Are the proposed limits of energy intake:basal metabolic rate and dietary nitrogen:urinary nitrogen ratios suitable for validation of food intake?

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia P. Sánchez-Castillo ◽  
Michael Franklin ◽  
Geraldine McNeill ◽  
María de Lourdes Solano ◽  
Shelagh Bonner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Mexican Women ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Aminobenzoic Acid ◽  
Approximate Relationship ◽  
Activity Diary

The validity of 7 d weighed records of diet obtained for pre-menopausal Mexican women was assessed by two independent methods: the energy intake:BMR (EI:BMR) and the dietary N:urinary N (DN:UN). For the latter, complete urine collections are required and completeness was assessed from measurements of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) excretion. There were forty-six adult female subjects in the study, thirty-four were from Mexico City and twelve were from a rural population in the Central Highlands, Mexico. However, data were rejected from five urban women for whom the PABA excretion data suggested incomplete urine collection on four or more days. BMR was measured with Oxylog portable O2 consumption meters, and physical activity level was assessed from a self-completed activity diary. An approximate relationship between the EI:BMR ratio and the DN:UN ratio suggested that the rejection limits on the EI:BMR ratio recommended by are wider than the limits on the DN:UN ratio recommended by . Using the recommended cut-off points for EI:BMR but wider limits for DN:UN, twenty-one and twenty-five women respectively had acceptable intake records by the two methods, and sixteen of them by both methods. In conclusion the modification of the DN:UN limits to 0.92 and 1.70 to set acceptable intake values makes the use of measurements of N and energy balance comparable. Urine values with PABA recoveries greater than 100±15 % should be rejected, as should UN values validated by less than 3 d.

scholarly journals Aerobic Power in Prepubescent Children with Different Levels of Physical Activity (Potencia Aeróbica en Niños Prepubescentes con Diferentes Niveles de Actividad Física)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 203-205
Author(s):  
Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas ◽  
Marcos Tadeu Grzelczak ◽  
William Cordeiro de Souza ◽  
Antonio Stabelini Neto ◽  
Yamileth Chacón-Araya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Activity Diary

The purpose of the study was to compare the aerobic power of prepubescent children (Tanner 1 stage). Participants were 95 children between 7 and 9 years old, divided into 4 physical activity level groups: a) Trained (n = 24), b) Sport beginners (n = 23), c) Active (n = 24), and d) Sedentary (n = 24). Physical activity level was determined by a three-day physical activity diary. Subjects performed a treadmill Balk protocol to obtain their peak oxygen uptake. Comparisons were made using ANOVA two-way and post hoc Tukey followed-up the significant differences for p< 0,05. Trained, sport beginners and active children presented similar amount of physical activity level, but they significantly differ from the sedentary children (p< 0.05). Overall boys (50.67 ± 8.52 ml/kg/min) had higher relative peak oxygen uptake than girls (45.19 ± 6.44 ml/kg/min). The gender by group interaction showed that this difference is explained by the superior values of the trained boys (58.80 ± 8.98 ml/kg/min) when compared to trained girls (47.51 ± 5.68 ml/kg/min), even though they presented the same amount of physical activity level. The trained group (53.16 ± 9.34 ml/kg/min) showed higher relative peak oxygen uptake compared to sport beginners (48.90 ± 6.54 ml/kg/min), active children (45.46 ± 7.50 ml/kg/min) and sedentary children (44.63 ± 9.52 ml/kg/min). The results suggest that prepubescent children that participate in systematized trained programs have better physiological indicators for aerobic fitness.Key words. aerobic power, physical activity, children.Resumen. El propósito del estudio fue comparar la potencia aeróbica de niños prepubescentes (Estadio de Tanner 1). Participaron 95 niños y niñas con edades entre 7 y 9 años, divididos en 4 grupos basados en sus niveles de actividad física: a) Entrenados (n = 24), b) Principiantes en deportes (n = 23), c) Activos (n = 24), y d) Sedentarios (n = 24). Los niveles de actividad física se determinaron por medio de un diario de actividad física de tres días. Los participantes realizaron el protocolo de Balke en banda sin fin para obtener el consumo de oxígeno pico. Se hicieron comparaciones con ANOVA de dos vías y post hoc de Tukey cuando se encontraron diferencias significativas a un p < 0.05. Los niños prepubescentes entrenados, principiantes en deportes y activos presentaron niveles de actividad física similares, pero fueron significativamente diferentes de los niños sedentarios (p < 0.05). En general, los niños presentaron mayor consumo de oxígeno pico (50.67 ± 8.52 ml/kg/min) que las niñas (45.19 ± 6.44 ml/kg/min). La interacción de sexo por grupo mostró que esta diferencia se explica por el mayor valor de los niños entrenados (58.80 ± 8.98 ml/kg/min) cuando se les comparó con las niñas entrenadas (47.51 ± 5.68 ml/kg/min), aunque tuvieran el mismo nivel de actividad física. El grupo entrenado (53.16 ± 9.34 ml/kg/min) presentó mayores valores de consumo de oxígeno pico comparados con los principiantes (48.90 ± 6.54 ml/kg/min), niños activos (45.46 ± 7.50 ml/kg/min) y niños sedentarios (44.63 ± 9.52 ml/kg/min). Los resultados sugieren que los niños prepubescentes que participan en programas de entrenamiento sistemáticos tienen mejores indicadores fisiológicos de capacidad aeróbica.Palabras claves. potencia aeróbica, actividad física, niños

scholarly journals Individual differences in physical activity are closely associated with changes in body weight in adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (3) ◽  
pp. R633-R642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elinor L. Sullivan ◽  
Frank H. Koegler ◽  
Judy L. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Female Rhesus ◽  
Measured Activity ◽  
Low Activity

The increased prevalence of overweight adults has serious health consequences. Epidemiological studies suggest an association between low activity and being overweight; however, few studies have objectively measured activity during a period of weight gain, so it is unknown whether low activity is a cause or consequence of being overweight. To determine whether individual differences in adult weight gain are linked to an individual’s activity level, we measured activity, via accelerometry, over a prolonged period (9 mo) in 18 adult female rhesus monkeys. Weight, food intake, metabolic rate, and activity were first monitored over a 3-mo period. During this period, there was mild but significant weight gain (5.5 ± 0.88%; t =−6.3, df = 17, P < 0.0001), whereas caloric intake and activity remained stable. Metabolic rate increased, as expected, with weight gain. Activity level correlated with weight gain ( r = −0.52, P = 0.04), and the most active monkeys gained less weight than the least active monkeys ( t = −2.74, df = 8, P = 0.03). Moreover, there was an eightfold difference in activity between the most and least active monkeys, and initial activity of each monkey was highly correlated with their activity after 9 mo ( r = 0.85, P < 0.0001). In contrast, food intake did not correlate with weight gain, and there was no difference in weight gain between monkeys with the highest vs. lowest caloric intake, total metabolic rate, or basal metabolic rate. We conclude that physical activity is a particularly important factor contributing to weight change in adulthood and that there are large, but stable, differences in physical activity among individuals.

scholarly journals Physical activity and energy balance

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (3a) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen A. Van Baak
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Resting Energy

AbstractEnergy expenditure rises above resting energy expenditure when physical activity is performed. The activity-induced energy expenditure varies with the muscle mass involved and the intensity at which the activity is performed: it ranges between 2 and 18 METs approximately. Differences in duration, frequency and intensity of physical activities may create considerable variations in total energy expenditure. The Physical Activity Level (= total energy expenditure divided by resting energy expenditure) varies between 1.2 and 2.2–2.5 in healthy adults. Increases in activity-induced energy expenditure have been shown to result in increases in total energy expenditure, which are usually greater than the increase in activity-induced energy expenditure itself. No evidence for increased spontaneous physical activity, measured by diary, interview or accelerometer, was found. However, this does not exclude increased physical activity that can not be measured by these methods. Part of the difference may also be explained by the post-exercise elevation of metabolic rate.If changes in the level of physical activity affect energy balance, this should result in changes in body mass or body composition. Modest decreases of body mass and fat mass are found in response to increases in physical activity, induced by exercise training, which are usually smaller than predicted from the increase in energy expenditure. This indicates that the training-induced increase in total energy expenditure is at least partly compensated for by an increase in energy intake. There is some evidence that the coupling between energy expenditure and energy intake is less at low levels of physical activity. Increasing the level of physical activity for weight loss may therefore be most effective in the most sedentary individuals.

scholarly journals Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on energy balance regulation: a systematic review

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1640-1657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Shechter
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Positive Airway Pressure

Obesity is both a cause and a possible consequence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), as OSA seems to affect parameters involved in energy balance regulation, including food intake, hormonal regulation of hunger/satiety, energy metabolism and physical activity. It is known that weight loss improves OSA, yet it remains unclear why continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) often results in weight gain.The goal of this systematic review is to explore if and how CPAP affects the behaviour and/or metabolism involved in regulating energy balance.CPAP appears to correct for a hormonal profile characterised by abnormally high leptin and ghrelin levels in OSA, by reducing the circulating levels of each. This is expected to reduce excess food intake. However, reliable measures of food intake are lacking, and not yet sufficient to make conclusions. Although studies are limited and inconsistent, CPAP may alter energy metabolism, with reports of reductions in resting metabolic rate or sleeping metabolic rate. CPAP appears to not have an appreciable effect on altering physical activity levels. More work is needed to characterise how CPAP affects energy balance regulation.It is clear that promoting CPAP in conjunction with other weight loss approaches should be used to encourage optimal outcomes in OSA patients.

scholarly journals Aspects Influencing Food Intake and Approaches towards Personalising Nutrition in the Elderly

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Rusu ◽  
Mirana Randriambelonoro ◽  
Caroline Perrin ◽  
Carlijn Valk ◽  
Berta Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Motivational Aspect

AbstractHealthy diets have been demonstrated to complement benefits of physical activity, physical condition and mental wellbeing, all of them being important factors influencing the quality of life of elderly. Unfortunately malnutrition is a serious threat and an increasingly prevalent condition among the fast-growing elderly population. The present work addresses the identification of important factors contributing to decreased appetite and food intake as well as the development of approaches towards a healthy diet and personalised nutrition in elderly. Within the present study semi-structured interviews with elderly and elderly suffering from swallowing and mastication difficulties have been performed, results being used for the development of food provision modules and the corresponding recipes addressing the nutritional requirements of elderly. The social context and the swallowing and mastication difficulties influence the eating behaviour as well as the motivation to eat. On the other hand, it was found that texture modified foods (food which texture is adapted to the need of people with swallowing and mastication problems) could act as motivational aspect. With regard to food personalisation in the elderly the consideration of three different case scenarios based on individual independency and the degree of oral impairment seemed to be appropriate. Different aspects such as gender weight, physical activity level as well as high protein demand are important influential factors in the development of personalised recipes in elderly. In addition to the above, a conversational agent was developed as behaviour change module and can be successfully used as smart personal assistant in helping the users to understand their eating habits and adopt healthier nutrition over the long term.

Energy flux, more so than energy balance, protein intake, or fitness level, influences insulin-like growth factor-I system responses during 7 days of increased physical activity

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1613-1621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Rarick ◽  
Matthew A. Pikosky ◽  
Ann Grediagin ◽  
Tracey J. Smith ◽  
Ellen L. Glickman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Igf I

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of dietary factors and exercise-associated factors on the response of IGF-I and its binding proteins (IGFBPs) during a period of increased physical activity. Twenty-nine men completed a 4-day ( days 1–4) baseline period of a controlled energy balanced diet while maintaining their normal physical activity level followed by 7 days ( days 5–11) of a 1,000 kcal/day increase in physical activity above their normal activity levels. Two subject groups, one sedentary (Sed, mean V̇o2peak: 39 ml·kg−1·min−1, n = 7) and one fit (FIT1, mean V̇o2peak: 56 ml·kg−1·min−1, n = 8) increased energy intake to maintain energy balance throughout the 7-day intervention. In two other fit subject groups (FIT2, n = 7 and FIT3, n = 7), energy intake remained at baseline resulting in a 1,000 kcal/day exercise-induced energy deficit. Of these, FIT2 received an adequate protein diet (0.9 g/kg), and FIT3 received a high-protein diet (1.8 g/kg). For all four groups, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and the acid labile subunit (ALS) were significantly decreased by day 11 (27 ± 4%, 10 ± 2%, and 19 ± 4%, respectively) and IGFBP-2 significantly increased by 49 ± 21% following day 3. IGFBP-1 significantly increased only in the two negative energy balance groups, FIT2 (38 ± 6%) and FIT3 (46 ± 8%). Differences in initial fitness level and dietary protein intake did not alter the IGF-I system response to an acute increase in physical activity. Decreases in IGF-I were observed during a moderate increase in physical activity despite maintaining energy balance, suggesting that currently unexplained exercise-associated mechanisms, such as increased energy flux, regulate IGF-I independent of energy deficit.

scholarly journals Relation between Dietary Habits, Physical Activity, and Anthropometric and Vascular Parameters in Children Attending the Primary School in the Verona South District

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Giontella ◽  
Sara Bonafini ◽  
Angela Tagetti ◽  
Irene Bresadola ◽  
Pietro Minuz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Diet And Physical Activity ◽  
Metabolic Equivalent Of Task ◽  
Capillary Glucose

The aim of this school-based study was to identify the possible association between diet and physical activity, as well as the anthropometric, vascular, and gluco-lipid parameters. We administered two validated questionnaires for diet and physical activity (Food Frequency questionnaire (FFQ), Children-Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ-C)) to children at four primary schools in Verona South (Verona, Italy). Specific food intake, dietary pattern, and physical activity level expressed in Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) and PAQ-C score were inserted in multivariate linear regression models to assess the association with anthropometric, hemodynamic, and gluco-lipid measures. Out of 309 children included in the study, 300 (age: 8.6 ± 0.7 years, male: 50%; Obese (OB): 13.6%; High blood pressure (HBP): 21.6%) compiled to the FFQ. From this, two dietary patterns were identified: “healthy” and “unhealthy”. Direct associations were found between (i) “fast food” intake, Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), and (ii) animal-derived fat and capillary cholesterol, while inverse associations were found between vegetable, fruit, and nut intake and capillary glucose. The high prevalence of OB and HBP and the significant correlations between some categories of food and metabolic and vascular parameters suggest the importance of life-style modification politics at an early age to prevent the onset of overt cardiovascular risk factors in childhood.

scholarly journals Developmental programming of energy balance regulation: is physical activity more ‘programmable’ than food intake?

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoyu Zhu ◽  
Jesse Eclarinal ◽  
Maria S. Baker ◽  
Ge Li ◽  
Robert A. Waterland
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Developmental Programming ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Early Postnatal Development ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Extensive human and animal model data show that environmental influences during critical periods of prenatal and early postnatal development can cause persistent alterations in energy balance regulation. Although a potentially important factor in the worldwide obesity epidemic, the fundamental mechanisms underlying such developmental programming of energy balance are poorly understood, limiting our ability to intervene. Most studies of developmental programming of energy balance have focused on persistent alterations in the regulation of energy intake; energy expenditure has been relatively underemphasised. In particular, very few studies have evaluated developmental programming of physical activity. The aim of this review is to summarise recent evidence that early environment may have a profound impact on establishment of individual propensity for physical activity. Recently, we characterised two different mouse models of developmental programming of obesity; one models fetal growth restriction followed by catch-up growth, and the other models early postnatal overnutrition. In both studies, we observed alterations in body-weight regulation that persisted to adulthood, but no group differences in food intake. Rather, in both cases, programming of energy balance appeared to be due to persistent alterations in energy expenditure and spontaneous physical activity (SPA). These effects were stronger in female offspring. We are currently exploring the hypothesis that developmental programming of SPA occurs via induced sex-specific alterations in epigenetic regulation in the hypothalamus and other regions of the central nervous system. We will summarise the current progress towards testing this hypothesis. Early environmental influences on establishment of physical activity are likely an important factor in developmental programming of energy balance. Understanding the fundamental underlying mechanisms in appropriate animal models will help determine whether early life interventions may be a practical approach to promote physical activity in man.

scholarly journals Is a Coded Physical Activity Diary Valid for Assessing Physical Activity Level and Energy Expenditure in Stroke Patients?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e98735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel Vanroy ◽  
Yves Vanlandewijck ◽  
Patrick Cras ◽  
Hilde Feys ◽  
Steven Truijen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Activity Diary

scholarly journals Weight Gain during Systemic Oncologic Therapy for Breast Cancer: Changes in Food Intake and Physical Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Aurélio Da Silva Ribeiro-Sousa ◽  
Isabelle Mastelaro ◽  
Fernanda Maris Peria ◽  
Hélio Angotti Carrara ◽  
Jurandyr Moreira de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Oncologic Treatment ◽  
Oncologic Therapy

Introduction: Weight gain frequently occurs during treatment for breast cancer. Objective: To evaluate changes in dietary intake and physical activity in the weight evolution of women on systemic oncologic treatment for breast cancer. Method: The prospective and comparative study included 89 women submitted to systemic oncologic treatment for breast cancer, grouped according to the occurrence of weight gain in relation to body weight documented before beginning treatment. Patients were classified as 1) Group with weight gain (those with an increase in body weight greater than or equal to 2% over pre-treatment weight); 2) Group without weight gain (those who maintained or lost weight during treatment). We calculated body mass index (BMI) of patients and analyzed their body composition by bioelectrical impedance (BIA). Changes in food intake, gastrointestinal symptoms, and physical activity level, as well as reductions in muscle and fat mass, were documented. Results: Tumor staging (p=0.24), use of antineoplastic drugs (p=0.23) and intention of treatment (p=0.61) were no different between the weight gain group (n=36) and no weight gain group (n=53). No difference was found in anthropometric and BIA data between the groups during oncologic treatment. Frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms was not different between the groups. However, increased food intake and bed rest, and a decrease in physical activity level were more frequent among women who gained weight during therapy. Conclusions: Weight gain in women undergoing systemic oncologic therapy for breast cancer may be, at least in part, caused by higher energy intake and lower physical activity.

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