Differential usage of three exons generates at least five different mRNAs encoding human leukocyte common antigens.

Leukocyte common antigens (LCAs, also known as T200 and CD 45) are integral membrane proteins expressed exclusively on hematopoietic cells. These molecules exhibit varying molecular masses and epitopes when expressed in different cell types. To determine the genetic bases for the generation of this diversity, three classes of human LCA cDNA clones that are different near their 5' ends have been isolated. These differences arose as a result of differential usage of three exons as determined from an analysis of a genomic DNA clone. Furthermore, Northern blot analysis with LCA exon-specific probes demonstrates the existence of at least two more LCA mRNA forms that are generated by differential splicing. A comparison of the human and mouse LCA protein sequences revealed a marked difference only in the extracellular domain.

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Comprehensive characterization of single-cell full-length isoforms in human and mouse with long-read sequencing

Genome Biology ◽

10.1186/s13059-021-02525-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Luyi Tian ◽

Jafar S. Jabbari ◽

Rachel Thijssen ◽

Quentin Gouil ◽

Shanika L. Amarasinghe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ribosome Biogenesis ◽

Single Cells ◽

Transcript Level ◽

Cell Types ◽

Alternative Transcript ◽

Long Read ◽

Different Cell Types ◽

Human And Mouse ◽

Comprehensive Characterization

AbstractA modified Chromium 10x droplet-based protocol that subsamples cells for both short-read and long-read (nanopore) sequencing together with a new computational pipeline (FLAMES) is developed to enable isoform discovery, splicing analysis, and mutation detection in single cells. We identify thousands of unannotated isoforms and find conserved functional modules that are enriched for alternative transcript usage in different cell types and species, including ribosome biogenesis and mRNA splicing. Analysis at the transcript level allows data integration with scATAC-seq on individual promoters, improved correlation with protein expression data, and linked mutations known to confer drug resistance to transcriptome heterogeneity.

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The alpha 6 beta 1 (VLA-6) and alpha 6 beta 4 protein complexes: tissue distribution and biochemical properties

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.96.2.207 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 207-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

A. Sonnenberg ◽

C.J. Linders ◽

J.H. Daams ◽

S.J. Kennel

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Protein Complexes ◽

Cell Types ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Immunoperoxidase Staining ◽

Tissue Sections ◽

Adult Mice ◽

Carcinoma Cell Lines ◽

Different Cell Types ◽

Human And Mouse

A member of the integrin family, the alpha 6 beta 4 complex was previously identified on human and mouse carcinoma cell lines by using a rat monoclonal antibody to alpha 6. Here we describe two monoclonal antibodies that recognize epitopes on the beta 4 subunit of the human and mouse alpha 6 beta 4 complexes. The monoclonal antibodies against beta 4 were able to preclear alpha 6 beta 4, but not alpha 6 beta 1 from cell line extracts. A substantial fraction of the total beta 4 subunits present on the cell surface was not associated with alpha 6, as it could not be removed by anti-alpha 6 antibodies, but remained precipitable with anti-beta 4 antibodies. There was no evidence for novel alpha subunits associated with beta 4. The alpha 6 subunit consists of disulfide-linked heavy and light chains. The variability in size of these two chains from different cell types is largely due to differences in modifications of N-linked glycans. Additional heterogeneity may be caused by differential proteolytic cleavage of the alpha 6 precursor. Immunoperoxidase staining of tissue sections of neonatal and adult mice revealed that beta 4 expression is limited to epithelial tissues and peripheral nerves. The alpha 6 subunit has a wider distribution that includes all tissues and cells stained by antibodies against beta 4. Cells and tissue that are positive for alpha 6, but negative for beta 4, may express the alpha 6 beta 1 complex.

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Identification of the sequence required for expression of the 2H4 epitope on the human leukocyte common antigens.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.166.5.1567 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 166 (5) ◽

pp. 1567-1572 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

M Streuli ◽

T Matsuyama ◽

C Morimoto ◽

S F Schlossman ◽

H Saito

Keyword(s):

T Lymphocytes ◽

Cell Surface ◽

Single Gene ◽

Human Leukocyte ◽

Cdna Clones ◽

Human T Lymphocytes ◽

Helper Cells ◽

Cell Surface Glycoproteins ◽

Common Antigens

The anti-2H4 antibody, which subdivides the T4+ population of human T lymphocytes into T4+, 2H4+ suppressor-inducer cells and T4+, 2H4- helper cells, recognizes an epitope on a subset of the human leukocyte common antigens (LCAs). LCAs are a family of cell surface glycoproteins generated from a single gene by the differential usage of three exons near the NH2-terminus. Using cDNA clones corresponding to four of the different forms of LCA molecules, extracellular domains of the LCA molecules were synthesized in vitro. Immunoprecipitation of these molecules with the anti-2H4 antibody demonstrated that exon A is required for the expression of the 2H4 epitope.

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Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100053310 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 118-119

Author(s):

U. Aebi ◽

P. Rew ◽

T.-T. Sun

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Structural Organization ◽

Cell Types ◽

Structural Features ◽

Molecular Architecture ◽

The Past ◽

Keratin Filaments ◽

Different Types ◽

10 Nm Filaments ◽

Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

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Processing and Characterization of Recombinant von Willebrand Factor Expressed in Different Cell Types Using a Vaccinia Virus Vector

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1648398 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 67 (01) ◽

pp. 154-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

P Meulien ◽

M Nishino ◽

C Mazurier ◽

K Dott ◽

G Piétu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccinia Virus ◽

Von Willebrand Factor ◽

Human Fibroblasts ◽

Active Form ◽

Cell Types ◽

Biologically Active ◽

L Cells ◽

Von Willebrand ◽

Different Cell Types ◽

Willebrand Factor

SummaryThe cloning of the cDNA encoding von Willebrand factor (vWF) has revealed that it is synthesized as a large precursor (pre-pro-vWF) molecule and it is now clear that the prosequence or vWAgll is responsible for the intracellular multimerization of vWF. We have cloned the complete vWF cDNA and expressed it using a recombinant vaccinia virus as vector. We have characterized the structure and function of the recombinant vWF (rvWF) secreted from five different cell types: baby hamster kidney (BHK), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), human fibroblasts (143B), mouse fibroblasts (L) and primary embryonic chicken cells. Forty-eight hours after infection, the quantity of vWF antigen found in the cell supernatant varied from 3 to 12 U/dl depending on the cell type. By SDS-agarose gel electrophoresis, the percentage of high molecular weight forms of vWF varied from 39 to 49% relative to normal plasma for BHK, CHO, 143B and chicken cells but was less than 10% for L cells. In all cell types, the two anodic subbands of each multimer were missing. The two cathodic subbands were easily detected only in BHK and L cells. By SDS-PAGE of reduced samples, pro-vWF was present in similar quantity to the fully processed vWF subunit in L cells, present in moderate amounts in BHK and CHO and in very low amounts in 143B and chicken cells. rvWF from all cells bound to collagen and to platelets in the presence of ristocetin, the latter showing a high correlation between binding efficiency and degree of multimerization. rvWF from all cells was also shown to bind to purified FVIII and in this case binding appeared to be independent of the degree of multimerization. We conclude that whereas vWF is naturally synthesized only by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, it can be expressed in a biologically active form from various other cell types.

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Role of Transcriptional Read-Through in PRE Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Acta Naturae ◽

10.32607/20758251-2016-8-2-79-86 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 79-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P. V. Elizar’ev ◽

D. V. Lomaev ◽

D. A. Chetverina ◽

P. G. Georgiev ◽

M. M. Erokhin

Keyword(s):

Dna Sequences ◽

Cell Types ◽

Transcription Terminator ◽

Response Elements ◽

Polycomb Response Elements ◽

The Individual ◽

Multicellular Organisms ◽

Different Cell Types ◽

Main Factor

Maintenance of the individual patterns of gene expression in different cell types is required for the differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Expression of many genes is controlled by Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins that act through association with chromatin. PcG/TrxG are assembled on the DNA sequences termed PREs (Polycomb Response Elements), the activity of which can be modulated and switched from repression to activation. In this study, we analyzed the influence of transcriptional read-through on PRE activity switch mediated by the yeast activator GAL4. We show that a transcription terminator inserted between the promoter and PRE doesnt prevent switching of PRE activity from repression to activation. We demonstrate that, independently of PRE orientation, high levels of transcription fail to dislodge PcG/TrxG proteins from PRE in the absence of a terminator. Thus, transcription is not the main factor required for PRE activity switch.

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MAPK: A Key Player in the Development and Progression of Stroke

CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871527319666200613223018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 248-256

Author(s):

Yangmin Zheng ◽

Ziping Han ◽

Haiping Zhao ◽

Yumin Luo

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Complex Disease ◽

Therapeutic Targets ◽

Cell Types ◽

Mapk Signaling ◽

Mapk Signaling Pathway ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

Different Cell Types

Conclusion: Stroke is a complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors, and its etiological mechanism has not been fully clarified yet, which brings great challenges to its effective prevention and treatment. MAPK signaling pathway regulates gene expression of eukaryotic cells and basic cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism and apoptosis, which are considered as therapeutic targets for many diseases. Up to now, mounting evidence has shown that MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis and development of ischemic stroke. However, the upstream kinase and downstream kinase of MAPK signaling pathway are complex and the influencing factors are numerous, the exact role of MAPK signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke has not been fully elucidated. MAPK signaling molecules in different cell types in the brain respond variously after stroke injury, therefore, the present review article is committed to summarizing the pathological process of different cell types participating in stroke, discussed the mechanism of MAPK participating in stroke. We further elucidated that MAPK signaling pathway molecules can be used as therapeutic targets for stroke, thus promoting the prevention and treatment of stroke.

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Special Issue: “Bacteriophages and Biofilms”

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13020257 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 257

Author(s):

Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa ◽

Barbara Maciejewska

Keyword(s):

Cell Types ◽

Special Issue ◽

Different Cell Types

Biofilms are a community of surface-associated microorganisms characterized by the presence of different cell types in terms of physiology and phenotype [...]

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In situ differentiation of iridophore crystallotypes underlies zebrafish stripe patterning

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-020-20088-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dvir Gur ◽

Emily J. Bain ◽

Kory R. Johnson ◽

Andy J. Aman ◽

H. Amalia Pasoili ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Cell Types ◽

Color Pattern ◽

Single Type ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Cryogenic Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Different Cell Types

AbstractSkin color patterns are ubiquitous in nature, impact social behavior, predator avoidance, and protection from ultraviolet irradiation. A leading model system for vertebrate skin patterning is the zebrafish; its alternating blue stripes and yellow interstripes depend on light-reflecting cells called iridophores. It was suggested that the zebrafish’s color pattern arises from a single type of iridophore migrating differentially to stripes and interstripes. However, here we find that iridophores do not migrate between stripes and interstripes but instead differentiate and proliferate in-place, based on their micro-environment. RNA-sequencing analysis further reveals that stripe and interstripe iridophores have different transcriptomic states, while cryogenic-scanning-electron-microscopy and micro-X-ray diffraction identify different crystal-arrays architectures, indicating that stripe and interstripe iridophores are different cell types. Based on these results, we present an alternative model of skin patterning in zebrafish in which distinct iridophore crystallotypes containing specialized, physiologically responsive, organelles arise in stripe and interstripe by in-situ differentiation.

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Extraneous E-Cadherin Engages the Deterministic Process of Somatic Reprogramming through Modulating STAT3 and Erk1/2 Activity

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10020284 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 284

Author(s):

Yu-Hao Liu ◽

Chien-Chang Chen ◽

Yi-Jen Hsueh ◽

Li-Man Hung ◽

David Hui-Kang Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stochastic Process ◽

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Activity Ratio ◽

Cell Types ◽

Deterministic Process ◽

Modes Of Action ◽

Molecular Events ◽

Different Cell Types ◽

Selection Of ◽

E Cadherin

Although several modes of reprogramming have been reported in different cell types during iPSC induction, the molecular mechanism regarding the selection of different modes of action is still mostly unknown. The present study examined the molecular events that participate in the selection of such processes at the onset of somatic reprogramming. The activity of STAT3 versus that of Erk1/2 reversibly determines the reprogramming mode entered; a lower activity ratio favors the deterministic process and vice versa. Additionally, extraneous E-cadherin facilitates the early events of somatic reprogramming, potentially by stabilizing the LIF/gp130 and EGFR/ErbB2 complexes to promote entry into the deterministic process. Our current findings demonstrated that manipulating the pSTAT3/pErk1/2 activity ratio in the surrounding milieu can drive different modes of action toward either the deterministic or the stochastic process in the context of OSKM-mediated somatic reprogramming.

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