A Comparison between “Aware” and “Naive” Conditions in the Suppression of GSR Activity

1974 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger J. Quy ◽  
Edward W. Kubiak
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Reinforcement Contingency ◽  
Contingent Reinforcement ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Instructional Set

“Aware” (A) and “naive” (N) groups received different instructional sets, the former being informed both of the nature of their task and the response-reinforcement contingency. Negative reinforcement was given to these groups whenever a spontaneous GSR was emitted during four 4-min trial periods. Two corresponding yoked-control groups, CA and CN, received non-contingent reinforcement over the same periods. The contingent reinforcement groups both showed learned suppression of spontaneous GSR activity, but comparison between the A and N groups revealed a significant interaction between Time and Instructional Set. It is suggested that the “aware” instructional set had an inhibitory effect upon learning.

The Impact of Reading Competence on the Ability to Take a Perspective

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Grabe ◽  
Walt Prentice
Keyword(s):  
Reading Instruction ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Poor Readers ◽  
Vocabulary Test ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Good Readers ◽  
Reading Competence ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Impact

Students grouped as good or poor readers on the basis of a vocabulary test were asked to read a story from a certain perspective or with instructions to read carefully. While the groups given a perspective recalled more information than the control groups, the most interesting results came from the significant interaction of reading ability, reading instruction and type of information. Relative to good readers in the control condition, good readers given a perspective responded with greater recall of information related to the perspective. The poor readers appeared unable or unwilling to use the perspective in differentially processing the perspective relevant sentences.

CPP-ACP: Effect on Dental Plaque Acidity after Water Rinsing Following Topical Fluoride Therapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazhari Fatemeh ◽  
Sharifi Marjan ◽  
Noorollahian Homa ◽  
Sharifi Mahsa
Keyword(s):  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Challenge Study ◽  
Plaque Ph ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Water Rinsing ◽  
Topical Fluoride

Objectives: There is some evidence that water rinsing immediately after topical fluoride therapy has the potential to reduce the effectiveness of fluoride. The aim was to determine if covering fluoridated teeth with a layer of mousse containing CPP-ACP could prevent the adverse effect of rinsing on fluoride and consequently its buffering effect on dental plaque pH during cariogenic challenge. Study design: This randomized, controlled, crossover, in situ study was conducted on 25 participants. The participants were subjected to acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) application followed by five treatment protocols: (1) water rinsing after 30 minutes (APF-30) or (2) immediate water rinsing (APF-0); (3) using CPP-ACP immediately before water rinsing (F-CPP-ACP); and two control groups: (4) no fluoride therapy (No-F) and (5) using CPP-ACP and immediate water rinsing (CPP-ACP-0). After 48 hours, teeth were rinsed with 10% sucrose solution and plaque pH was measured before and after 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes. Results: The least pH changes, the lowest pH drop, and the quickest pH recovery were found in the APF-30 and F-CPP-ACP groups. APF-0 ranked in the middle and the highest values were in the control groups. Conclusions: The results show that in the case using CPP-ACP on fluoridated teeth, water rinsing immediately after topical fluoride therapy did not seem to influence the inhibitory effect of fluoride on plaque acidity.

scholarly journals Effect of dextrin on flotation separation and surface properties of chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingshen Dong ◽  
Quanjun Liu ◽  
S. H. Subhonqulov
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Selective Adsorption ◽  
Surface Adsorption ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Contact Angle Measurement ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Chemical Adsorption

Abstract The flotation separation and mechanism of dextrin on chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite surface were investigated using micro-flotation tests, zeta potential measurements, infrared spectroscopy, contact angle measurement and surface adsorption experiments. The micro-flotation test showed that dextrin had obvious inhibitory effect on arsenopyrite flotation, but had no inhibitory effect on chalcopyrite flotation. After treating the surface of arsenopyrite with dextrin, the infrared spectra showed that new characteristic peaks, indicating that chemical adsorption and significant interaction between dextrin and arsenopyrite particles. Zeta potential measurements, contact angle measurement and surface adsorption experiments showed that the selective adsorption of dextrin added a large number of hydrophilic groups to the surface of arsenopyrite, but had little effect on chalcopyrite. In addition, the macromolecular chain structure of dextrin may hinder the attachment of collector molecules to arsenopyrite. The combined effect of these two aspects makes the arsenopyrite treated with dextrin lose its hydrophobicity and enables the separation of chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite.

Effect of Reading a Summary of Research about Biological Bases of Homosexual Orientation on Attitudes toward Homosexuals

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1219-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Piskur ◽  
Douglas Degelman
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Homosexual Orientation ◽  
Attitudes Toward Homosexuals ◽  
College Classes ◽  
Biological Component ◽  
Experimental Group

The effect of exposure to information regarding the development of homosexual orientation on attitudes toward homosexuals was investigated. Testing was conducted in five regularly scheduled undergraduate classes. 105 volunteer subjects from college classes were exposed to one of three treatment conditions. Subjects in the experimental group read a summary article of current research emphasizing a biological component of homosexual orientation. Subjects in one control group read a summary article of research focusing on the absence of hormonal differences between homosexual and heterosexual men. Subjects in another control group were not exposed to either article. All subjects completed the Index of Attitudes Toward Homosexuals. As predicted, subjects in the experimental group had significantly lower scores than subjects in the control groups. There was a significant interaction between treatment condition and sex of subject. Scores on the index were significantly lower for women, but only in the experimental group. These results show that exposure to a research summary can significantly affect immediately assessed scores on the Index of Attitudes Toward Homosexuals. Also, the pattern of effects of these experiences was different for women and men.

An experimental test of the effect of acute anxious arousal and anxiety sensitivity on negative reinforcement smoking

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 641-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha G Farris ◽  
Michael J Zvolensky
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Sensitivity ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Anxious Arousal ◽  
Smoking Topography ◽  
Biological Challenge ◽  
Before And After

Introduction: Although anxiety sensitivity has been reliably associated with smoking-anxiety comorbidity, there has not been a test of whether this construct moderates the effect of acute anxious arousal on actual smoking behavior. The present study utilized an experimental design to test the moderating role of anxiety sensitivity on laboratory-induced anxious arousal in terms of smoking urges and topography (puff style). Method: Participants were adult daily smokers ( n=90; Mage=43.6 SD =9.7); average 15.8 cigarettes per day). A between-subjects design was used; participants were randomly assigned to complete a biological challenge procedure consisting of either a single vital capacity inhalation of 35% carbon dioxide (CO2)-enriched air mixture or compressed room air. Smoking urges and smoking topography (puff behavior) were assessed before and after the challenge. Results: Results revealed a significant interaction between anxiety sensitivity and experimental condition ( b=−9.96, p=0.014), such that high anxiety sensitive smokers exposed to 35% CO2-enriched air reported significantly lower levels of smoking urges, relative to low anxiety sensitive smokers; the conditional effect of anxiety sensitivity was not observed for the room air condition. There were no significant interaction effects of experimental manipulation by anxiety sensitivity for any of the smoking topography outcomes. Discussion: The present results suggest for smokers with higher levels of anxiety sensitivity, the acute experience of anxious arousal is related to decreased subjective smoking urges. These data invite future research to explore the reasons for dampened smoking urges, including cardiorespiratory symptom severity.

scholarly journals Obestatin Modulates Ghrelin’s Effects on the Basal and Stimulated Testosterone Secretion by the Testis of Rat: an In Vitro Study

2017 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
T. AFSAR ◽  
S. JAHAN ◽  
S. RAZAK ◽  
A. ALMAJWAL ◽  
M. ABULMEATY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Testosterone Secretion ◽  
Functional Antagonism ◽  
Dose Dependent

The functional antagonism between obestatin and ghrelin in the testis is under investigation. We investigated the ability of obestatin to counteract the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on basal and stimulated testosterone (T) secretion in vitro. Testicular strips from adult rats were incubated with 10 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml of obestatin alone, ghrelin alone and obestatin + ghrelin. Obestatin modulation of stimulated T secretion was evaluated by incubation of testicular samples with 10 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml obestatin, ghrelin and obestatin + ghrelin in the absence and presence of 10 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). T concentrations in the hCG treated groups were significantly (P<0.0001) higher than those in the control groups. Obestatin caused a significant increase in basal T secretion in a dose-dependent manner; however, obestatin at the both 10 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml significantly (P<0.0001) increased hCG-stimulated T secretion. In contrast, ghrelin in a dose-dependent manner significantly (P<0.001) decreased both basal and hCG-induced T secretion by testicular slices. Obestatin opposed the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on T secretion under both basal and hCG-stimulated conditions at all doses tested. In conclusions, administration of obestatin was able to antagonize the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on testosterone secretion in vitro.

scholarly journals La transe vaudouesque : un syndrome de déviance psycho-culturelle

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-70
Author(s):  
Emerson Douyon
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Spirit Possession ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Personality Tests ◽  
Deviant Behaviour ◽  
Psychological Structure ◽  
Principal Aspect ◽  
Group B

Abstract SPIRIT POSSESSION: A PSYCHO-CULTURAL SYNDROME OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR The Voodoo trance represents the principal aspect of deviant behaviour among coloured people. This tricky phenomenon, always considered a challenge to any scientific explanation, was subjected to an experimental analysis. We wanted to find out what the trance performers have in common and to check whether a typical psychological structure could be associated with their deviant behaviour. The sample included forty-four subjects divided into three categories: a) a ritual group, b) a non-ritual group, c) a control group. No male subject was used because very few men are ever possessed by spirits. Every subject was submitted to a preliminary medical check-up (physical, neurological and laboratory tests), and to a series of psychological examinations (Raven, Goldstein-Scheerer, Sacks, Rorschach, autobiographical and personality questionnaires). The findings of the neurologist, the pathologist and the laboratory were completely negative as far as somatic predisposition to trance was concerned. But evidence of significant differences between the experimental and the control groups was demonstrated on the basis of personality tests and autobiographical questionnaires. Spirit possession, to be induced, requires not only specific conditioning experiences, but also a disturbed, anxious and depressed personality. The non-ritual form does not imply a higher degree of pathology. An intimate relationship between possession, states of depression and suicide has been indicated. The trance seems to be the only alternative for the neutralization of hostile feelings, either directed to the self or to others. The inhibitory effect of possession could finally prove to be a factor in reducing criminality in Haiti.

scholarly journals Bacteriostatic Effect of Fresh-cut Spinach on Listeria spp.

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 490A-490
Author(s):  
Isabelle Babic ◽  
Alley E. Watada
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Bacteriostatic Effect ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Fresh Cut

Fresh-cut spinach has been shown to have a bacteriostatic effect on Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111 (Babic et al., 1997). A study was undertaken to determine if this effect is noted on other species of Listeria and to determine if the spinach or the natural microorganisms on the spinach was the cause of the bacteriostatic effect. Six species of Listeria was cultivated in pure tryptic soy broth, tryptic soy broth containing freeze-dried spinach powder, or broth containing mesophilic aerobic microorganisms (MAM) isolated from spinach powder. The cultures were incubated at 10°C for 6 days and growth measured daily. Growth data were analyzed as four factor general linear repeated measures mixed model with species, treatment, and day as the fixed effects. The fixed effects showed a significant interaction between treatment × day and day × species. Results indicated that both the spinach and MAM had an inhibitory effect on Listeria as noted by the maximum population at 6 days, which was 8.8 Log10 cfu/ml in control, 6.4 in spinach powder cultures, and 7.4 in mixed cultures (P < 0.05). Of the six Listeria species, three L. monocytogenes were affected similarly whereas the remaining three, particularly L. innocua, were affected differently. In conclusion, the bacteriostatic effect of fresh-cut spinach differs with Listeria species and the native microorganisms play a major role as competitors.

Subjects' Skill and Biphasic Effects of Met-Enkephalin upon the Acquisition and Retention of a Perceptual Motor Task

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 899-902
Author(s):  
Emge A. Woosley ◽  
Paul J. Chara
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Acquisition Phase ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Simple Task

The effects of met-enkephalin on the acquisition and retention over 10 days of a perceptual motor skill were investigated. Mice were randomly assigned to either one of two experimental groups (1-mg or 3-mg injections per 1-kg of body weight of met-enkephalin) or one of two control groups (dH2O injections). During the acquisition phase of the study, they were separated into “slow” and “fast” learners on the basis of their skill in negotiating a water maze. The results indicated an inhibitory effect of met-enkephalin in the 3-mg condition in the retention phase of the experiment. Subjects' skill was not implicated as a critical factor in retention of this simple task.

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