Capnodium citri (sooty mould).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Doy
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Crop Plant ◽  
Plant Surface ◽  
Sooty Mould ◽  
Sooty Moulds ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of sooty mould species may be of little importance economically as the fungi do not obtain food from the crop plant, and mycelial growth is easily removed, leaving the plant surface undamaged. However, sooty moulds affect the ability of the leaf to photosynthesise, thus can lead to early senescence and a reduction in fruit size and quality (Horst, 2008; Ben-Dov and Hodgson, 1997), especially a second crop from an affected tree (Haleem, 1984). Reduced yield due to infection of inflorescences and uneven ripening of fruits have also been recorded as problems associated with sooty mould coverage (Ben-Dov and Hodgson, 1997).

scholarly journals Improving the Biocontrol Potential of Bacterial Antagonists with Salicylic Acid against Brown Rot Disease and Impact on Nectarine Fruits Quality

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Nadia Lyousfi ◽  
Rachid Lahlali ◽  
Chaimaa Letrib ◽  
Zineb Belabess ◽  
Rachida Ouaabou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Antagonistic Bacteria ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of both antagonistic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (SF14) and Alcaligenes faecalis (ACBC1) used in combination with salicylic acid (SA) to effectively control brown rot disease caused by Monilinia fructigena. Four concentrations of salicylic acid (0.5%, 2%, 3.5%, and 5%) were tested under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Furthermore, the impact of biological treatments on nectarine fruit parameters’ quality, in particular, weight loss, titratable acidity, and soluble solids content, was evaluated. Regardless of the bacterium, the results indicated that all combined treatments displayed a strong inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of M. fructigena and disease severity. Interestingly, all SA concentrations significantly improved the biocontrol activity of each antagonist. The mycelial growth inhibition rate ranged from 9.79% to 88.02% with the highest reduction rate recorded for bacterial antagonists in combination with SA at both concentrations of 0.5% and 3.5%. The in vivo results confirmed the in vitro results with a disease severity varying from 0.00% to 51.91%. A significant biocontrol improvement was obtained with both antagonistic bacteria when used in combination with SA at concentrations of 0.5% and 2%. The lowest disease severity observed with ACBC1 compared with SF14 is likely due to a rapid adaptation and increase of antagonistic bacteria population in wounded sites. The impact of all biological treatments revealed moderate significant changes in the fruit quality parameters with weight loss for several treatments. These results suggest that the improved disease control of both antagonistic bacteria was more likely directly linked to both the inhibitory effects of SA on pathogen growth and induced fruit resistance.

scholarly journals The impact of location, row direction, plant density and rootstock on the sunburn damage of apple cultivars

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Racskó ◽  
J. Nagy ◽  
Z. Szabó ◽  
M. Major ◽  
J. Nyéki
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Apple Seedling ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crab Apple

The effect of row direction (N-S, E-W), plant density (conventional and intensive) and rootstock (M9, MM106 and crab apple) on the sensitivity of 41 apple cultivars to sunburn injury was studied at 6 locations (Derecske, Kálmánáaza, Nagykutas, Nagylapos, Siófok, Tornyospálca). During the observations the cultivars had rootstock-specific properties in respect of sunburn-susceptibility. Accordingly, the injury was decreased in the order: M9, MM106 and seedling rootstocks. The differences in sensitivity depend on the canopy of trees, caused finally by the growing vigour of rootstocks. Accordingly, the highest value of sunburn injury was observed on M9 rootstock, because this rootstock has a dwarfing effect upon the scion cultivars. Thus, vegetative area of these trees grow very slowly and the foliage is not enough compact to protect the fruit from solar radiation. The size and density of the foliage increased in the order: M9, MM 106 and crab apple seedling as rootstock. Moreover, relationships were demonstrated between the diameter of upper part of the crown, the leaf area, the number of fruits per tree and the injury of sunburn. Authors categorized the cultivars in respect of values of sunburn incidence: 1. „Not sensitive", II. „Moderately sensitive" and HI. „Strongly sensitive" categories were constituted. Generally, Topaz and Gala cultivars showed low damage (or were free from symptoms), in contrast to this, Golden mutants suffered relatively much. The most sensitive cultivar was Jonica on all the three rootstocks. We searched for relationship between the fruit quality parameters and the frequency of sunburn. Significant correlation was found in the cases of fruit size and the extent of cover-colour. The latter is interpreted with the fact that the best coloured fruits are found on the periphery of crown as a consequence of more intense irradiation.

scholarly journals Frugivore-fruit size relationships between palms and mammals reveal past and future defaunation impacts

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ying Lim ◽  
Jens-Christian Svenning ◽  
Bastian Göldel ◽  
Søren Faurby ◽  
W. Daniel Kissling
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Occurrence Data ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Seed Dispersers ◽  
Frugivore Assemblages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Old World Tropics

Abstract Mammalian frugivores are critical seed dispersers, but many are under threat of extinction. Futhermore, the impact of past and future defaunation on plant assemblages has yet to be quantified at the global scale. Here, we integrate palm and mammalian frugivore trait and occurrence data and reveal a global positive relationship between fruit size and frugivore body size. Global variation in fruit size is better explained by present-day frugivore assemblages than by Late Pleistocene assemblages, suggesting ecological and evolutionary reorganization after end-Pleistocene extinctions, except in the Neotropics, where some large-fruited palm species may have outlived their main seed dispersers by thousands of years. Our simulations of frugivore extinction over the next 100 years suggest that the impact of defaunation will be highest in the Old World tropics, and an up to 4% assemblage-level decrease in fruit size would be required to maintain the global body size–fruit size relationship. Overall, our results suggest that while some palm species may be able to keep pace with future defaunation through evolutionary changes in fruit size, large-fruited species may be especially vulnerable to continued defaunation.

scholarly journals The Impact of Foliar Application of Calcium Fertilizers on the Quality of Highbush Blueberry Fruits Belonging to the ‘Duke’ Cultivar

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Dariusz OCHMIAN
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
The West ◽  
The Impact

The studies were conducted in the period of 2010-2011, in the Laboratory of Orcharding at the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, and related to the bushes of the highbush blueberry of the Duke cultivar. The authors examined the impact of foliar calcium fertlizers (Calcinit, Calcium chloride, Fruton Calcium Calcium, Folanx®Ca29 Lebosol Calcium Forte Calcium Forte) on the fruit size and firmness, their chemical composition, content of macronutrients in the foliage and fruits, and their colour. It was found that the applied fertlizers have varied impact on the examined attributes. The bushes sprayed with the Lebosol Calcium Forte and Calcinit preparations had big fruits with a high content of K and Mg, and dark foliage. The application of the Lebosol Calcium Forte fertilizer increased the content of polyphenols and vitamin C in the fruits. The smallest amounts of such compounds were determined in the fruits sprayed with the Calcinit fertilizer. The highest firmness and resistance to mechanical damage were achieved in the case of the fruits collected from the bushes sprayed with the foliar fertlizers containing calcium chloride, such as Fruton Calcium and Folanx Ca29. It was determined that the application of the calcium preparations resulted in the increase of the calcium content in the fruits and foliage. The highest amounts of this element were determined in the case of the plants sprayed with the Folanx Ca29 and Lebosol Calcium Forte preparations.

scholarly journals Crop Load Influences Fruit Quality, Nutritional Balance, and Return Bloom in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Serra ◽  
Rachel Leisso ◽  
Luca Giordani ◽  
Lee Kalcsits ◽  
Stefano Musacchi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Soluble Solid Content ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Apple Variety ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
The Impact

The apple variety, ‘Honeycrisp’ has been extensively planted in North America during the last two decades. However, it suffers from several agronomic problems that limit productivity and postharvest quality. To reduce losses, new information is needed to better describe the impact of crop load on productivity and postharvest fruit quality in a desert environment and the major region where ‘Honeycrisp’ expansion is occurring. Here, 7-year-old ‘Honeycrisp’ trees on the M9-Nic29 rootstock (2.5 × 0.9 m) were hand thinned to five different crop loads [from 4.7 to 16.0 fruit/cm2 of trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA)] to compare fruit quality, maturity, fruit size, elemental concentration, and return bloom. Fruit size distribution was affected by crop load. Trees with the highest crop load (16 fruit/cm2) produced smaller fruit. Index of absorbance difference (IAD) measurements (absorption difference between 670 and 720 nm), a proxy indicator of the chlorophyll content below the skin of fruit measured by a DA-meter, were made shortly after harvest (T0) and after 6 months of storage (T1). Fruit from the trees with the lowest crop load had lower IAD values indicating advanced fruit ripeness. The comparison between the IAD classes at T0 and T1 showed that fruit belonging to the lowest IAD class had significantly higher red-blushed overcolor percentage, firmness, dry matter, and soluble solid content than those in the “most unripe” class (highest IAD readings) regardless of crop load. The percentage of blushed color, firmness, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids content, and dry matter were all higher in the lowest crop loads at both T0 and T1. Fruit calcium (Ca) concentration was lowest at the lowest crop load. The (K + Mg + N):Ca ratio decreased as crop load increased until a crop load of 11.3 fruit/cm2, which was not significantly different from higher crop loads. For return bloom, the highest number of flower clusters per tree was reported for 4.7 fruit/cm2 crop load, and generally it decreased as crop load increased. Here, we highlight the corresponding changes in fruit quality, storability, and elemental balance with tree crop load. To maintain high fruit quality and consistency in yield, careful crop load management is required to minimize bienniality and improve fruit quality and storability.

scholarly journals Do Cultivars of Native Plants Support Insect Herbivores?

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 596-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily C. Baisden ◽  
Douglas W. Tallamy ◽  
Desiree L. Narango ◽  
Eileen Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
The Impact

Native plants are becoming widely used in built landscapes to help mitigate the loss of biodiversity caused by urbanization. The primary advantage of native plant species over introduced ornamentals is their ability to support the development of the insects that fuel vertebrate food webs as well as specialist pollinators. The horticultural industry has introduced many cultivars of native plants to improve their aesthetic value and disease resistance, but there has been little work that measures the impact of these genetic changes on insect herbivores and pollinators. Here we measure how six desirable traits in native woody plant cultivars (leaf color, variegation, fall color, habit, disease resistance, and fruit size) compare with their wild types in terms of their ability to support insect herbivore development, abundance, and species richness. Using a common garden experiment, we quantified the abundance and diversity of insect herbivores using each species and its cultivars for growth and development over a 2-year period, as well as cumulative feed damage over the entire season. We also conducted feeding tests with evergreen bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) to measure the preference of hatchling caterpillars for cultivars vs. straight species. We found that cultivars that had leaves altered from green to red, blue, or purple deterred insect feeding in all three experiments, a preference for variegated cultivars in one of our three experiments, but no consistent pattern of use among the species and cultivars chosen for other traits. These results suggest that the usefulness of native cultivars in restoring insect-driven food webs depends on the cultivar trait that has been selected.

scholarly journals Effects of Curing on Green Mold and Stem-End Rot of Citrus Fruit and Its Potential Application Under Florida Packing System

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 834-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiuxu Zhang ◽  
Patricia P. Swingle
Keyword(s):  
Potential Application ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Packing System

The potential of citrus fruit curing for the control of green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum, and the impact of this treatment on stem-end rot caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae were investigated. The optimum temperatures for mycelial growth of P. digitatum and L. theobromae were about 25 and 30°C, respectively. P. digitatum did not grow at 35°C, while L. theobromae did. Injuries of ‘Valencia’ oranges developed less green mold disease at 30 and 35°C than at 25°C or lower. Green mold incidences on ‘Valencia’ oranges treated at 21°C (uncured control), 30 and 35°C for 48 h were 51, 17.4, and 0%, respectively, for inoculated fruit, and 18.8, 11.4, and 0%, respectively, for wounded fruit after 2 weeks of storage at 21°C. However, a significant increase in stem-end rot occurred at 35°C when compared with 21°C (uncured control). In two of three different tests, curing fruit at 35°C for 48 h achieved better green mold control than a shorter curing time of 24 h. Curing ‘Pineapple’ oranges showed a similar or better efficacy for green mold control than imazalil at 500 and 1,000 ppm applied by either dip or packingline drip. The combination of thiabendazole drench (500 ppm) and curing of wounded ‘Valencia’ oranges and inoculated ‘Flame’ grapefruit reduced both green mold and stem-end rot by more than 93%. This study suggests that curing (35°C for 48 h) could be integrated into the current Florida citrus packing system to effectively control postharvest decays.

scholarly journals Impact of optimized pest control schemes on mandarin yield in the Republic of Abkhazia

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 04009
Author(s):  
Natalia Karpun ◽  
Levan Kulava ◽  
Elena Zhuravleva ◽  
Elena Shoshina
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Control Schemes ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Impact

Pests of mandarin reduce significantly crop productivity and commercial quality of the crop in Abkhazia. We assessed the impact of optimized mandarin pest control schemes on fruit size and crop yield in the humid subtropics of Abkhazia. The studies were carried out in 2019-2020 on full-aged plantings of cv. Unshiu mandarin in Gulrypsh district of Republic of Abkhazia on the base of Institute of agriculture of Academy of sciences of Abkhazia. The highest yield and quality of fruits was shown by the protection schemes in variants 5 (Confidor extra (0.05 %) + Cytovit (0.15 %) – the 1st treatment Vertimec (0.1%) + Cytovit (0.15 %) – the second treatment; the third and fourth treatments Karate Zeon (0.05 %) + Cytovit (0.15 %)) and 6 (Metomax (0.15 %) + Vertimec (0.1 %) – the 1st treatment; Karate Zeon (0.05 %) + Vertimec (0.1 %) in the other three treatments). The average fruits weight in these variants was up to 72-74 g. This exceeded the fruits weight in the Standard variant by 22.0-25.4 %. The yield was 46.2-44.7 t/ha, which is 36.8-41.3 % higher than the standard variant. Fruits of the 1st grade in the named variants accounted for 63.3-65.6 % of the total yield.

scholarly journals BIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF 'CATHERINE SEL 1' PEACH CULTIVAR IN SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
Leinar Septar ◽  
Cristina Moale ◽  
Ion Caplan ◽  
Luana Bocioroaga
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Peach Cultivar ◽  
Irrigation Application ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
The Impact

In arid and semi-arid regions, irrigation application is mandatory for modern fruit growing, but the optimal irrigation application requires large amounts of water. In the context of global warming, water saving is a major objective. Therefore, deficit irrigation (DI) is an attractive alternative. The plant studied was thirteen years old ‘Catherine Sel.1’ peach trees. The trees were grafted on franc rootstock and planted in a 4 m x 3 m layout. Soil management was represented by clean cultivation both between tree rows and in the row. Fruit size and weight are important qualities and yield traits in peach (Prunus persica (L) Batsch), but the factors that influence fruit size and weight remain to be explored. The fruit biometrical characteristics was influenced by the irrigation regime, with the irrigated treatment with 100% AHI (T1) showing significantly (P <5%) higher differences versus T2 and T3. As with fruit biometrical characteristics, the fruit weight determined on the fruits of the studied treatments had the same trend. In this study, we investigated the impact of stress hydric on fruit size and weight at 'Catherine sel 1' peach cultivar in 2019-2020 period.

scholarly journals BIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF 'ORIZONT' APRICOT CULTIVAR UNDER STRESS HYDRIC CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 387-393
Author(s):  
Leinar Septar ◽  
Cristina Moale ◽  
Larisa Tilinca ◽  
Ioan Stoli
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Major Activity ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca L ◽  
Planting Distance ◽  
The Impact

Irrigation is a major activity in arid and semi-arid regions for many crops, including orchards. The deficit irrigation is an alternative in the context of global warming. The crop studied was apricot, 'Orizont' cultivar, 16 years old, grafted on the 'Constanta 14' rootstock. The planting distance was 4 m between the rows and 5 m between trees in the row. Fruit size and weight are important qualities and yield traits in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), but the factors that influence fruit size and weight remain to be explored. The fruit biometrical characteristics was influenced by the irrigation regime, with the irrigated treatment with 100% AHI (T1) showing significantly (P <5%) higher differences versus T2 and T3. As with fruit biometrical characteristics, the fruit weight determined on the fruits of the studied treatments had the same trend. In this study, we investigated the impact of stress hydric on fruit size and weight at 'Orizont' apricot cultivar in 2019-2020 period.

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