Comparison of In Vivo (Draize Method) and In Vitro (Corrositex Assay) Dermal Corrosion Values for Selected Industrial Chemicals

Skin irritation is a common occupational hazard for employees engaged in the manufacture, transport, and use of industrial chemicals. The most common method used to evaluate dermal irritation and/or corrosion has typically been in vivo tests using rabbits (Draize method). Several in vitro test methods have been developed, with Corrositex being the first to gain approval by a regulatory agency (U.S. Department of Transportation). The purpose of this study was to compare the results of in vitro (Corrositex) assays of dermal irritation/corrosion to in vivo test data for several industrial chemical formulations and to determine the predictability and usefulness of the Corrositex assay for these types of products. Twenty-four (24) formulations were qualified, categorized, and evaluated using the Corrositex method and the results compared to available animal data for each of the formulations. The Corrositex assay accurately predicted a corrosive end point in 8 (57.1%) of the 14 formulations identified as corrosive by the in vivo evaluations. Corrositex accurately predicted a noncorrosive end point for 1 (10%) of 10 formulations determined to be noncorrosive in animal studies. The Corrositex assay overpredicted the packing group for 12 (50%) of the 24 formulations, and underpredicted the packing group for 7 (29.2%) of the 24 formulations. Compared to the in vivo results, Corrositex correctly classified as corrosive or noncorrosive 37.5% of the formulations tested. A concordance of 20.8% for the packing group assignments of the evaluated formulations was calculated. The Corrositex assay did not accurately predict a corrosive end point or packing group assignment for all of the formulations used in this study. Manufacturers should assess the relevance of this method to their products prior to relying on it for compliance with hazardous material and worker safety regulations.

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PRODUCTION AND FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY ASSESMENT OF WOOD-WASTE LIQUID SMOKE

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i10.2020.1970 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 285-291

Author(s):

Budy Rahmat ◽

Dedi Natawijaya ◽

Endang Surahman

Keyword(s):

Plant Pathogens ◽

Pathogenic Fungus ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Plant ◽

Wood Waste ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Liquid Smoke

Liquid smoke is known to contain compounds that can control plant disease pathogens. This study aims to produce wood-waste liquid smoke and determine its effectiveness as a fungicide on plant pathogens. This research was conducted in two experimental stages, namely: (i) in vitro test as a preliminary test of the effectiveness of teak waste liquid smoke at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5%; and (ii) in vivo test was arranged in randomized block design consisting of seven levels of liquid smoke concentration, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%, each of which was repeated four times. The results showed that the pyrolysis of 1 kg of wood waste was produced with the proportions of liquid smoke, charcoal and tar, respectively: 312 mL, 31 g, 367 g and the uncondensed gases. Treatment of liquid smoke in the in vivo test showed that a concentration of 1 to 2.5% liquid smoke was able to suppress the growth of the pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii 100%. The treatment of liquid smoke in the in vivo test showed an effect on inhibition of the growth diameter of fungal colonies, suppressing the disease occurance, and suppressing the lesion diameter.

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PEMANFAATAN TEPUNG PACI-PACI (Leucas lavandulaefolia) UNTUK MENGOBATI INFEKSI Aeromonas hydrophila PADA IKAN PATIN (Pangasius sp.)

Jurnal Akuakultur Rawa Indonesia ◽

10.36706/jari.v6i2.7160 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 165-176

Author(s):

Menik Sri Rejeki ◽

Ade Dwi Sasanti ◽

Ferdinand Hukama Taqwa

Keyword(s):

Clinical Feature ◽

Natural Material ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Commercial Feed ◽

Absolute Growth ◽

Absolute Length

ABSTRACTMotile Aeromonas Septicaemia (MAS) is one of bacterial A. hydrophila disease frequently infecting freshwater fish include catfish (Pangasius sp.). Controling the disease of bacterial use chemical antibiotic will cause environment pollution. The aim of this research was to determine utilization of natural material that contain antibacterial such Leucas lavandulaefolia powder as antibacterial to treat of A. hydrophila infection for catfish. The implementation of research was from September until October 2014 at the Laboratorium Budidaya Perairan, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University and Laboratorium UPT Klinik Kesehatan Sriwijaya University. Research method was using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treat and three replications. The catfish was infected by A. hydrophila with clinical feature were (inflamed and hemorrhage) that give addition Leucas lavandulaefolia powder on commercial feed as many as 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. The result showed that addition 10 % of Leucas lavandulaefolia powder on commercial feed was the best to treat of A. hydrophila infection for catfish were significant (P<0,05). In vitro test result showed that Leucas lavandulaefolia powder at a concentration 10% as an antibacterial potential of A.hydrophila with inhibitor zone diameter 0.5 cm, at in vivo test the catfish that gives addition Leucas lavandulaefolia powder on commercial pellet as many as 10% capable hematocrit increase, reducing leucocyte completely, produce recovery percentage 84.44%, the survival rate 76.67%, highest absolute growth of catfish 3.03 g and higest absolute length of catfish 0.89 cm. Keywords : A. hydrophila, catfish, Leucas lavandulaefolia powder

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Electrochemical Oxidation as a Tool for Generating Vitamin D Metabolites

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24132369 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (13) ◽

pp. 2369 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Navarro Suarez ◽

Thein ◽

Kallinich ◽

Rohn

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Phase Ii ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Ph Value ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Vitamin D Metabolites ◽

Constant Potential

The electrochemical behavior of the vitamers cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol was investigated in order to determine whether it is possible to evaluate phase-I and phase-II metabolism of these steroids and yield metabolites that can serve as reference material. The vitamers were electrochemically-oxidized using an electrochemical system (ROXY™ EC system). The influence of pH value, solvent, and potential was evaluated. When using methanol or ethanol, the formation of artificial methoxy or ethoxy groups, respectively, was observed, while the use of acetonitrile did not show any formation of further functional groups. A neutral pH value and use of a constant potential led to the highest number of oxidation products with intensive signals. Additionally, a binding study between vitamin D and glucuronic acid as an example for phase-II conjugation was carried out. It was possible to detect adduct formation. Coupling mass spectrometry directly to electrochemistry (EC-MS) is a promising approach for generating vitamin D metabolites and/or yielding a number of metabolites without in vivo or in vitro test systems. It can support or even replace animal studies in the long-term and might be promising for yielding reference compounds.

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Triticum aestivum in open skin wounds: cytotoxicity and collagen histopathology

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n4p1547 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 1547

Author(s):

Mariana Teixeira Tillmann ◽

Cláudia Beatriz De Mello Mendes ◽

Geferson Fischer ◽

Antonio Sergio Varela Júnior ◽

Cristina Gevehr Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Healing Process ◽

Control Cell ◽

Negative Control ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Skin Wounds ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Collagen Formation

Phytoterapic compounds have been used in wound healing for many centuries. Nowadays, scientific evidences of phytotherapeutics is a requirement of the legislation. The scientific literature notes the need for healing topics yielding scars that are both aesthetically appealing and resistant. We aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of several doses of T. aestivum extract (2 mg mL-1, 4 mg mL-1, 6 mg mL-1, 8 mg mL-1 and 10 mg mL-1) in a fibroblast cell line and the healing process in an in vivo experimental model (New Zealand rabbits). For this, MTT test in 3T6 cells was performed in duplicates using MEM (0 mg ml-1) as negative control. Cell viability was calculated as: absorbance average in treatments/absorbance average in controls x 100. In vivo test was performed in 78 skin wounds in rabbits that were treated with 2 mg ml-1and 10 mg ml-1 of T. aestivum and non-ionic cream for 21 days. After this period, it was evaluated the histology using picrosorius and Gomori’s trichrome staining. Statistical analysis was evaluated using T test (Graphpad) for cytotoxicity assay, Fischer test for the gomori trichrome test (Grahpad) and Kruskal-Wallis (Statistic 9.0) for picrosirius test. The in vitro test resulted in cytotoxicity observed at 2mg mL-1 whereas cells were viable at higher doses. On the other hand, it was observed that collagen formation of wounds was more uniform with this dose than with 10mg mL-1 extract in the in vivo study. Thus, we conclude that the 2mg mL-1 T. aestivum aqueous extract dose was more efficient in the in vivo wound healing study, despite its cytotoxic effects in vitro.

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EFEKTIVITAS SENYAWA NONATSIRI DARI Curcuma spp. TERHADAP PENEKANAN PENYAKIT ANTRAKNOSA PADA BUAH CABAI

Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat ◽

10.21082/bullittro.v31n1.2020.21-30 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Anella Retna Kumala Sari ◽

Firdaus Auliya Rahmah ◽

Syamsuddin Djauhari

Keyword(s):

Curcuma Longa ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Test Results ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Vitro Test ◽

Rotary Vacuum

One of the important diseases on chili is anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici. Curcuma extracts and their essential oils were known as antifungal, but nonessential compounds have not been widely tested. This study aimed to assay the effectiveness of nonessential compounds of Curcuma longa, C. zedoaria, and C. aeruginosa to C. annuum. This study was conducted in November 2014 until Mei 2015 at Brawijaya University. The nonessential compound was obtained by soaking rhizome of C. longa, C. zedoaria, and C. aeruginosa in methanol, then distilled byusing rotary vacuum evaporator. Nonessential chemical compunds were identified by using HPLC. Effectiveness evaluation of nonessential compounds from three species of Curcuma was done by in vitro and in vivo test. Tested treatments were three species of Curcuma spp and 6 concentration levels of nonessential compounds (0 ppm, 4 ppm, 6 ppm, 8 ppm, 10 ppm, and 12 ppm). The xperiment was performed in Factorial Complete Randomized Design, with 18 treatments combination, and replicated three times. Results of HPLC analysis showed the rhizomes of the three Curcuma species contained curcumin and desmethoxycurcumin in various concentrations. The highest level was found in the C. longa extract (13.792 ppm curcumin and 67.156 ppm desmethoxycurcumin). However, in vitro test results showed nonessential compound of C. zedoaria was most effective in inhibiting C. annuum growth. The 10 ppm concentration inhibited 81.53 % of fungal growth. Further, the in vivo test, also indicated the same, it’s most effective in hampering the growth of anthracnose symptoms. Therefore, curcumin and desmethoxycurcumin from three species of Curcuma have potential to be developed as botanical fungicide.

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In-vitro and In-vivo Determinations of Sun Protection Factors (SPF) of Skin Lotions Containing Mountain Papaya Fruit and Mangosteen Peel Ethanolic Extract

Majalah Obat Tradisional ◽

10.22146/mot.49931 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Heru Sasongko ◽

Natasya Advaita ◽

Ratih Guswinda Lestari ◽

Karimah Umar Aidid

Keyword(s):

Sun Exposure ◽

Sun Protection ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Garcinia Mangostana ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Antioxidants Activity ◽

Mangosteen Peel ◽

Vitro Test

Indonesia is a high sun exposure country. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) causes various kinds of skin disorders such as erythema, sunburn, aging, and cancer. Mountain papaya fruit (Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.) and mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains metabolite compounds that can protect the skin from sunlight because of its antioxidants activity. The purpose of this study to determine whether the combination of the mountain papaya fruit and mangosteen peel extracts in skin lotion can be used as sun protectors through the in-vitro and in-vivo study. The experiment was done by extracting the mountain papaya fruit and mangosteen peel through the maceration method. The extracts were formulated into skin lotion in three different formulas with the ratio of mountain papaya fruit extract: mangosteen peel extract as follows F1(1:1), F2(1:3), and F3(3:1). In vitro test was done by using UV-VIS spectrophotometry to determine the SPF value and in vivo test was used erythema-induced rats by exotera beam light. The result of in vitro test gained a high enough SPF value for all three formulas F1=23,23; F2=21,70 and F3=28,64 and the result of in vivo test showed that all three formulas did not indicate the existence of erythema value. It can be concluded that three skin lotion formulas containing mountain papaya fruit and mangosteen peel ethanol extract have the effect of sun protection.

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Alterations in Erythrocyte Morphology Induced by Blood Pumps

The International Journal of Artificial Organs ◽

10.1177/039139889301600905 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. 653-658 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

P. Calzavara ◽

S. De Angeli ◽

A. Nieri ◽

C. Furlan ◽

R. Bolzonella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Toxic Substances ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Significant Drop ◽

Erythrocyte Morphology ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Image Analyser ◽

Vitro Test

A scanning electron microscopy was used after in vitro and in vivo tests to investigate any alterations caused by the peristaltic roller pump in erythrocyte morphology. The electron micrographs of samples were examined as follows: 1) by image analyser; 2) by applying Bessis's classification for the qualitative study of crenated red blood cells (RBCs). The in vitro test was repeated four times using blood from healthy donors. Each basal blood sample was divided into 250 ml portions, each of which was recirculated for 12 minutes at different flow rates. In order to verify any persistent erythrocyte damage caused by the peristaltic pump, 15 minutes after recirculation at 450 ml/min, another sample was prepared using the blood remaining from the last test. A statistically significant direct correlation was found between blood flow (Qb) increase and the percentage of morphologically altered RBCs, when either using an image analyser (r = 0.97; p < 0.05) or Bessis's classification (r = 0.95; p < 0.05). However, neither method showed any statistically significant difference between the percentage of deformed RBCs, determined in the basal sample, or in the percentage found at the end of the 450 ml/min test after standing 15 minutes at room temperature. The in vivo test was carried out on 6 patients over 2 dialysis sessions, which differed only for the Qb: 250 versus 400 ml/min. The two dialysis sessions gave comparable results when using both study methods regarding the presence of deformed RBCs. While Bessis's classification showed a significant drop in the post-dialysis percentage of dysmorphic RBCs compared to the pre-dialysis value, both with a Qb of 250 ml/min and 400 ml/min, no significant change was found with the image analyser. The contradictory results of the two tests can be attributed to the presence of spherocytes and stomatocytes in the in vivo test which on the other hand were absent in the in vitro test and not easily distinguished by the image analyser with the parameter used. Reduction in the number of deformed RBCs after dialysis in the in vivo test can be attributed to improvement in the acidosis, correction of the hydroelectric imbalances and removal of toxic substances as a result of dialysis, thus allowing the echinocytes, spherocytes and stomatocytes to be transformed into discocytes.

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Tanaman Bakau Api-api Putih (Avicenia marina) Berpotensi Menghambat Mikrob Patogen dan Melindungi Post Larva Udang Windu (THE POTENTIAL OF AVICENNIA MARINA TO INHIBITS PATHOGEN MICROBES AND PROTECTS THE POST LARVA OF TIGER PRAWN)

jurnal veteriner ◽

10.19087/jveteriner.2018.19.1.45 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gina Saptiani ◽

Andi Noor Asikin ◽

Fikri Ardhani ◽

Esti Handayani Hardi

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Water Extract ◽

Avicennia Marina ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Pathogen Infection ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Agar Disc ◽

Tiger Prawn

The research aims to study potency of Avicennia marina leaf extract to inhibit pathogens in vitro and in vivo on post larvae of tiger prawn. The leaves we re chopped, dried and extracted with water solvents, sea water andethanol. In vitro inhibitory tests were performed using agar disc diffusion (ADD) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. The in vivo test on tiger prawn PL-8 was given by submersion, which then tested with Vibrio harveyi and Saprolegnia sp. The in vitro test showed A. marina extract can inhibit V.harveyi and Saprolegnia sp. In vivo tests of V. harveyi and Saprolegnia sp. infections, showed 60- 88% survival and 57.33-86.67%, with protective ability of the highest pathogen infection of 80.80% and 77.80%. The best A. marina extract that can inhibit microbial and protect the tiger prawn from pathogen infection is ethanol extract with concentration 1,250-1,500 ppm, followed by sea water extract 1,500 ppm and water extract 1,500 ppm respectively

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A Statistical Basis for Using Fewer Rabbits in Dermal Irritation Testing

Journal of the American College of Toxicology ◽

10.3109/10915819009078717 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 49-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Nabil S. Hatoum ◽

Chester L. Leach ◽

Daniel M. Talsma ◽

Robert D. Gibbons ◽

Paul J. Garvin

Keyword(s):

Statistical Study ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Test Group ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Rabbit Skin ◽

In Vitro Method ◽

Dermal Irritation

An acceptable and validated in vitro method to evaluate the potential of a chemical to cause dermal irritation does not exist; therefore, in vivo studies remain the only alternative. Currently most laboratories utilize 6 rabbits per test, but this group size may not be necessary to derive the desired information. Data generated from 6-rabbit skin irritation tests of 105 materials were used to determine the ability of irritation scores from all possible combinations of 5-, 4-, 3-, or 2-rabbit subsets to predict the Draize score derived from 6 rabbits. There are 630, 1575, 2108, and 1575 possible combinations of 105 studies for the 5-, 4-, 3-, and 2-rabbit subseta, respectively. We classify materials using a four-level adjectival rating system based on (among other factors) the Draize score, Comparisons indicated that the 5-, 4-, 3-, and 2-rabbit scores were in 96, 94, 91, and 88% agreement, respectively, with the classification assigned on the basis of the 6-rabbit score. The correlation coefficients for randomly selected subsets of 5-, 4-, 3-, and 2-rabbit scores versus the 6-rabbit Draize score were 0.996, 0.994, 0.986, and 0.977, respectively. This study indicated that 3 rabbits per test group allow for adequate assessment of the dermal irritation potential of a chemical. These results also conformed closely to those obtainetd from a previous statistical study using eye irritancy data from 155 chemicals, where 3-rabbit subsets were 94% predictive of the 6-rabbit tests.

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Recent Progress in the Eye Irritation Test

Toxicology and Industrial Health ◽

10.1177/074823379300900602 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1017-1025 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ih Chu ◽

Peter Toft

Keyword(s):

Animal Studies ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Animal Testing ◽

Regulatory Requirements ◽

Eye Irritation ◽

Significant Development ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Irritation Test

The rabbit eye irritation test based on the Draize method is required for the hazard assessment of chemicals and products that may come into contact with the eye. Due to the potential for the suffering of animals and subjectivity of the test, many modifications of the method have been made that involved a reduction in the number of animals and a refinement of techniques. Additionally, there has been significant development of in vitro alternatives. This paper reviews recent advances in the in vivo test and in vitro alternatives, as well as regulatory requirements. While the refinement of in vivo protocols has resulted in a reduction in the number and discomfort on animals, the development of in vitro alternatives could lead to an eventual replacement of animal studies. In view of the inherent simplicity of many in vitro methods, some of which comprise cell cultures, further research into the relevance/mechanism of effects is required. Batteries of in vitro tests, when properly validated, may be considered as replacements for animal testing.

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