38.10 gram/day and feed conversion ratio 8.74; 5.61; 6.06; 15.2. The result of variance analyze showed that feed supplementation have highly significant effect (P<0.01) on all of the data variable colected. Conclusion of this research was supplementation of tofu waste and tempe waste could improved performance, while soy sauce waste could not improved the performance of male local sheep. Key words : sheep, tofu waste, tempe waste, soy sauce waste, performance

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Copper sulphate as a growth stimulant for pigs: effect of composition of diet and level of protein

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100034176 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 177-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I. A. M. Lucas ◽

R. M. Livingstone ◽

A. W. Boyne

Keyword(s):

Conversion Efficiency ◽

Copper Sulphate ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Live Weight ◽

Basal Diet ◽

High Protein ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽

Low Protein

Thirty six individually-fed pigs were used in a within-litter comparison of the 6 treatments of a 3 × 2 factorial experiment. The pigs were about 9 weeks old at the start and were slaughtered as their individual weights reached about 200 lb.Three types of basal diet were given with and without a supplement of CuSO4.5H2O included at 0·1% (250 p.p.m. added Cu).The diets were based on (1) barley and fish meal, with 17% crude protein for pigs up to 103 lb. live-weight and 15·4 % from then on, (2) maize and soya (extracted soya bean meal), with about the same levels of protein and (3) maize and soya, but with only 13·4% crude protein for pigs up to 103 lb. and 11·9% for pigs of 103 lb. to 200 lb. Daily feed allowances were determined from a fixed scale based on live-weight.Pigs given the high-protein maize-soya diets grew more rapidly, required less feed per lb. gain and had fatter carcasses than those given the barley-fish meal diets. This was probably because of the higher TDN content of the maize-soya mixture.Pigs given the low-protein maize-soya diets grew less rapidly, required more feed per lb. gain and had fatter carcasses with smaller ‘eye’ muscles than those receiving the high-protein maize-soya diets, these being the usual effects of an inadequate supply of total protein or of an essential amino acid.CuSO4.5H2O4 added as 0·1% of each of the three types of diet improved growth rate before 103 lb. live-weight but had no consistent effect on feed conversion efficiency. Between 103 lb. and slaughter the copper sulphate did not affect performance on the barley-fish meal or high-protein maize-soya diet, but in the low-protein maize-soya diet it reduced feed conversion efficiency and rate of gain by 5%. Although this interaction was not statistically significant it agrees with an observation made in Florida and warrants further investigation.

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The influence of feeding level from 20 to 45 kg live weight on the performance and body composition of female and entire male pigs

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800001247 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 193-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. G. Campbell ◽

M. R. Taverner ◽

D. M. Curic

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Live Weight ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Restricted Feeding ◽

Food Conversion ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Protein Deposition ◽

Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTForty-two pigs representing equal numbers of entire males and females were used to study the effects on the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Over the four restricted feeding treatments there were no significant differences between the sexes for the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Although ad libitum energy intake was the same for both sexes (34·2 MJ digestible energy per day), raising digestible energy intake from that provided by the highest restricted feeding treatment (29·4 MJ/day) to ad libitum resulted in marked differences between the sexes for performance and body composition.For males, raising digestible energy intake from 29·3 to 34·2 MJ/day improved the rate of live-weight gain and protein deposition by 0·15 and 0·10 respectively but had no further effect on food conversion ratio or body fat. The same increase in digestible energy intake for females improved growth rate by only 0·065, had no further effect on the rate of protein deposition but increased markedly food conversion ratio and body fat.

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Economic Use of Brewer’s Dried Grain (BDG) in the Diet of Swine

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v10i0.2820 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 29-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. B. Rijal ◽

D. B. Nepali ◽

R. A. Sah ◽

M. P. Sharma

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Block Design ◽

Early Period ◽

Live Weight ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Feed Conversion Ratio ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Substitution Effects ◽

Feed Conversion

An experiment was conducted from 18th October, 2006 to 18th January, 2007 at IAAS Livestock Farm, Rampur, Chitwan to determine the substitution effects of soybean meal with brewer's dried grain (BDG) on the performance, economics and meat traits of swine production. Starter, grower and finisher diets were formulated containing 18, 16, and 14% CP respectively with 3000 Kcal/kg ME and adequately supplemented with required vitamins, minerals and amino acids. The treatments were: diet without brewer's dried grain -T1 (control diet), diet substituted with 10% brewer's dried grain-T2, diet substituted with 20% brewer's dried grain-T3, diet substituted with 30% brewer's dried grain-T4 and diet substituted with 35% brewer's dried grain-T5. Twenty weaned piglets having 7.37 to 7.94 kg live weight were housed in individual pens. Five piglets were randomly assigned to the five treatments following a randomized complete block design (RCBD) considering each individual as a replication. Fortnightly live weight, daily feed consumption, income over feed and pig cost, and different meat traits of pigs were recorded. The effect of replacing formulated diets with various level of brewer's dried grains on body weight gain was significant (p<0.01) with higher level of substitution resulting lower live-weight at the end of each of starter, grower and finisher diet period. The average body weight of piglets substituted with 35%BDG (27.00kg) and 30%BDG (39.75kg) were significantly lower (p<0.01) compared to the weight of piglets receiving 0% (65.75kg), 10% (64.25kg) and 20% (60.25kg) BDG replaced diets at the end of 3 months experimental period. A significant reduction (P<0.01) in average daily feed consumption were also recorded with increasing level of BDG in the diet. Better feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in T2 at early period which at finisher stage T3 diet resulted significantly better FCR which was at par with T1 and T2 diet fed group. However, T5 diet resulted the poorest feed conversion ratio of 5.26, 4.92 and 5.87 for starter, grower and finisher respectively. There was reduction in feed cost with different levels of BDG substitution in diet of pig. Highest income (in per cent) over expenditure (109.01%) was found in T2 followed by T1, T3, and T4. Lowest income over expenditure (-8.2%) was found in T5. Highest dressing percent (71.87%) was recorded in T1 and lowest (70%) in T5 diet fed group. Inclusion of 10-20% BDG seems most acceptable level of substitution of SBM. However, this result needs to be verified under farmer's management condition before recommendation.Key words: Brewer's dried grains; Swine performanceDOI: 10.3126/njst.v10i0.2820 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Volume 10, 2009 December Page: 29-35

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Pengaruh Penambahan Tepung Temulawak (Curcuma xanthoriza) Dalam Ransum Terhadap Performa Produksi Ayam Kampung Unggul Balitnak

Wahana Peternakan ◽

10.37090/jwputb.v4i1.176 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Trisno Agung Wibowo ◽

Novi Eka Wati ◽

Miki Suhadi

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Daily Body Weight ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

And Control

The aim of the study was to know the effect of Curcuma xanthorhiza as herbal feed additive on feed consumption, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of Kampung Unggul Balitnak (KUB) Chicken. The research was conducted at Kemukus Village, Ketapang District, South Lampung Regency. The experimental used 80 unisex KUB chicken aged 5 week. They were feed a ration with control ration + 0% temulawak flour (P0), control ration + 0,1% temulawak flour (P1), control ration + 0,2% temulawak flour (P2) and control ration + 0,3% temulawak flour (P4) during 30 days. The control ration containing 21% crude protein and 3150 kcal/kg metabolism energy. The study used a quantitative method with completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The results showed that the addition of temulawak flour (Curcuma xanthoriza) up to 0.3% did not effect (P> 0.05) on feed consumption but was affected (P

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Mustard cake a substitute for groundnut cake in egg-type and meat-type chick diets

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600061566 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 89 (3) ◽

pp. 759-765 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

V. K. Cilly ◽

G. N. Lodhi ◽

J. S. Ichhponani

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Energy Content ◽

The Body ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Groundnut Cake ◽

True Protein ◽

Meat Type

SummaryExperiments were made to assess the nutritive value of expeller-proeessed mustard cake (MS) for egg-type and meat-type chicks. Eight samples of MS on average contained 37·2% crude protein, 27·5% true protein, 12·6% available carbohydrate and 2·09 % tannins. The average metabolizable energy content (ME) of eight samples of MS for egg-type and meat-type chicks were 2350 and 2300 kcal/kg respectively. MS in the diet replacing groundnut cake (GN) which formed 30–32 % of the control diets was found to have no effect on growth rate of the chicks of either breed although there was thyroid enlargement. MS was also found not to affect the body composition of the chicks.

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Diet selection in sheep: the ability of growing lambs to select a diet that meets their crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) requirements

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19930064 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 617-629 ◽

Cited By ~ 123

Author(s):

I. Kyriazakis ◽

J. D. Oldham

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Energy Content ◽

Live Weight ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Se 33 ◽

Selection Of

To test the proposition that sheep are able to select a diet that meets their crude protein (N × 6.25; CP) requirements, feeds L, A, B, C and H with the same energy content (11 MJ metabolizable energy/kg feed) but different CP contents (78, 109, 141, 172 and 235 g CP/kg fresh feed respectively) were formulated. In addition, feed U, which was feed L plus 21.4 g urea/kg (CP content 132 g/kg), was also made. The feeds were offered ad lib. either singly (n 4 per treatment) or as a choice between feed H and another feed (pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH; n 9 per feed pair) to individually penned Suffolk × Scottish mule wether lambs, over the live-weight range 25–45 kg. On the single feeds the rates of live-weight gain were 273, 326, 412, 418, 396 and 407 g/day (SE of difference (SED) 34; P < 0.01) and protein (excluding wool) gain were 27, 32, 44, 45, 41 and 39 g/d (SED 4; P < 0.001) for feeds L, A, B, C, H and U respectively. When sheep were given a choice between a feed below (L or A) and a feed above their CP requirements (H; as judged by the single-feeding treatments) the CP concentration selected was not different between the two pairs: 131 (SE 4) v. 133 (SE 4) g CP/kg feed for pairs LH and AH respectively. On the choices BH and CH (a choice between two feeds above requirements) the feed lower in CP was constantly preferred (874 (SE 33) and 910 (SE 33) g feed B and C respectively per kg total feed intake; CP selected was 157 and 178 g CP/kg respectively). However, this was not the case with the UH choice on which sheep consumed only 599 (SE 61) g feed U/kg total feed intake, resulting in a selection of a higher CP in their diet (173 g CP/kg). The live-weight gains of the animals given a choice between two feeds were 416, 387, 415, 410 and 383 g/d (SED 37) and protein gains were 45, 40, 46, 50 and 43 (SE 7) for pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH respectively, which were comparable with the best performance achieved on a single feed. The results suggest that sheep were able to select a diet that meets their CP requirements and avoid, at least to a certain extent, excess of protein intake. It is also possible that sheep discriminate against a property of feed U, such as an excess of urea, when this feed is paired with a feed high in CP.

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The nutritional value for meat chickens of water-damaged wheat from temporary bulk stores in Queensland

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9870621 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 621 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

PF Mannion ◽

BJ Blaney ◽

MS Levitt

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Energy Content ◽

Nutrient Composition ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Progressive Reduction ◽

Gross Energy ◽

And Control

The nutritional value of water-damaged wheat and free-flowing wheat from temporary bulk stores at Goondiwindi was determined. Each was fed to meat chickens as the sole grain component or combined in several proportions, and compared with a control wheat in diets of similar nutrient composition. In addition, the nutrient composition of water-damaged and free-flowing wheat from temporary stores at Meeandarra, Thallon, Jandowae and Millmerran in southern Queensland was determined.A progressive reduction in the ratio of total amino acids to crude protein (0.98-0-70 w/w) and innitrogen-free extract (789-685 g kg-1 dry matter) was associated with increasing severity of water damage. Ether extract and gross energy contents of the dry matter were low in water-damaged wheat from all sites, but only the wheat with the most damage had a lower metabolizable energy content (12.99 versus 14.12 MJ kg-1) in the dry matter and as a proportion of gross energy (71% versus 76%) than free-flowing wheat from the same site.The three diets containing high levels of rotten (two diets) and severely water-damaged wheat (one diet) resulted in an average liveweight gain (26.1 g day-1) and feed conversion (1.86) which was poorer than that of the free-flowing wheat (28.1 g day-1, 1.59) and the average of other less water-damaged wheat treatments (29.7 g day-1, 1.57). The higher average liveweight gain of the latter treatments relative to the free-flowing wheat and control (27.3 g day-1) treatments was significant but was not reflected in better feed conversion. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.

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A note on the effect of monensin supplementation on growth and food utilization in young calves

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100000933 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 163-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Ben-Asher ◽

D. Ilan ◽

M. Levy ◽

Z. Holzer

Keyword(s):

Live Weight ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Food Utilization ◽

Not Given ◽

Similar Group ◽

Suckling Period ◽

Commercial Farm ◽

Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe effect of monensin supplementation on suckling male dairy calves was studied on a commercial farm. Twenty-eight calves were given monensin supplements from the age of 1 week and compared with a similar group not given monensin. During a 52-day suckling period, the supplemented calves gained 0·12 faster, with little difference in the conversion ratio of metabolizable energy into live weight. During the subsequent 42 days, there was no difference in daily gain, but the supplemented animals were 0·064 more efficient in the conversion of metabolizable energy into live weight.

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